Oct. 18, 2013, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 117

Summary: The Friday, Oct. 18, 2013, penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 117, a series of 71 similar lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, April 3, 1094, opened Saros 117’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Friday, Oct. 18, 2013, penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 117, which comprises 71 lunar eclipses with similar geometries.

October’s penumbral lunar eclipse begins Friday, Oct. 18, at 21:50:38 Universal Time, according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse takes place Friday, Oct. 18, at 23:50:17 UT. Greatest eclipse indicates the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow. The eclipse ends Saturday, Oct. 19, at 01:49:49 UT.

October 2013’s penumbral lunar eclipse appears as number 52 in the lineup of 71 lunar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 117. Similar geometries unify the 71 lunar eclipses as a family, known as a series.

Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website describes Saros 117 lunar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s descending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 117, the lunar movement is northward with respect to the descending node.

An ascending node and a descending node signal the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes express the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node marks the moon’s orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node announces the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

Saros lunar series 117’s number attests to the occurrence of the series’ eclipses at the descending node. Odd-numbered lunar Saros series are associated with the descending node. Even numbers are assigned to the ascending node's lunar eclipses.

A Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) governs the periodicity and recurrence of eclipses. A Saros series yields 70 or more lunar eclipses, with each separated from its predecessor by a Saros cycle. A Saros series typically spans 12 to 15 centuries.

Saros series 117 lasts for 1,262.11 years, according to NASA Eclipse Web Site. Saros series 117 encompasses 14 centuries. Saros series 117 spans the 11th through 24th centuries.

Lunar eclipses in Saros cycle 117 observe a sequence order of eight penumbral lunar eclipses, nine partial lunar eclipses, 24 total lunar eclipses, seven partial lunar eclipses and 23 penumbral lunar eclipses. Penumbral lunar eclipses occur with the most frequency in Saros series 117, with a total of 31 occurrences. Total lunar eclipses appear as the second most frequent lunar eclipse type in the series, with a total of 24 occurrences.

The 12th century’s penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, April 3, 1094, initiated Saros series 117. This eclipse occurred near the southern edge of the penumbra (shadow’s lighter, outer region). This event’s greatest eclipse took place over the southeastern Indian Ocean, southwest of western Indonesia’s island of Sumatra, northwest of Australia’s Territory of Christmas Island and northeast of Australia’s Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

The 24th century’s penumbral eclipse of Tuesday, May 15, 2356, ends Saros series 117. This eclipse will occur near the penumbra’s northern edge. This event will reach its greatest eclipse over the southwestern Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Republic of Fiji’s third largest island, Taveuni, and northeast of the Fijian island of Lamiti.

The Friday, Oct. 18, 2013, penumbral lunar eclipse occurs as number four in Saros series 117’s closing sequence of 23 penumbral lunar eclipses. This event will stage its greatest eclipse over Ghana’s Upper West Region, northwest of Wuru and Pudo, near the Ghana-Burkina Faso border.

The penumbral eclipse of Sunday, Oct. 8, 1995, is the predecessor of October 2013’s penumbral lunar eclipse. This event’s greatest eclipse took place over the South China Sea, west of Malaysia’s Kudat Peninsula, northern Borneo Island.

The October 1995 penumbral eclipse occurs as number three in Saros series 117’s closing sequence of 23 penumbral lunar eclipse. This eclipse appears as number 51 in the series’ lineup of 71 lunar eclipses.

The penumbral lunar eclipse of Thursday, Oct. 30, 2031, is the successor of the Friday, Oct. 18, 2013, penumbral lunar eclipse in Saros series 117. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over the northeastern Pacific Ocean, southwest of Mexico’s Isla Clarión and northwest of Ecuador’s Galápagos Islands (Archipiélago de Colón).

The October 2031 eclipse occurs as the number five in Saros series 117’s closing sequence of 23 penumbral lunar eclipses. This eclipse appears as number 53 in the series’ lineup of 71 lunar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Friday, Oct. 18, 2013, penumbral lunar eclipse is that the astronomical event occurs as number 52 in Saros series 117’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses and as number four in the series’ closing sequence of 23 penumbral lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, May 15, 2356, will close Saros series 117’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, April 3, 1094, opened Saros 117’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1001-1100/LE1094-04-03N.gif

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, May 15, 2356, will close Saros series 117’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2301-2400/LE2356-05-15N.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2013.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2013.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1094 Apr 03.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 117 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 117: 01 -34 1094 Apr 03.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1001-1100/LE1094-04-03N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1995 Oct 08.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 117 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 117: 51 16 1995 Oct 08.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1995-10-08N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2013 Oct 18.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 117 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 117: 52 17 2013 Oct 18.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2013-10-18N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2031 Oct 30.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 117 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 117: 53 18 2031 Oct 30.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2031-10-30N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2356 May 15.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 117 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 117: 71 36 2356 May 15.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2301-2400/LE2356-05-15N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1094 Apr 03.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1001 to 1100 (1001 CE to 1100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1001-1100/LE1094Apr03Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1995 Oct 08.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1901-2000/LE1995Oct08Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2013 Oct 18.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2013Oct18Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2031 Oct 30.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2031Oct30Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2356 May 15.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2301 to 2400 (2301 CE to 2400 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2301-2400/LE2356May15Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 117." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros117.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “April 25, 2013 Partial Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 112.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 24, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/april-25-2013-partial-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Three 2013 Lunar Eclipses Happens April 25 as Partial Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 17, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/first-of-three-2013-lunar-eclipses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “May 25, 2013, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 150.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 22, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/may-25-2013-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html Marriner, Derdriu. “Second of Three 2013 Lunar Eclipses Occurs May 25 as Penumbral Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 15, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/second-of-three-2013-lunar-eclipses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Second of Two 2013 Penumbral Lunar Eclipses Happens Friday, Oct. 18." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 9, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/second-of-two-2013-penumbral-lunar.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 3 Apr, 1094 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1001 AD > 1081-1100 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1094_04_03

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 8 Oct, 1995 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1995_10_08

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 15 May, 2356 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2301 AD > 2341-2360 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2356_05_15

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 18 Oct, 2013 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2013_10_18

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 30 Oct, 2031 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2031_10_30

Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment

Summary: Alex Julius of the International Society of Arboriculture covers tree work related personal protective equipment: ear, eye, foot, head and chain-saw gear.

Arboreal safety standards address chain-saw protective clothing (CSPC); pruning white pine (Pinus strobus) with chain saw while in bucket: Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Chain-saw gear and ear-, eye-, foot- and head-wear act as tree work related personal protective equipment (PPE), according to Protect Your Assets (Part 1) in the October 2013 issue of Arborist News.

Alex Julius of the International Society of Arboriculture bases her information on arboreal safety standards in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. She collates the American National Standards Institute, the United Kingdom's Health and Safety Executive and The Best Practice Guidelines: Safety Requirements for New Zealand Arboricultural Operations. She describes proper choice, inspection, maintenance and retirement of accessories to protect ears, eyes, feet and heads and of attire to don prefatory to chain-saw operations.

Engineering controls such as power-saw chain-brakes, on-the-job equipment training and PPE express triple lines of defense against "loud noises, flying or falling objects, and tripping hazards."

Work-related hearing loss finishes first among occupational illnesses in the United States, with annual exposures at 22 million workers and yearly worker compensation at $242 million.

Foam-budded ear plugs, silicone-budded ear plugs and helmet-mounted earmuffs give Noise Reduction Ratings of 24 to 27, of 33 and of 21 to 26 decibels (dB). The British Standards Institute and the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have hazardous noise ceilings at 87 dB with protection and 85 without. Ear-wear is coordinated with such mandatory eye-wear as plastic-lensed, shatter-proof prescription or safety glasses that admit no direct light or projectiles and resist cracks and scratches.

Manufacturer's care instructions jog the memories of wearers of tree work related personal protective equipment about avoiding such solvents as gasoline and oils and cleaning properly.

Proper footwear keeps low profiles in discussions of tree work related personal protective equipment and high ratings as "one of the most properly used" of PPE.

Climbing, climbing on gaffers and spurs and ground-working respectively lead to wearing low-healed rubber-soled boots, high-heeled, stiff-soled lineman or logger boots and ankle-protected, strong-soled, toe-capped boots. Cracks and creaks mean that ear-, eye-, foot- and head-wear must be destroyed, and "replaced with new gear," so they "cannot be used by another person." Tree work related personal protective equipment needs to protect against helmet slippage, neck strain, things that go "Bump!" on the head and 2,200- to 22,000-volt conductors.

Chin straps, four- to six-point attachments and sweatbands and webbing respectively offer head gear wearers dislodging-, sliding- and slipping-proof protection, rear- or side-ratcheting mechanisms and suspension.

Chain-saw operations put chain-saw protective clothing (CSPC) in such forms as chaps, gloves, jackets and pants on the list of tree work related personal protective equipment.

Chain saws quit working upon contact with clothing made of jamming materials since Kevlar and Nomex clog the chain and the sprocket and jam the chain. Safety to life and limb requires that all buckles be buckled on cut-resistant chaps and that ankles be covered and wrapped by cut-resistant chaps and pants. CSPC should be destroyed when contaminants, dirt and oils resist removal, fibers show deterioration or matting and improper care uses fiber-degrading acids, bases and chlorine bleaches.

Engineering controls, training sessions and worker uniforms tap into concerns over worker and workplace safety since "PPE won't save your life if you don't wear it."

Chain saw arboreal safety standards identify required personal protective equipment for ear, eye, foot and head safety; Friday, Aug. 31, 2007, 08:33: Rvannatta, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Arboreal safety standards address chain-saw protective clothing (CSPC); pruning white pine (Pinus strobus) with chain saw while in bucket: Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5045052

Chain saw arboreal safety standards identify required personal protective equipment for ear, eye, foot and head safety; Friday, Aug. 31, 2007, 08:33: Rvannatta, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Comons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bucker1.jpg

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Julius, Alex. October 2013. "Protect Your Assets (Part 1)." Arborist News 22(5): 24-30.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=de1c0fc1-9f51-447a-858a-a2ae0094c6c5#?page=24

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment

Summary: Geoff Kempter of Asplundh Tree Expert Company ties savvy storm damaged tree clearances from lines and roads to the matched teamwork of people to equipment.

Matching people and equipment fine-tunes storm-damaged tree clearances; bucket truck used in storm-damaged tree cleanup: Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Storm damaged tree clearances from lines and roads are top priorities in Storm Response, Part 3: Effective Response to Large- and Small-Scale Storm Emergencies in the October 2013 issue of Arborist News.

Geoff Kempter of Asplundh Tree Expert Company bases successful large- and small-scale storm emergency responses upon coordinated, human and mechanical resource-matched teamwork of people to equipment. Successful storm responses call upon coordination by storm center personnel who "work entirely within the confines of a building, without ever actually seeing the crews working." They also depend upon crews that do not flinch from "collective efforts" or from "extraordinary amounts of time and hard work, sometimes at considerable personal sacrifice."

The action of mobilized crews and of storm centers emerge most pertinently and presciently when equipment, site, tree and weather data exist in accessible, up-to-date formats.

Planned, pre-coordinated, pre-mobilized matched teamwork of people to equipment furnishes municipality- and utility-operated storm centers with means, motives and opportunities for local deployments within two hours.

Local, small-scale storm emergency responses get general timelines of cleared lines and roads and of restored power and water within several hours to within two days. Having on-site safety specialists supervise crews "that are used to working together" helps "maintain order, discipline, and some semblance of normalcy" and reduce "risk of accidents." It is a contributor to timely completion of storm work, whose delineation from routine work involves more than "a single branch" breaking "on a breezy day."

Large- and small-scale storm responders jar citizen sensitivities by judging catch-up routine, or off-site restoration, work priorities over chipping storm damaged tree clearances and removing debris.

Quality monitors know of two criticisms when regional mutual assistance associations and storm centers pre-position a pre-storm planned, pre-coordinated, pre-mobilized matched teamwork of people to equipment.

Budgets and timelines lead storm responders to leave debris from storm damaged tree clearances on-site for chipping and removal by property residents or through public funds. Purportedly improving the "speed and effectiveness of the restoration effort by strategically moving personnel and equipment before storms strike" means earlier start-times for hopefully earlier end-times.

Early, large-scale mobilizations necessitate "costly" expenditures since "The size of responses to large storms has been increasing in recent years and can involve thousands of workers." They offer "advance preparations for areas" in projected paths of gradually developing hurricanes and winter storms or expensive rehearsals or huge waste "if forecasts are wrong."

Concerns about safe transits and temporary accommodations and for earlier end-times provide support for planned, pre-coordinated, pre-mobilized matched teamwork of people to equipment before storms strike.

Competition with evacuees for food and lodging quits being problematic through early mobilization into "tent cities" at strategic locations for centralized, comfortable, convenient economies of scale. The realization that "Every response is different and poses unique challenges" requires "[d]amage assessment teams composed of experienced utility, government, or contract employees" to mobilize first. Guidelines about "appropriate clothing, supplies, and information that may be required in unfamiliar work environments" and about "local work rules, customs, and hazards" strengthen all mobilizations.

Storm damaged tree clearances tend to be as economically, humanly, mechanically, physically and temporally non-disruptive as prescient planning, priority pre-coordinating and proactive pre-mobilizing take turns spotlighting.

Timely clearing of storm damaged trees matches teamwork of people and equipment; cleanup after storm in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota: Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Matching people and equipment fine-tunes storm-damaged tree clearances; bucket truck used in storm-damaged tree cleanup: Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5028080

Timely clearing of storm damaged trees matches teamwork of people and equipment; cleanup after storm in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota: Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5028078

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Kempter, Geoff. October 2013. "Storm Response, Part 3: Effective Response to Large- and Small-Scale Storm Emergencies." Arborist News 22(5): 14-21.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=de1c0fc1-9f51-447a-858a-a2ae0094c6c5#?page=14

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Second of Two 2013 Penumbral Lunar Eclipses Happens Friday, Oct. 18

Summary: The second of two 2013 penumbral lunar eclipses happens Friday, Oct. 18, with all eclipse visibility for Africa, Europe and the Atlantic Ocean.

lunar passage through Earth’s penumbral shadow, Oct. 18, 2013: SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The second of two 2013 penumbral lunar eclipses happens Friday, Oct. 18, with an all eclipse visibility for Africa, Europe and the Atlantic Ocean and no visibility for Australia.

Oceanically, the October 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse favors four of Earth’s oceans with entire event viewing. Most of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans have all eclipse visibility. Parts of the Southern Ocean and of the western Indian Ocean fall within the all event visibility areas.

Six of Earth’s seven continents have all event visibility. Only Australia is excluded from viewing the eclipse.

On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” notes that all eclipse visibility is available throughout Africa and Europe. Parts of the Americas favor all eclipse visibility. South America’s eastern bulge has all eclipse visibility. In North America, eastern Canada and eastern New England are all eclipse visibility areas. New Englanders planning to watch the entire event should site their observation points on high ground as the moon will be close to the horizon at the penumbral lunar eclipse's local start times.

Moonrise and moonset reduce all eclipse visibility for four continents. Both moonrise and moonset allow for incomplete visibility for Antarctica. Moonset decreases the visibility time span for central and eastern Asia. Moonrise affects visibility for most southern and western South America as well as for most of Canada and the United States.

First contact of Earth’s northern penumbral shadow with the lunar surface announces the start of the second of two 2013 penumbral lunar eclipses. Designated as P1, first penumbral contact happens Friday, Oct. 18, at 21:50:38 Universal Time (5:50 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time).

Greatest eclipse takes place at 23:50:17 UT (7:50 p.m. EDT). Greatest eclipse refers to the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow.

The October 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse ends at 01:49:49 UT (9:49 p.m. EDT). Designated as P4, the end of the penumbral lunar eclipse marks the moon’s last contact with Earth’s penumbra.

The October 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse lasts for 3 hours 59 minutes 11 seconds.

The NASA Eclipse Web Site explains that a penumbral lunar eclipse’s start and finish are not detectable by the naked eye. Shading of the visible lunar surface is only detectable after immersion of two-thirds of the lunar disk in Earth’s penumbra. A dusky shading in the moon’s southern half should be perceptible during the October 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse between about 23:30 and 00:10 UT (7:30 and 8:10 p.m. EDT).

The October 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse succeeds the year’s first penumbral lunar eclipse, which occurred Saturday, May 25. As a relatively deep penumbral lunar eclipse, the October 2013 event has a longer passage through Earth’s penumbra than that of its predecessor. The May eclipse’s shallow passage through Earth’s penumbra lasted a brief 33 minutes 45 seconds.

The October 2013 penumbral lunar event closes the year as the second of two penumbral lunar eclipses and also as the third of the year’s three lunar eclipses. The October event also marks a transition to dominance of total lunar eclipses in the moon’s ecliptic lineup for 2 years 5 months. After the October 2013 event, the next penumbral lunar eclipse takes place Wednesday, March 23, 2016.

The May 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros Series 117. The Saros cycle unites eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle endures for approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

The takeaway for the second of two 2013 penumbral lunar eclipses is that the visually perceptible event favors Africa, Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, precedes a lineup of four consecutive total lunar eclipses, and serves not only as 2013’s last penumbral lunar eclipse but also as the last such eclipse until a long-awaited penumbral lunar eclipse on Wednesday, March 23, 2016.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse data for penumbral lunar eclipse of Oct. 18, 2013: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

lunar passage through Earth’s penumbral shadow, Oct. 18, 2013: SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_chart_close-2013Oct18.png

Earth visibility chart and eclipse data for penumbral lunar eclipse of Oct. 18, 2013: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2013-Fig04.pdf

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2013.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2013.html

Espenak, Fred. "Figure 4 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2013 Oct 18." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Eclipses During 2013 > Eclipses During 2013: 2013 Oct 18 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of October 18."
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2013-Fig04.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2011.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Second of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens Nov. 28 as Penumbral Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 21, 2012.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/second-of-two-2012-lunar-eclipses.html

“October 18 / October 19, 2013 -- Penumbral Lunar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2013-october-18

Ramsden Crater Parents Three Satellites in Western Palus Epidemiarum

Summary: Ramsden Crater parents three satellites in western Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics) in the lunar near side’s southwestern quadrant.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 111 shows Ramsden Crater with its three satellites and nearest named neighbor, Lepaute Crater, in the lunar near side’s Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Ramsden Crater parents three satellites in western Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics), a small lunar mare (Latin: mare, “sea”) lying south of Mare Humorum (Sea of Moisture) and Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds) in the lunar near side’s southwestern quadrant.

Lava-flooded Ramsden Crater is centered at minus 32.96 degrees south latitude, 31.87 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere primary crater finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 32.54 degrees south and minus 33.37 degrees south, respectively. The western hemisphere crater obtains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to minus 31.46 degrees west and minus 32.29 degrees west, respectively. Ramsden Crater’s diameter measures 25.11 kilometers.

Ramsden Crater parents three satellites. All three satellites exhibit southerly placements with respect to their parent.

Ramsdan A resides in neighborly closeness to the southeast of its parent in Palus Epidemiarum. Ramsden A’s placement qualifies it as the most easterly of the Ramsden Crater system’s three satellites.

The Ramsden Crater system’s other two satellites, Ramsden G and Ramsden H are located more distantly from their parent. They lie along the southern edge of Palus Epidemiarum, to the south-southeast and south-southwest, respectively, of their parent.

Ramsden H is sited to the southwest of Ramsden G. Ramsden H’s placement qualifies it as the Ramsden Crater system’s most westerly and most southerly satellite.

Ramsden A is centered at minus 33.5 degrees south latitude, minus 31.43 degrees west longitude. Satellite A confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 33.41 degrees south and minus 33.59 degrees south, respectively. It restricts its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to minus 31.32 degrees west and minus 31.53 degrees west, respectively. Ramsden A has a diameter of 5.26 kilometers.

Ramsden G is centered at minus 35.35 degrees south latitude, minus 31.67 degrees west longitude. It posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 35.17 degrees south and minus 35.53 degrees south, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 31.45 degrees west and minus 31.89 degrees west, respectively. Ramsden G’s diameter measures 11.02 kilometers.

Ramsden H is centered at minus 35.71 degrees south latitude, minus 32.47 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at minus 35.52 degrees south and minus 35.9 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are established at minus 32.23 degrees west and minus 32.7 degrees west, respectively. Ramsden H’s diameter measures 11.43 kilometers.

The Ramsden Crater system’s primary crater sits upon a system of intersecting rilles (German: rille, “groove”). The rille system’s name, Rimae Ramsden, reflects its association with Ramsden Crater. Rimae Ramsden extensively meanders across western Palus Epidemiarum.

Rimae Ramsden is centered at minus 32.93 degrees south latitude, minus 31.32 degrees west longitude. The rille system’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 31.63 degrees south and minus 34.71 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach minus 29.8 degrees west and minus 33.14 degrees west, respectively. Rimae Ramsden’s diameter spans 100 kilometers, according to the U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center-maintained website of the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.

The busiest confluence of branchings of Rimae Ramsden occurs around Ramsden Crater. Ramsden A’s location in proximity to its parent also gives it the greatest exposure of the Ramsden Crater system’s satellites to Rimae Ramsden. Ramsden Crater and three rille branchings surround Ramsden A. Rima Ramsden I passes before northeastern Ramsden A in a northwest-southeast orientation. Rima Ramsden II crowds southeastern Ramsden A in a northeast-southwesterly orientation. To the west, Rima Ramsden V cuts in a slight north-southeast orientation.

The Ramsden Crater system’s two southernmost satellites are removed from the rille system’s hub of activity. At least one branch, Rima Ramsden II, however, points toward Ramsden G in its traversal of southwestern Palus Epidemiarum, according to the Geologic Map of the Wilhelm Quadrangle of the Moon by R. Stephen Saunders and Don E. Wilhelms, published by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1974.

The takeaways for Ramsden Crater’s parentage of three satellites in western Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics) are that Ramsden A resides in satellite closeness to the Ramsden Crater system’s primary crater; that the Ramsden Crater system’s two most southerly satellites, Ramsden G and Ramsden H, lie along the lunar mare’s southern edge; and that the Ramsden Crater system’s associated rille system wanders across western Palus Epidemiarum.

Detail shows Ramsden Crater system’s (upper left) primary crater, with nearby satellite A, in a surround of the system’s network of intersecting rilles, Rimae Ramsden, and with southerly satellites (lower left), Ramsden G and Ramsden H, in western Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics); R.S. Saunders and D.E. Wilhelms, Geologic Map of the Wilhelm Quadrangle of the Moon (1974): U.S. Geological Survey, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 111 shows Ramsden Crater with its three satellites and nearest named neighbor, Lepaute Crater, in the lunar near side’s Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_111_wac.pdf

Detail shows Ramsden Crater system’s (upper left) primary crater, with nearby satellite A, in a surround of the system’s network of intersecting rilles, Rimae Ramsden, and with southerly satellites (lower left), Ramsden G and Ramsden H, in western Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics); R.S. Saunders and D.E. Wilhelms, Geologic Map of the Wilhelm Quadrangle of the Moon (1974): U.S. Geological Survey, via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0824/plate-1.pdf

For further information:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Palus Epidemiarum.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4565

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ramsden.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4940

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ramsden A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/12445

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ramsden G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/12446

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ramsden H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/12447

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Ramsden Crater Honors British Instrument Maker Jesse Ramsden.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 25, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/09/ramsden-crater-honors-british.html

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Palus Epidemiarum.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > E Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Palus_Epidemiarum

The Moon Wiki. “Ramsden.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > R Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Ramsden

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

North, Gerald. Observing the Moon. The Modern Astronomer’s Guide. Second Edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Available @ http://dl.booktolearn.com/ebooks2/science/astronomy/9780521874076_observing_the_moon_b121.pdf

Saunders, R.S. (Stephen); and D.(Don) E. Wilhelms. “Geologic Map of the Wilhelm Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon Wilhelm Quadrangle I-824 (LAC-111). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Washington DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1974.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i824