Earth and Space News: March 2020

Monday, March 30, 2020

Orfeo ed Euridice Was To Be April 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast

Summary: Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice was to be the April 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as 18th in the season’s 23 radio matinees.

American choreographer, dancer and director Mark Morris produced and choreographed the 2006-2007 Met Opera season’s new staging of Christoph von Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice: Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Dec. 18, 2008

Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice was to be the April 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing at 1 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) and numbering as the 18th of 23 scheduled Saturday radio matinees during the 2019-2020 Met Opera season.

German classical composer Christoph von Gluck (July 2, 1714-Nov. 15, 1787) set his musical score for Orfeo ed Euridice to an Italian libretto by Italian librettist and poet Ranieri de’ Calzabigi (Dec. 23, 1714-July 1795). The libretto considered the ancient Greek myth of the fateful love of Orpheus the Thracian musician for his wife, Eurydice the oak nymph.

Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice premiered Oct. 5, 1762, at eastern Austria’s Burgtheater in Vienna. The opera’s premiere took place in the theater’s first building, which adjoined the Hofburg, the Habsburg dynasty’s imperial palace, at Michaelerplatz. The theater’s founder, Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa (May 13, 1717-Nov. 29, 1780), attended the premiere.

Orfeo ed Euridice received its Metropolitan Opera premiere April 11, 1885. The premiere, which was sung in German, was the season’s only performance. MetOpera Database, the Metropolitan Opera’s online archives, lists the libretto’s translator as unknown. The premiere, which was staged during the opera company’s 1884-1885 tour, took place at Boston Theatre, 361 Washington Street, in Boston, northeastern Massachusetts.

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Orfeo ed Euridice received seven performances. The season’s first performance took place Sunday, Oct. 20, 2019, at 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST). The month’s two additional performances happened Thursday, Oct. 24, at 8 p.m. and Tuesday, Oct. 29, at 8 p.m.

The season’s last four performances were offered in November. The month’s performances were scheduled according to Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). November’s performances took place Friday, Nov. 1, at 8 p.m.; Monday, Nov. 4, at 8 p.m.; Thursday, Nov. 7, at 8 p.m.; and closing night, Sunday, Nov. 10, at 3 p.m.

Update: The Metropolitan Opera announced via Facebook Thursday, March 12, 2020, the cancellation of the rest of the 2019-2020 season due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) entry of March 12, 2020, noted the cancellation of 58 performances. Operas affected by the cancellation were identified as La Bohème, La Cenerentola, Così Fan Tutte, Der Fliegende Holländer, Kát'a Kabanová, Madama Butterfly, Manon Lescaut, Maria Stuarda, Simon Boccanegra, Tosca, La Traviata, Turandot and Werther.

Update: The opera company's coronavirus-occasioned closure only affected the Saturday matinee broadcast of Orfeo ed Euridice scheduled for the 2019-2020 season. The opera's four autumn and four winter performances had already taken place.

Mark Wigglesworth conducts all performances of Orfeo ed Euridice. The English conductor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 2, 2005, in the opera house’s 419th performance of Le Nozze di Figaro by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Hei-Kyung Hong appears in the title role of Euridice, brought back to life twice by Orfeo’s love. The South Korean-American lyric soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 17, 1984, as Servilia in the opera house’s eighth performance of Mozart’s La Clemenza di Tito. In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Hei-Kyung Hong also performs as Mimì in La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

Hera Hyesang Park appears as Amore, the cupid who twice reunites Orfeo and Euridice. The South Korean lyric coloratura soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Feb. 2, 2017, as the First Wood Sprite in the opera house's 28th performance of Rusalka by Czech composer Antonín Dvořák (Sept. 8, 1841-May 1, 1904).

Jamie Barton appears in the title trouser role as Orfeo, whose fateful backward glance at Euridice is cancelled by cupid Amore. The American mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 23, 2009, as the second of three ladies in the opera house’s 393rd performance of Mozart’s Die Zauberflöte. During the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Jamie Barton also performs as Elisabetta in Maria Stuarda by 19th century Italian bel canto opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848).

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s presentation of Orfeo ed Euridice marks the third revival of staging by Mark Morris. The American choreographer, dancer and director’s staging debuted May 2, 2007, as a new Met Opera production in the opera house’s 83rd performance of Gluck’s operatic Underworld journey. The first and second revivals were staged during the 2008-2009 and 2010-2011 seasons, respectively.

Mark Morris’ production team comprises Allen Moyer, set designer; Isaac Mizrahi, costume designer; and James F. Ingalls, lighting designer. Mark Morris is the production’s choreographer.

The takeaway for Orfeo ed Euridice as the April 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that Christoph von Gluck’s opera about the triumph of love over death would have aired as the 18th of 23 Saturday matinees broadcast weekly through Saturday, May 9, 2020.

Mark Morris’ production of Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice features the director’s choreography, set designs by Allen Moyer, costume designs by Isaac Mizrahi and lighting designs by James F. Ingalls: Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Dec. 18, 2008

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

“Debut: J. David Jackson.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352325 Hänsel und Gretel {248} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/31/2008.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352325

“Debuts: Bernard Labadie, Matthias Klink, Jamie Barton, Georg Zeppenfeld.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353076 Die Zauberflöte {393} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/23/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353076

“Debuts: Hei-Kyung Hong, Nancy Ticotin.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 278610 La Clemenza di Tito {8} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/17/1984.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=278610

“Debuts: Hyesang Park, Anthony Clark Evans, Daniela Mack, Austin McCormick.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356617 New production Rusalka {28} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/02/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356617

“Debuts: Mark Wigglesworth, Maurizio Muraro, Joyce DiDonato . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351338 Le Nozze di Figaro {419} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/02/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351338

helcatj. "The Metropolitan Opera Company 2019-2020 Season." Showcase Opera and Events blog. Aug. 13, 2019.
Available @ https://showcaseoperaandeventsblog.wordpress.com/2019/08/13/the-metropolitan-opera-company-2019-2020-season/

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Eighth Week Has Glass, Gluck, Mozart, Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 4, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-eighth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Fifth Week Has Gluck, Massenet and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 4, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-eighth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Ninth Week Has Glass, Mozart and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 11, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-ninth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Seventh Week Has Glass and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 28, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-seventh.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Sixth Week Offers Gluck and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 21, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-sixth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Der Fliegende Holländer Was To Be March 14, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 9, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kata-kabanova-is-may-2-2020-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "La Cenerentola Was To Be March 21, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 16, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/orfeo-ed-euridice-is-april-4-2020-met.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Werther Was To Be March 28, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 23, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/werther-is-march-28-2020-met-opera.html

Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “A scene from "Orfeo ed Euridice. http://www.metoperafamily.org/metop…/season/production.aspx… Photo: Marty Sohl/ Met Opera.” Facebook. Dec. 18, 2008.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.63777700532/104674870532/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "In light of the circumstances involving the coronavirus and in consultation with the Office of the Mayor of New York City, we regret to inform our audience that all Met performances have been canceled through March 31, including tonight’s planned performance of La Cenerentola. This Saturday’s Live in HD cinema presentation of Der Fliegende Holländer has also been canceled. Thank you for your understanding. Learn More: www.metopera.org/updates." Facebook. March 12, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/10163327604920533

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Orfeo ed Euridice.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 3930 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Orfeo ed Euridice {1} Boston Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts: 04/11/1885.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=3930

“New Production: Orfeo ed Euridice.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352019 New Production Orfeo ed Euridice {83} Metropolitan Opera House: 05/02/2007.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352019

"Season Cancellation." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357448 Season Cancellation March 12-May 9, 2020. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/12/2020.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357448

Tompkins, Eugene; and Quincy Kilby, comp. The History of the Boston Theatre 1854-1901. Boston MA; New York NY: Houghton Mifflin Company; Cambridge MA: Riverside Press, 1908.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historyofbostont01tomp/

Woolfe, Zachary. "The Metropolitan Opera Season That Vanished." The New York Times > Arts > Music. May 13, 2020.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/arts/music/metropolitan-opera-coronavirus.html

Sunday, March 29, 2020

Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents

Summary: Arboricultural operation safety training applying ANSI guidelines averts hazardous incidents, according to the March 2020 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Falling trees and their debris, such as wood chips, account for fatalities and nonfatal injuries in arboricultural operations; wood chips spray out from a chain saw operated by helmeted arborist in Seattle, Washington, back yard garden: Wonderlane, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Arboricultural operation safety training averts hazardous incidents, according to A Review of United States Arboricultural Operation Fatal and Nonfatal Incidents (2001-2017): Implications for Safety Training in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry March 2020.

John Ball, Shane Vosberg and Timothy Walsh broached incidents as undesired, unplanned but avoidable, preventable events and hazards as activities, equipment and machinery potentially harming people. The South Dakota State University-based, Davey Tree Expert Company-based and Asplundh Tree Expert Company-based co-authors considered 865 fatal and 441 nonfatal hazardous incidents, 2001 through 2017. Contact with objects and equipment displayed highest-percent fatalities and second-highest nonfatalities, respectively at 359 and 189, respectively for 41.5 and 42.8 percent of six event/exposure categories.

Its falling tree and the Exposure to Harmful Substances or Environments' indirect electricity hazards effectuated widest-ranging fatal, nonfatal incidents, 145 and 24 versus 106 and 13.

Falling trees felled chainsaw operators and noninvolved and tagline-tending ground workers respectively not following "Stand clear!" command-and-response systems and distances 2 and 1.5 times felled-tree heights.

Going without personal protective equipment generated more falling branch-sourced fatalities than getting branch rigging and swing wrong or going under lowered limbs or without command-and-response systems. Hands away from infeed-hopper planes, hood covers closed during operations, lines away from chipping areas and manual-fed brush and logs side-feeding hinder projectile-struck, pulled-in chopper fatalities. Ignoring mandatory two-handed holding of forward and rear handles and mandatory cut-resistant leg-protection involved climbers and ground workers in 13 fatal and 41 nonfatal chainsaw-sourced incidents.

Arboricultural operation safety training judges 25 fatal and 3 nonfatal collapsing palm-skirt hazardous incidents as due to climbers not positioning themselves above skirts for top-down removals.

Two fatalities and nine nonfatalities kindled ANSI Z-2017, as most-recent American National Standards Institute safety requirements, keeping stump-cutter grinder wheels enclosed and remote-control operators safely distanced.

The 309 climber falls to lower levels led to highest-number fatalities and nonfatalities 56 and 44 percent of the time, with 173 and 136 incidents, respectively. Tree-climber falls, operators from or with buckets and ladder-worker falls manifested 13.6-meter, 11.0-meter and 11.3-meter, 8.6-meter and 6.4-meter, 7.3-meter and 8.8-meter, 3.2-meter mean-height fatalities and nonfatalities. Thirty-one disconnected climbing system-sourced fatalities and 26 from severed climbing lines or work-positioning lanyards necessitated ANSI Z-2017 noting two secure means by ascending, working, descending climbers.

Thirty-four fatalities from boom hydraulic or mechanical failures and 10 from outrigger misuse or nonuse obliged ANSI Z-2017-ordered daily inspections, pre-operational checks and outrigger foot pads.

One oxygen-deficiency, eight extreme-temperature and 135 electricity-sourced Exposures to Harmful Substances or Environments provided 0.1, 0.9 and 15.6 percent of arboricultural operation fatalities, 2001 to 2017.

The direct and indirect contact-sourced Exposure to Electric Currents subcategory queued up more fatalities, at 29 and 106, than nonfatal hazardous incidents, at five and 13. Pedestrian-vehicle, roadway and non-roadway motorized land vehicle, and rail-vehicle incidents resulted in respectively 43, 6, 2, 2 fatal and 17, 3, 1, 0 nonfatal transportation incidents. Violence and Other Injuries Caused by Persons or Animals, Fire and Explosion and Occupational Illnesses events supplied 8, 0, 8 fatalities and 2, 3, 0 nonfatalities.

Arboricultural operation safety training triggers fewer hazardous incidents thanks to ANSI Z-2017 and even fewer once ANSI tackles branch anchor-point setting and strength-gauging and heat stroke.

Chainsaw safety clothing include helmet with ear defenders and visor, goggles, chainsaw gloves, protective jacket and trousers, and protective, steel-toe boots; tree thinning in small park on Temple Place, Temple, Greater London, England; Thursday, March 22, 2018, 14:40: Acabashi, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Ball, John; Shane J. Vosberg; and Timothy Walsh. March 2020. "A Review of United States Arboricultural Operation Fatal and Nonfatal Incidents (2001-2017): Implications for Safety Training." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(2): 67-83.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Perrette, Guillaume; Sylvain Delagrange; and Christian Messier. November 2020. "Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines: The Influence of Intensity and Season of Pruning on Epicormic Branch Growth and Wound Compartmentalization." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(6): 432-449.

Saturday, March 28, 2020

Burgundy Bluet Damselfly Habitats: Purple-Black Stripes and Wedges

Summary: North American burgundy bluet damselfly habitats get the eastern United States purple-black-striped and wedged green, orange, purple, red, yellow bodies.

North American burgundy bluet damselfly habitats advise cultivators of weedy sogginess and naturalists of Atlantic and Gulf distribution ranges from Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia through Texas inland into Arkansas and Oklahoma.

Burgundy bluet damselflies bear their common name for burgundy-red markings on blue bodies and the scientific name Enallagma dubium (together [in ovipositing] damselfly [that is] dubious). Common names concentrate upon the consensus of scientific committees convened by the Dragonfly Society of the Americas to create non-scientific names in North America's major languages. Descriptions in 1924 by Francis Metcalf Root (Sept. 24, 1889-Oct. 21, 1934), Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, determine scientific designations.

Burgundy bluet life cycles expect black or clear water, open or vegetated, sand-bottomed lakes, oxbows, ponds, sloughs, slow reaches and swamps with emergent and floating vegetation.

March through September function as optimum, southernmost flight seasons even though April through September furnish wildlife mapping opportunities in all North American burgundy bluet damselfly niches.

Burgundy bluet damselflies go for foraging, patrolling, pre-mating flights over black or open waters and perches in dense grass or on floating leaves or water-lily pads. They head to waterside and watery niches in forested, grassy, herbaceous or swampy habitats by midday and to hidden, overnight resting roosts late in the afternoon. Black-spurred, black-striped, orange-red legs and projectable, retractable lower lips imprison flushed or opportunistic, low-flying or low-lying prey like other gleaning pond damsels and unlike sallying dancers.

Ants, assassin flies, biting midges, ducks, falcons, fish, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, spiders, turtles and water beetles and mites jeopardize North American burgundy bluet damselfly habitats.

Immature burgundy bluet damselflies keep to pale green colors and small size ranges but, like mature females and males, know black, wedge-like patterns on lower thoraxes.

Incomplete metamorphosis links rod-shaped eggs laid, through surface holes, in semi-circular rows on water-lily undersides, little adult-like, multi-molting, non-flying larvae, naiads or nymphs and molted tenerals. Metamorphosed, shiny-winged, soft-bodied, weak-flying tenerals manage permanent colors and sexual maturation before afternoon matings in shrubs and tandem manipulating eggs into ovipositing sites within 30 minutes. Bluet members of the Coenagrionidae pond damsel family need aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms.

North American burgundy bluet damselfly habitats offer season-coldest temperature ranges, northward to southward, from 0 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 17.77 to minus 6.66 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote burgundy bluets.

Orange-topped, yellow-bottomed eyes; pale green, orange or yellow thoraxes with purple-black-, narrow-striped sides and wide-striped shoulders; and black abdomens with orange sides quicken adult female identifications. Adult males reveal black heads; orange-red-violet faces; purple-topped red eyes; red thoraxes with purple-black-, narrow-striped sides and wide-striped mid-lines and shoulders; orange-red-sided, purple-red-based, red-purple-tipped black abdomens. Adults show off 0.98- to 1.18-inch (25- to 30-millimeter) head-body lengths, 0.79- to 0.98-inch (20- to 25-millimeter) abdomens and 0.47- to 0.67-inch (12- to 17-millimeter) hind-wings.

Black wedge-patterned lower thoraxes and green, orange, purple, red and yellow colors tell burgundy bluets from other pond damsels in North American burgundy bluet damselfly habitats.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

male burgundy bluet damselfly (Enallagma dubium), observed June 2017, James River, northwest of James River National Wildlife Refuge, Prince George County, southeastern Virginia: Laura Gaudette, CC BY 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enallagma_dubium_imported_from_iNaturalist_19_May_2019.jpg;
Laura Gaudette (gaudettelaura), Public Domain, via iNaturalist @ https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9378715

illustrations of color patterns of thorax, lateral view (figure 3; bottom left), and of head, dorsal view (figure 4; bottom right), in Francis Metcalf Root's description of burgundy bluet damselfly (Enallagma dubium) in "Notes on Dragonflies (Odonata) from Lee County, Georgia, with a Description of Enallagma dubium, new species," Entomological News, vol. XXXV, no. 9 (November 1924), page 323: Purdue University, Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pur1.32754077853566?urlappend=%3Bseq=351%3Bownerid=118198243-357;
Purdue University, Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pur1.32754077853566&seq=351&view=1up;
Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Unported, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2600744;
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Unported, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2600744;
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Entomological Section, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/entomologicalnew35acad/page/323/mode/1up

For further information:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Enallagma Selys, 1875 (Bluets)." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Zygoptera Selys, 1854 > Coenagrionidae, Kirby, 1890 (Pond Damselflies).
Available @ http://www.aquaticinsects.org/sp/Odonata/sp_oom.html

"Enallagma dubium." James Cook University-Medusa: The Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies > Zygoptera > Coenagrionidae > Enallagma.
Available via James Cook University-Medusa @ https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/Dragonflies/openset/displaySpecies.php?spid=3664

Paulson, Dennis. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides, 2011.

Root, Francis Metcalf. "Notes on Dragonflies (Odonata) from Lee County, Georgia, with a Description of Enallagma dubium, New Species: Enallagma dubium, new species." Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. XXXV, no. 9 (November 1924): 321-324. Philadelphia PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1924.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2600746

"The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map." The National Gardening Association > Gardening Tools > Learning Library USDA Hardiness Zone > USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
Available @ https://garden.org/nga/zipzone/2012/

Friday, March 27, 2020

Ellora Caves Accept Walking Meditations Advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh

Summary: The Ellora Caves afford ample areas for applying appropriate aspects of walking meditations advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh amid the ancient architectural artistry of cave temples in Maharashtra state, western peninsular India.

Depictions of Buddha at Ellora Caves present the great spiritual teacher with a half smile, with a near-closed mouth, which is also an essential component of walking meditations popularized by Vietnamese Buddhist monk Thich Nhat HanhThich: Nhat Hanh @thichnhathanh, via Facebook Dec. 8, 2019

Thich Nhat Hanh brings walking meditations into Plum Tradition practice and training centers in Australia, Hong Kong, Thailand; California, Mississippi, New York; and France and Germany.

Walking traditions correlate, for conscious contemplation of mindful moments, balanced belly diaphragmatic breathing; half-smiling, near-closed mouths; and steps counted in coordination with incoming and outgoing breaths. Balanced belly diaphragmatic breathing directs atmospheric oxygen through both nostrils, except in alternate-nostril respiration prefatory to yogic meditation, for diffusion into air sacs and blood vessels.

Thich Nhat Hanh explains, in Walking Meditation, that "your breath, your steps, your counting, and your half-smile all blend together in a marvelous balance of mindfulness."

Painted and sculpted figures of Gautama Buddha (from Sanskrit गोतम, "brightness [dispels] darkness" and बुद्ध, "awakened") frequently feature closed or near-closed, half-smiling mouths and half-closed eyed.

The Buddhist grottoes, as Ellora Caves 1 through 12, generally give the Buddhist genitor (624 B.C.E.?-544 B.C.E.?) in cross-legged, padmasana (from Sanskrit पद्मासन, "lotus seat") position. They also have the former Siddhartha (from Sanskrit सिद्धार्थ, "successful") in the pralambapadasana (from Sanskrit प्रलम्ब, "[legs] dangling [European-like on]," पद, "foot" and आसन, "seat") position. Cross-legged sessions imply Sakya Prince Siddhartha Gautama's enlightening, 49-day meditation under a bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa) in order to initiate 45 enlightened years as Gautama Buddha.

Abhayamudra (from Sanskrit अभय, "fearlessness" and मुद्रा, "[right-handed] sign [upright, palms outward]") justifies dangling-legged, pendant (from Latin pendant, "hanging") over cross-legged positions in the Ellora Caves.

Vitarkamudra (from Sanskrit वितर्क, "discussion" and मुद्रा, "sign") teaching gestures, with specifically positioned fingers, like fearless assurances, kindle dangling-legged over cross-legged positions in the Ellora Caves.

Thich Nhat Hanh links Plum Village Tradition sitting meditations to what itinerant artisans and merchants learned by looking upon seated Buddha sculptures in the Ellora Caves. Sitting meditations, and walking meditations around painted, sculpted seated Buddhas, manifest his Noble Eightfold Path's right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration. His numbering the eight nobilities net noteworthy painted, sculpted representations of Gautama Buddha at the neighboring Ajanta Caves, 60 miles (96.56 kilometers) from the Ellora Caves.

Cave temple paintings and sculptures that offer the standing Buddha as observing walking meditations occur perhaps more famously in the Ajanta Caves than the Ellora Caves.

The Ellora Caves, like the Ajanta Caves, present sculpted standing bodhisattva (from Sanskrit बोधि, "perfect knowledge" and सत्त्व, "essence") reincarnations in the process of walking meditations.

The Bamyan valley in central Afghanistan's Hazarajat region, not the Ajanta Caves nor the Ellora Caves, queued world-famous standing Buddhas until their destruction March 2, 2001. The Ajanta Caves retain perhaps the most famous painted, sculpted supine (from Latin supīnus, "lying down backward [with face upward]") Buddha realization that represents reclining meditations. The Plum Village Tradition mindfulness centers of Thich Nhat Hanh support sitting, standing, suping and walking meditations as safely as the Ellora Caves sustain walking meditations.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage Centre tallies of 40-member temple tour maximums turn walking meditations into tackleable tasks at the Ellora Caves.

Ellora Caves offer opportunities for meditative repose and walking in nature; Ellora Caves, Maharashtra, western peninsular India; Saturday, Sep. 1, 2012, 11:39:43: Shreyank Gupta ($rink), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"About Ellora Caves." Yatra > Monuments of India > Monuments in Aurangabad. Copyrighted 2019.
Available @ https://www.yatra.com/indian-monuments/aurangabad/ellora-caves

Anh-Huong, Nguyen; and Thich Nhat Hanh. 2019. Walking Meditation. Boulder CO: Sounds True.

Barrett, Douglas. "Wall Painting (Second to Sixteenth Century)." Pages 17-48. In: Douglas Barrett and Basil Gray. Paintings of India. Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by The World Publishing Company, Cleveland OH. Geneva, Switzerland: Editions d'Art Albert Skira, 1963.

Berkson, Carmel. Ellora Concept and Style. First Edition, 1992. Second Edition, 2004. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Ellora_Concept_and_Style.html?id=tH7KRNqIin4C

Burgess, Jas. (James). Report on the Elura Cave Temples and the Brahmanical and Jain Caves of Western India. The Results of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Seasons' Operations of the Archaeological Survey 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80. Supplementary to the Volume on "The Cave Temples of India." London [UK]: Trübner & Co., 1883.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1544/page/n5/mode/1up

Cartwright, Mark. 8 March 2016. "Ellora Caves." Ancient History Encyclopedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.ancient.eu/article/874/ellora-caves/

"Cave 19." The Ellora Caves.
Available @ https://elloracaves.org/caves.php?cmd=search&words=&image_ID=&cave_ID=19&plan_floor=1

Cleary, Thomas F. 1993. The Flower Ornament Scripture: A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra. Boston MA: Shambhala Publications.

Cook, Sharell. Updated June 3, 2019. "Ajanta and Ellora Caves Essential Travel Guide." TripSavvy > Destinations > India > Maharashtra.
Available @ https://www.tripsavvy.com/ajanta-and-ellora-caves-travel-guide-1539340

Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence. 1976. The Goddesses of India, Tibet, China and Japan. With illustrations by Anna Durdin-Robertson. Huntington Castle, Clonegal, Enniscorthy, Eire: Cesara Publications.
Available @ http://www.fellowshipofisis.com/ldr_india_tibet_china_japan.pdf

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 7 March 2019. "Ellora Caves." Encyclopædia Britannica > Geography & Travel > Historical Places. Chicago IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Available @ https://www.britannica.com/place/Ellora-Caves

"Elapura, aka: Elpāra; 6 Definition(s)." Wisdom Library.
Available @ https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/elapura

"Ellora." Exotic Journeys International > India City Details.
Available @ http://www.ejiusa.com/india_city_details/Ellora.html

"Ellora Caves." Atlas Obscura > Places > Verul, India. Copyrighted 2020.
Available @ https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ellora-caves

"Ellora Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London [United Kingdom]: W.H. Allen @ Co., Trübner & Co. E. Stanford and W. Briggs.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft

Huntington, John C.; and Dina Bangdel. "Glossary M-Y." The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art.
Available @ https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/COBGlossaryM-Y.pdf

"Interview with Shrikant Ganvir, Pune, January 2016." Sahapedia > Ellora Caves > Buddhist Caves of Ellora. Published 9 November 2016.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/buddhist-caves-of-ellora

Ions, Veronica. 1967. Indian Mythology. London UK: Paul Hamlyn Limited.

Kannal, Deepak. 25 September 2017. "A Riddle Called Ellora." Sahapedia > Overview.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/riddle-called-ellora

Lee, Eva. 17 February 2014. "Ellora Caves: Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Coexistence." Eva Lee Studio.
Available @ http://www.evaleestudio.com/2014/02/12/ellora-caves-buddhist-hindu-and-jain-coexistence/

Malandra, Geri H. 1993. Unfolding a Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora. Albany NY: State University of New York Press.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=MU44LPu3mbUC

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Ally with Ajanta Caves and Thich Nhath Hanh in Indra's Net." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-ally-with-ajanta-caves-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Painted, Sculpted Temples Like and Unlike Ajanta Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-are-painted-sculpted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2020. "Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ailing-ellora-caves-are-among.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2020. "Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/schneiders-leaf-nosed-bats-are-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Gardens and Bhimbetka Sanctuary Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and-gardens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings, Ajanta Rain Gardens, Bhimbetka Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ajanta-rain.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

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Thich Nhat Hanh @thichnhathanh. 26 July 2016. "With normal perception, we see flowers, fruit, teapots, and tables, and we think they exist separately of one another. But when we look more deeply, we see that the fruit is in the flower, and that the flower, the cloud, and the earth are in the fruit." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/thichnhathanh/photos/a.136121339634/10154002074329635/

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