Earth and Space News: Oceanus Procellarum craters

Showing posts with label Oceanus Procellarum craters. Show all posts

Wednesday, January 18, 2023

Hevelius Crater Parents Seven Satellites at West Oceanus Procellarum

Summary: Hevelius Crater parents seven satellites, of which three are internal and four are external, at western Oceanus Procellarum, the largest lunar plain.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 56 shows the Hevelius Crater system's parent and five of its seven satellites; (bottom left corner) Hevelius Crater with satellites A, B, E and J; (right center) Hevelius D: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Hevelius Crater parents seven satellites, with three sited internally and four located externally, at western Oceanus Procellarum, the moon's largest basaltic plain.

The Hevelius Crater system is located in the lunar near side's northwest quadrant. The system's parent and seven satellites are associated with southwestern Oceanus Procellarium ("Ocean of Storms"). The dark, basaltic plain's distinction as the moon's only ocean (Latin: oceanus) emphasizes its status as the largest lunar mare (Latin: mare, "sea"; plural: maria).

Oceanus Procellarum is centered at 20.67 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 56.68 decimal degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch from 57.43 decimal degrees north to minus 16.27 decimal degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes span minus 26.85 decimal degrees west and minus 81.08 decimal degrees west, respectively. Oceanus Procellarum's diameter measures 2,592.24 kilometers.

Hevelius Crater is centered at 2.20 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 67.46 west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 4.07 decimal degrees north and 0.32 decimal degrees north, respectively. The western hemisphere crater registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 65.58 west and minus 69.34 west, respectively. Lunar near side crater Hevelius has a diameter of 113.87 kilometers.

Three satellites in the Hevelius Crater system occur as internal occupants of their parent's crater. The triangle formed by Hevelius satellites A, B and E roughly traverses half of the parental crater along a diagonal, southwest-to-northeast axis.

Floor-based Hevelius A nestles at its parent's fairly well defined northwestern inner wall. Hevelius B rests on its parent's degraded southwestern rim. Hevelius E opposes Hevelius A on its parent's irregular northeastern rim.

Hevelius A is centered at 2.85 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 68.23 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 3.08 decimal degrees north and 2.62 decimal degrees north, respectively. The bowl-shaped satellite finds its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 68.00 decimal degrees west and 68.46 decimal degrees west, respectively. Hevelius A's diameter of 14.01 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Hevelius Crater system's seven satellites.

Hevelius B is centered at 1.36 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 68.98 decimal degrees west longitude. It posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 1.58 decimal degrees north and 1.13 decimal degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are listed as 68.75 decimal degrees west and 69.20 decimal degrees west, respectively. Hevelius B has a diameter of 13.50 kilometers.

Hevelius E is centered at 2.96 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 65.78 decimal degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are found at 3.10 decimal degrees north and 2.81 decimal degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are marked at minus 65.64 decimal degrees west and minus 65.93 decimal degrees west, respectively. Hevelius E's diameter of 8.81 kilometers ranks it as the smallest of the Hevelius Crater system's three internal satellites.

As the most easterly of the Hevelius Crater system's seven satellites, Hevelius D lies in southwestern Oceanus Procellarum. Hevelius D's location qualifies it as the only solitary satellite in the Hevelius Crater system.

Hevelius D is centered at 3.05 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 60.91 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are given as 3.18 decimal degrees north and 2.92 degrees north, respectively. It details its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 60.78 decimal degrees west and minus 61.03 decimal degrees west, respectively. Hevelius D has a diameter of 7.76 kilometers.

Bowl-like Hevelius D is positioned conspicuously on an unnamed wrinkle ridge in the southern extension of dark Oceanus Procellarum's bright Reiner Gamma. As a lunar swirl, Reiner Gamma traces high-albedo, curvilinear shapes that contrast brightly with dark, low-albedo surrounding terrain.

Reiner Gamma is centered at 7.39 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 58.96 degrees west longitude. The bright lunar swirl records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 7.91 decimal degrees north and 6.75 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 57.65 degrees west and minus 60.05 degrees west, respectively. Reiner Gamma's diameter measures 73.44 kilometers.

The remaining three of the Hevelius Crater system's four external satellites hover in western proximity to their parent. Hevelius J, K and L sequence as a bent line. Hevelius L anchors the trio's most northerly position, while Hevelius J occupies the trio's most southerly position.

Hevelius J is centered at 0.80 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 69.90 decimal degrees west longitude. It places its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 1.02 decimal degrees north and 0.59 decimal degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are logged at minus 69.68 degrees west and minus 70.12 degrees west, respectively. Hevelius J has a diameter of 13.13 kilometers.

Hevelius K is centered at 1.58 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 70.08 degrees west longitude. It obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 1.68 decimal degrees north and 1.49 decimal degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are identified as minus 69.99 decimal degrees west and minus 70.18 decimal degrees west, respectively. Hevelius K's diameter of 5.67 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Hevelius Crater system's seven satellites.

Hevelius L is centered at 2.04 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 70.48 degrees west longitude. It specifies northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 2.16 decimal degrees north and 1.92 decimal degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are set at minus 70.37 decimal degrees west and minus 70.59 decimal degrees west, respectively. Hevelius L's diameter measures 7.60 kilometers.

Thus, the adjacency of the three western external satellites to their parent's western half defines the geographic proximity that primarily characterizes the Hevelius Crater system. Only the eastern isolation of external satellite Hevelius D disconnects the Hevelius Crater system's terrain from Oceanus Procellarum's southwestern edge and establishes residence on a lunar swirl-illuminated wrinkle ridge within Oceanus Procellarum.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 55 shows three of the Hevelius Crater system's seven satellites; (bottom right corner) Hevelius J, K and L: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Lunar/lac_55_wac.pdf

For further information:

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “HEVEL.--A great walled-plain, 71 miles in diameter, adjoining Lohrmann on the N., with a broad eastern rampart, rising at one peak to a height above the interior of nearly 6,000 feet, and presenting a steep bright face to the Oceanus Procellarum. There are three prominent craters near its crest, and one or two breaks in its continuity. It is not so lofty and is more broken on the W., where three conspicuous craters stand on its inner slope. The floor is slightly convex, and includes a triangular central mountain, on which there is a small crater. The S. half of the interior is crossed by four clefts: (l) running from a little crater N. of the central mountain, on the E. side of it, to a hill at the foot of the S.E. wall; (2) originating near the most southerly of the three craters on the inner slope of the W. wall, and crossing 1, terminates at the foot of the E. wall; (3) has the same origin as 2, crosses 1, and, passing over a craterlet E. of the central mountain, also runs up to the E. wall at a point considerably N. of that where 2 joins the latter; (4) runs from the craterlet just mentioned to the E. end of 2.” Page 88. The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: Second Quadrant East Longitude 60° to 90°, pages 87-91. London [England]: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/88/mode/1up

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Cavalerius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1083

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Grimaldi.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Sep. 23, 2022.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2252

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2493

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9959

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9960

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius D.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9961

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius E.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9962

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius J.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9963

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9964

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hevelius L.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9965

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Oceanus Procellarum.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4395

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Reiner Gamma.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4987

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rimae Hevelius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5113

Marriner, Derdriu. "Einstein Crater Parents Three Satellites On Near Side’s Western Limb." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 13, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-lies-as-young-crater-in.html?m=0

Marriner, Derdriu. "Near Side Hevelius Crater Honors Polish Astronomer Johannes Hevelius." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/near-side-hevelius-crater-honors-polish.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Venusian Crater Corpman Honors Astronomer Elisabeth Koopman Hevelius." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/venusian-crater-corpman-honors.html

The Moon Wiki. “Hevelius.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Hevelius

The Moon Wiki. “Oceanus Procellarum.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum

The Moon Wiki. "Reiner Gamma." The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > R Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Reiner_Gamma

The Moon Wiki. “Rimae Hevelius.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Rimae_Hevelius

Wednesday, January 11, 2023

Near Side Hevelius Crater Honors Polish Astronomer Johannes Hevelius

Summary: Lunar near side Hevelius Crater honors Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius, whose accomplishments included comet discoveries and lunar topography.

Craters Cavalerius, Helvetius, Lohrmann (not labeled) and Grimaldi occupy the lunar near side's western hemisphere in varying proximity, according to optical libration of longitude, to the lunar disc's western, or following, limb; Feb. 25, 2021, Celestron C8, f/10, ASI224MC(0,004 x 1000 frames+ mineral postprocessing): Selinous (Aldo Ferruggia, GAWH Gruppo Astrofili William Herschel), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Lunar near side Hevelius Crater honors Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius, whose achievements included comet discoveries, new constellation descriptions, lunar topography and star studies.

Hevelius Crater occupies the lunar near side's northwestern quadrant. From the perspective of Earth's northern hemisphere, the upper right quadrant represents the near side's northwest quadrant. Lunar longitude is the opposite of the direction of the Earth-sky horizon, with east longitude on the west, or right, side of the moon and west longitude on the east, or left, side, for northern hemisphere viewers, as explained by American amateur astronomer David Alan Oesper in "The Lunar Equator," posted May 18, 2020, on his blog, Cosmic Reflections.

The low-rimmed crater exhibits a lava-flooded floor. "The floor is slightly convex, and includes a triangular central mountain, on which there is a small crater," noted British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) in his Victorian era lunar guide, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895 (page 88).

Elger also noted that ". . . half of the interior is crossed by four clefts." The fissures, termed rilles (German: "channel"), sequence as ". . . a series of narrow rectilinear lines," according to the June 4, 2020, Facebook post by Orion Telescopes & Binoculars.

The rilles received the official name of Rimae Hevelius from the International Astronomical Union in 1964. The rimae (Latin: rima, "cleft, fissure"; plural: rimae) are centered at 0.81 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 66.38 decimal degrees west longitude. The quartet achieves northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 2.96 decimal degrees north and minus 1.28 decimal degrees south, respectively. The Hevelius clefts obtain easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 63.58 decimal degrees west and minus 67.85 decimal degrees west, respectively. The diameter of Rimae Hevelius spans 180.00 kilometers.

Hevelius Crater lies on the southwestern shore of Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms"). The moon's largest mare (Latin: mare, "sea") dominates the near side's western hemisphere.

Oceanus Procellarum is centered at 20.67 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 56.68 decimal degrees west longitude. Its vastness elicits northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 57.43 decimal degrees north and minus 16.27 decimal degrees south, respectively. Its immensity encompasses easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 26.85 decimal degrees west and minus 81.08 decimal degrees west, respectively. Oceanus Procellarum's extensive diameter measures 2,592.24 kilometers.

Cavalerius Crater nudges Hevelius Crater's northern rim. The terraced impact crater is centered at 5.10 decimal degrees north latitude, minus 66.93 decimal degrees west longitude. Hevelius Crater's high-rimmed northern neighbor presents northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 6.08 decimal degrees north and 4.12 decimal degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at minus 65.95 decimal degrees west and minus 67.91 decimal degrees west, respectively. Cavalerius Crater has a diameter of 59.35 kilometers.

Lohrmann Crater nestles closely as Hevelius Crater's southern neighbor. The nearly circular impact crater is centered at minus 0.44 decimal degrees south latitude, minus 67.38 west longitude. The primarily southern equatorial occupant finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 0.08 decimal degrees north and minus 0.96 decimal degrees south, respectively. It establishes easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 66.87 decimal degrees west and minus 67.90 decimal degrees west, respectively. Lohrmann Crater's diameter measures 31.25 kilometers.

Lohrmann Crater intermediates between its southern neighbor, Grimaldi, and its northern neighbor, Hevelius. Grimaldi Crater marks the southern extent of the linear chain of four craters anchored most northerly by Cavalerius Crater. Grimaldi Crater is centered at minus 5.38 decimal degrees south latitude, minus 68.36 decimal degrees west longitude. The southern equatorial crater's northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 2.51 decimal degrees south and minus 8.24 decimal degrees south, respectively. The partially broken- and partially unbroken-rimmed crater's easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach minus 65.49 decimal degrees west and minus 71.23 decimal degrees west, respectively. The easily locatable, dark-floored crater's diameter spans 235.00 kilometers.

The far western location of the linear chain traced by Cavalerius, Hevelius, Lohrmann and Grimaldi craters places the neighborly quarter near the lunar near side's western, or following, limb. Lunar libration (Latin: lībrātiō, “a hurling, swinging”) affects the quartet's proximity to the limb for Earth-based lunar viewers. Accordingly, the optical libration of longitude allows the quartet to appear nearer to or farther from the edge of the lunar disc as a respective consequence of less or more visibility of the moon's western, or left, far side.

Hevelius Crater hosts seven satellites, of which three (Hevelius A, B, E) reside with their parent. Hevelius D is sited, to its parent's east, on Oceanus Procellarum. Hevelius J, K and L are located to the west of their parent.

Four near side equatorial western hemisphere craters (Cavalerius, Helvetius, Lohrmann, Grimaldi) array themselves in a linear chain along southwestern Oceanus Procellarum; detail of U.S. Geological Survey 1:10 million-scale Shaded Relief and Color-coded Topography Map: Андрей Щербаков, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Lunar near side Hevelius Crater honors Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Polish: Jan Heweliusz; Jan. 28, 1611-Jan. 28, 1687). The International Astronomical Union approved the crater's name in 1935, during the organization's Vth (5th) General Assembly, held in Paris, France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17.

Johannes Hevelius is known for his extensive contributions to astronomy and for his astronomy partnership with his second wife, Polish astronomer Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann Hevelius (Polish: Elżbieta Koopman Heweliusz; Jan. 17, 1647–Dec. 22, 1693). A microcosm of his achievements in astronomy includes comet discoveries, new constellation descriptions, lunar topography and star studies.

Hevelius is credited with discovering four comets. On Dec. 20, 1652, he discovered his first comet, which he spotted near Rigel (Beta Orionis; abbreviated, Beta Ori; β Orionis; abbreviated, β Ori), according to English astronomer William Thynne Lynn (Aug. 9, 1835-Dec. 11, 1911) in "Hevelius and His Comets," published in the June 1905 issue of The Observatory (pages 253-254). The blue supergiant marks the left foot of Orion the Hunter constellation. On Feb. 3, 1661, he recorded his second new comet, which he associated with Corvus the Crow constellation. On March 2, 1672, he discovered his third comet, which he espied near the right foot of Pegasus the Winged Horse constellation. He noted his fourth discovered comet on April 27, 1677. He included observational data for the comets of 1652 and 1661 in his cometary treatise, Cometographia, Totam Naturam Cometarum, printed in 1668.

Ten new constellations emerged in the northern sky, as scrutinized by Hevelius. Of his 10 constellatory creations, seven have found acceptance: Canes Venatici the Hunting Dogs, Lacerta the Lizard, Leo Minor the Smaller Lyon, Lynx the Cat, Sextans the SeXtant, Scutum the Shield and Vulpecula the Fox. Three constellations have become obsolete: Cerberus the Three-Headed Serpent, Mons Maenalus the Grecian Mountain and Triangulum Minus the Smaller Triangle.

Selenographic observations yielded Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio (Selenography, or A Description of The Moon), printed in 1647. The treatise included his detailed lunar topography.

After Johannes Hevelius's death on his birthday in 1687, Elisabeth Koopman Hevelius completed the catalog of 1,564 stars, Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, that the husband-and-wife astronomers had been compiling. In 1690, she published Prodromus Astronomiae, under the posthumous authorship of Johannes Hevelius, as a three-book magnum opus comprising astronomical observations, the star catalogue and a star atlas, Firmamentum Sobiescianum.

Portret Jana Heweliusza ("Portrait of Johannes Hevelius"), 1677 oil on canvas portrait by Polish Baroque era painter Daniel Schultz (Polish: Jerzy Daniel Schultz; 1615–1683); Library of Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Hevelii, Johannis. Cometographia, Totam Naturam Cometarum. Gedani [Gdansk]: Simon Reininger, M DC LXVIII [1668].
Available via Library of Congress @ https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbctos.2017gen14228/

Hevelii, Johannis. Selenographia sive lunae descriptio. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Hünefeldianis, 1647.
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/160230

Hevelius, Monsieur. "Monsieur Hevelius's Letter Written to the Publisher, Containing His Observations of the Late Comet, Seen by Him the 27, 29, and 30 April, and the First of May, 1677. (St. Nov.) in Dantzick." Philosophical Transactions, vol. 12, no. 135 (May 26, 1677): 869-870.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/i206877

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lohrmann.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3452

Kidger, Mark R. "153P/Ikeya-Zhang and the Comet of Hevelius." Mark Kidger's Comet and Asteroid Observing Home Page > All Comets / Todos los cometas > 153P / Ikeya-Zhang > Analysis.
Available @ http://www.observadores-cometas.com/cometas/153p/Analysis/MACE_153P_proceeding.htm

Lynn, W.T. (William Thynne). "Hevelius and his comets." The Observatory, vol. XXVIII, no. 358 (June 1905): 253-254.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1905Obs....28..253L
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1905Obs....28..253L

The Moon Wiki. “Cavalerius.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > C Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Cavalerius

The Moon Wiki. “Hevelius.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Hevelius

The Moon Wiki. “Lohrmann.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Lohrmann

The Moon Wiki. “Rimae Hevelius.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Rimae_Hevelius

Moore, Patrick. "A guide to the Moon's Grimaldi Crater." BBC Sky at Night Magazine > Astrophotography > The Moon. Aug. 4, 2021.
Available @ https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/astrophotography/moon/grimaldi-crater/

Muller, Andreas; and Alan B. Binder. "Linear Crater Chains -- Indication of a Volcanic Origin." The Moon and the Planets, vol. 28, issue 1 (February 1983): 87-107.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983M%26P....28...87M/abstract
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1983M%26P....28...87M
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983M%26P....28...87M

Nuno, Raquel. "A rille to rover over near Rimae Hevelius." Lunar Networks. Tuesday, July 8, 2014.
Available @ http://lunarnetworks.blogspot.com/2014/07/a-rille-to-rover-over-near-rimae.html

Oesper, David. "The Lunar Equator." Cosmic Reflections. May 18, 2020.
Available @ https://cosmicreflections.skythisweek.info/tag/rimae-hevelius/

Orion Telescopes & Binocular @oriontelescopes. "In the Sky the Evening of Thursday, June 4. The Moon is 13.45 days old and receding at 99.5% illumination. Tomorrow is full Moon. Use your 10X Binoculars to find (G) Grimaldi, then (1) Crater Hevelius, a large flat floored 64 mile diameter formation with a small central mountain. To its south is (2) Crater Lohrmann, a 50mm target 19 miles in diameter with low walls and slopes, lava filled floor and small central mountain. Just above Lohrmann using 100mm see (3) Hevelius 1, a volcanic dome inside the south rim of Hevelius. With 300mm (4) Rimae Hevelius is a series of four narrow rectilinear rilles. Skill Level: Beginner Suggested Gear: Orion 10x50 Binocular Stargazing Kit II, Orion SkyQuest XT12i IntelliScope Dobsonian Telescope Tomorrow Evening: Full Moon." Facebook. June 4, 2020.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/oriontelescopes/posts/10158236899569666
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/oriontelescopes/photos/10158236899569666

Ridpath, Ian. "The Star Catalogue and Atlas of Johannes Hevelius." Ian Ridpath > Star Tales > Chapter One > Page 4.
Available @ http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/startales1d.html

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marion), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris, France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Yingst, R.A. (R. Aileen); and T.K.P. (Tracy K.P.) Gregg. "Lunar Geologic Mapping: A Preliminary Map of a Portion of the Marius Quadrangle." 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held March 23-27, 2009, in The Woodlands, Texas: 1319.
Available via LPI-USRA (Lunar and Planetary Institute -- Universities Space Research Association) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1319.pdf

Wednesday, December 28, 2022

Vera Resides in East Central Oceanus Procellarum on Lunar Near Side

Summary: Vera resides in east central Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar near side as a northwestern quadrant craterlet near the Prinz Crater's northeastern rim.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 39 shows Vera's (lower center) Prinz Crater neighborhood in lunar near side's east central Oceanus Procellarum: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Vera resides in east central Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar near side as a northwestern quadrant craterlet with Prinz and Ivan as nearest named craters.

Vera is centered at 26.33 degrees north latitude, minus 43.71 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The craterlet obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 26.36 degrees north and 26.29 degrees north, respectively. It establishes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 43.67 degrees west and minus 43.75 degrees west, respectively. Vera has a diameter of 2.27 kilometers.

Vera is located in east central Oceanus Procellarum. The dark, basaltic plain sprawls across the near side's northwestern and southern quadrants. Oceanus Procellarum's vastness establishes it as the largest of the lunar maria (Latin: "seas"; mare, "sea"). Procellarum's unique classification as oceanus, defined by the Gazetter's Descriptor Terms (Feature Types) webpage as "A very large dark area on the moon," recognizes its immensity.

Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms") is centered at 20.67 degrees north latitude, minus 56.68 degrees west longitude. The dark, basaltic plain's northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch to 57.43 degrees north and minus 16.27 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes span minus 26.85 degrees west to minus 81.08 degrees west, respectively. Oceanus Procellarum's diameter spans 2,592.24 kilometers.

Vera is situated in proximity to the northeastern rim of Oceanus Procellarum's Prinz Crater. Prior to official name approval as Vera, the craterlet was designated as Prinz A.

Prinz Crater is centered at 25.49 degrees north latitude, minus 44.14 degrees west longitude. The lunar impact crater remnant finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 26.25 degrees north and 24.73 degrees north, respectively. It lists easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 43.3 degrees west and minus 44.98 degrees west, respectively. Prinz Crater's diameter measures 46.13 kilometers.

Ivan lies to the northeast of Vera. Prior to official name approval in 1976, Ivan was designated as Prinz B.

Ivan is centered at 26.86 degrees north latitude, minus 43.26 degrees west longitude. The craterlet posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 26.92 degrees north and 26.79 degrees north, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 43.19 degrees west and minus 43.33 degrees west, respectively. Ivan has a diameter of 3.84 kilometers.

Krieger C is positioned to the northwest of Vera. The lunar impact crater lies to the southeast of Krieger Crater as its parent's only satellite.

Krieger C is centered at 27.73 degrees north latitude, minus 44.7 degrees west longitude. The satellite achieves northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 27.8 degrees north and 27.66 degrees north, respectively. It maintains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 44.62 degrees west and minus 44.78 degrees west, respectively. Krieger C has a diameter of 4.15 kilometers.

Montes Harbinger neighbors to the east of Vera. The mountain range's southern end sidles along eastern Prinz Crater.

The Montes Harbinger range is centered at 26.89 degrees north latitude, minus 41.29 degrees west longitude. The range gives northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 28.47 degrees north and 25.56 degrees north, respectively. Montes Harbinger's easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at minus 40.35 degrees west and minus 42.53 degrees west, respectively. Montes Harbinger's diameter measures 92.7 kilometers.

Rimae Prinz traverses Vera's neighborhood as a network of sinuous fissures, also described as rilles (from German rilles, "channels"). The system of rimae (Latin: "cracks, fissures") lies in the terrain bounded by Prinz Crater to the south, Krieger C to the northwest and Montes Harbinger to the east.

Rimae Prinz is centered at 27.05 degrees north latitude, minus 43.51 degrees west longitude. The fissured network's northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 28.18 degrees north and 26 degrees north, respectively. The sinuous system's easternmost and westernmost longitudes touch minus 42.59 degrees west and minus 44.56 degrees west, respectively. Rimae Prinz's diameter measures 10.95 kilometers.

Lava flowing from Vera carved Rimae Prinz, according to "Rima Prinz and Vera," a visualization released Aug. 1, 2016, by Ernie Wright, science visualizer at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), on NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio website. Vera may have originated as a lava lake. The system of channels finds to the west of Vera before cutting a sharp northerly turn. The serpentine appearance created by Vera as the snake's head and Rimae Prinz as the reptile's body encompasses approximately 75 kilometers.

Vera numbers among 95 minor features identified with first-name designations on lunar topophotomaps prepared and published by The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Vera is plotted on NASA Lunar Topophotomap 39A3S1, which was published in December 1974. The map's Names Information lists "Ivan, Vera" as unofficial names used "only for the identification of features on this map."

The International Astronomical Union approved Vera as the craterlet's official name in 1976. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature originates Vera as: "Latin female name."

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Vera's (center right) Prinz Crater neighborhood in near side's east central Oceanus Procellarum: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 39 shows Vera's (lower center) Prinz Crater neighborhood in near side's east central Oceanus Procellarum: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_39_wac.pdf

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Hampton VA: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19830003761/downloads/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center. "Lunar Topophotomap Rima Prinz." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lunar Topophotomap Edition 1 Sheet 39A3S1 (50). Washington DC: The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, December 1974.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/topophoto/39A3S1/150dpi.jpg

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Descriptor Terms (Feature Types).” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Documentation.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ivan.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2759

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Krieger C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10441

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Montes Harbinger.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4010

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Prinz.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4825

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rimae Prinz.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5134

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Vera.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6350

Lena, Raffaello. "Measuring the Width of Rimae Prinz." Selenology, vol. 27, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 2-5.
Available @ http://strabo.moonsociety.org/publications/selenology/Selenologysummer2008.pdf

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Aloha Resides in East Central Oceanus Procellarum on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 14, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/aloha-resides-in-east-central-oceanus.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Topophotomap Minor Feature Names Were Approved in 1976 and 1979." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 20, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/lunar-topophotomap-minor-feature-names.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Ruth Resides in East Central Oceanus Procellarum on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/ruth-resides-in-east-central-oceanus.html

The Moon Wiki. “Ivan.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > I Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Ivan

The Moon Wiki. “Krieger.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > K Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Krieger

The Moon Wiki. "Minor Feature." The Moon > Glossary.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Minor_Feature

The Moon Wiki. “Montes Harbiner.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Montes_Harbinger

The Moon Wiki. “Oceanus Procellarum.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum

The Moon Wiki. “Prinz.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Prinz

The Moon Wiki. “Rimae Prinz.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Rimae_Prinz

The Moon Wiki. “Vera.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > V Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Vera

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Astronomy Encyclopedia: An A-Z Guide to the Universe. New York NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002.

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Müller, E. (Edith A.); and A. (Arnost), Jappel, eds. XVIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVI B Proceedings of the 16th General Assembly Grenoble, France, August 24-September 21, 1976. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1977.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio. "Rima Prinz and Vera." Visualization Studio > Planets and Moons. Aug. 1, 2016.
Available @ https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4444

Wednesday, December 21, 2022

Ruth Resides in East Central Oceanus Procellarum on Lunar Near Side

Summary: Ruth resides in east central Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar near side in a northwestern quadrant duo with Rocco near Krieger Crater's eastern rim.

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Ruth's (center right) Krieger Crater neighborhood in lunar near side's east central Oceanus Procellarum: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Ruth resides in east central Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar near side as a northwestern quadrant duo with northeastern neighbor Rocco near the eastern rim of Krieger Crater.

Ruth is centered at 28.71 degrees north latitude, minus 45.06 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northwestern quadrant craterlet finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 28.76 degrees north and 28.66 degrees north, respectively. It establishes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 45.01 degrees west and minus 45.12 degrees west, respectively. Ruth Craterlet has a diameter of 3.08 kilometers.

Ruth is situated in east central Oceanus Procellarum. The craterlet's location places it to the southwest of the highland break that marks the meeting of east central Oceanus Procellarum with west central Mare Imbrium.

Oceanus Procellarum ranks as the largest of the moon's dark basaltic plains, known as maria (Latin: "seas"; mare, "sea"). Procellarum's unique designation as oceanus recognizes the plain's immensity. Oceanus Procellarum sprawls across the near side's northwestern and southwestern quandrants.

Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms") is centered at 20.67 degrees north latitude, minus 56.68 degrees west longitude. The immense, dark, basaltic plain's northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 57.43 degrees north and minus 16.27 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach minus 26.85 west and minus 81.08 degrees west, respectively. Oceanus Procellarum's diameter spans 2,592.24 kilometers.

Ruth forms a duo with northeastern craterous neighbor Rocco in east central Oceanus Procellarum. The two craterlets reside near the eastern rim of Krieger Crater.

Rocco is centered at 28.91 degrees north latitude, minus 45 degrees west longitude. Rocco marks its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 28.98 degrees north and 28.84 degrees north, respectively. The craterlet posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 44.92 degrees west and minus 45.08 degrees west, respectively. Rocco Craterlet's diameter measures 4.35 kilometers.

Krieger Crater is centered at 29.02 degrees north latitude, minus 45.61 degrees west longitude. The lunar impact crater achieves its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 29.4 degrees north and 28.65 degrees north, respectively. It maintains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 45.18 degrees west and minus 46.04 degrees west, respectively. Krieger Crater's diameter measures 22.87 kilometers.

Van Biesbroeck Crater neighbors to the southwest of Rocco and to the west of Ruth. Van Biesbroeck intrudes across Krieger Crater's southern rim.

Van Biesbroeck is centered at 28.77 degrees north latitude, minus 45.59 degrees west longitude. The small lunar impact crater's northernmost and southernmost latitudes are identified as 28.92 north and 28.62 north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are given as minus 45.42 degrees west and minus 45.76 degrees west, respectively. Van Biesbroeck Crater has a diameter of 9.08 kilometers.

Krieger C lies to the southeast of Ruth and Rocco. Krieger C occurs as the Krieger Crater system's solitary satellite.

Krieger C is centered at 27.73 degrees north latitude, minus 44.7 degrees west longitude. The satellite's northernmost and southernmost latitudes are detailed as 27.8 degrees north and 27.66 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are listed as minus 44.62 degrees west and minus 44.78 degrees west, respectively. Krieger C has a diameter of 4.15 kilometers.

Angström Crater lies to the northeast of Ruth and Rocco. The lunar impact crater is located at the border between east central Oceanus Procellarum and west central Mare Imbrium.

Angström Crater is centered at 29.9 degrees north latitude, minus 41.67 degrees west longitude. It obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 30.05 degrees north and 29.74 degrees north, respectively. It places its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 41.49 degrees west and minus 41.85 degrees west, respectively. Angström Crater's diameter measures 9.55 kilometers.

Ruth numbers among 95 minor features identified with first-name designations on lunar topophotomaps prepared and published by The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Ruth is plotted on NASA Lunar Topophotomap 39A1S1, which was published in June 1974. The map's Names Information lists "Rocco, Ruth" as unofficial names used "only for the identification of features on this map."

The International Astronomical Union approved Ruth as the craterlet's official name in 1976. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature explains Ruth as: "Hebrew female name."

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 39 shows Ruth's (center) Krieger Crater neighborhood in lunar near side's east central Oceanus Procellarum: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center. "Lunar Topophotomap Van Biesbroeck." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lunar Topophotomap Edition 1 Sheet 39A1S1 (50). Washington DC: The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, June 1974.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/topophoto/39A1S1/150dpi.jpg

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Angström.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/272

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Krieger.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3120

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Imbrium.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3678

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rocco.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5165

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ruth.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5237

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Van Biesbroeck.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6304

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

The Moon Wiki. “Angström.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Angström

The Moon Wiki. “Krieger.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > K Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Krieger

The Moon Wiki. "Minor Feature." The Moon > Glossary.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Minor_Feature

The Moon Wiki. “Oceanus Procellarum.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum

The Moon Wiki. “Rocco.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > R Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Rocco

The Moon Wiki. “Ruth.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > R Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Ruth

The Moon Wiki. “Van Biesbroeck.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > V Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Van_Biesbroeck

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Astronomy Encyclopedia: An A-Z Guide to the Universe. New York NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002.

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.