Street and Park Tree Inventories Since 1902 Assess Trees in Ithaca, NY

Summary: Street and park tree inventories since 1902 assess trees in Ithaca, NY, according to an article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for January 2021.

Norway maple (Acer platanoides) is not native to New York, even though it is listed as the leading street tree in all seven of the inventories of Ithaca between 1902 and 2019; Isaac Hicks and Sons, Trees for Long Island (1908), page 2: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Street and park tree inventories since 1902 assess urban trees in Ithaca, NY, according to F.D. Cowett, N.L. Bassuk, J. Grace and K. Vorstadt in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for January 2021.

The article Tracking Changes to Urban Trees over 100 Years in Ithaca, NY, USA broaches understanding population structure through municipal management’s street and park tree inventories. Tree inventories communicate age, density, diversity and species composites less challenged by costliness than by human-, nature-, time-caused changes and non-comparable data-collecting methods, personnel and variables. Unknown personnel, city forester, students and certified arborists respectively delivered 1902-dated tree inventory summaries, 1928-1947-dated individual records, 1987-dated summaries and 1996-, 2006-, 2013-, 2019-dated individual records.

First, third, fourth through seventh binomial-examining and second genus-examining inventories enumerated 5,621 and 5,303 street, 9,859, 11,028, 10,695, 10,895 street and park and 5,195 street trees.

First, second and third inventories furnished no diameters at 4.5-foot (1.37-meter) breast height (DBH) or tree locations; individual DBH locationally mapped; and DBH profiles without locations.

Four inventories, from 1996, 2006, 2013 and 2019, generated trunk measurements and tree locations as individual DBH and Global Positioning System (GPS) points and street addresses. Two Cornell University School of Integrative Plant Science and two City of Ithaca Parks & Forestry Division analysts harvested Bray-Curtis Index for dissimilar/similar genus and species. Respective Bray-Curtis Index values of 0.630 and 0.667 for street and park tree genera and species indicate dissimilar compositions and perhaps imply dissimilar, separate management strategies.

All street and park tree inventories judged trees by genus even as none journeyed through natural woodlands or, until 1996, judged tree-stocking levels by tree-planting spaces.

Aging, unsustainable versus sustainable, young tree populations graphically kindle respectively flat-shaped, humped distributions in mid-sized DBH classes versus descending distributions from small- to large-sized DBH classes.

Maple (Acer), Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and crabapple (Malus) lead street and park tree genus since 1902, street species since 1987 and park species since 1996. Falling percentages of Norway and sugar (Acer saccharum) maples and rising percentages of crabapple and London planetree (Platanus x acerifolia) mean rising street tree species diversity. Falling percentages of maple trees net rising street tree genus diversity even as rising percentages of oak (Quercus) trees nourish street and park tree genus diversity.

Falling percentages of crabapple trees and of apple (Malus) and pine (Pinus) trees in street and park tree inventories optimize park tree species and genus diversity.

Bray-Curtis, Inverse Simpson, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices and Effective Diversity and Evenness measures present increasing street and park tree genus and species diversity since 1902.

Street and park trees queue up sustainable tree populations in their reverse J-shaped curves quantifying most trees in smaller-sized classes on DBH size class distribution graphs. The DBH size class distribution curve for the 2019 street and park tree inventory contrastingly reveals profiles reminiscent of the 1928-1947 inventory and the 1987 inventory. The Ithaca study structured DBH classes starting at 0-inch (0-centimeter), 6-inch (15.2-centimeter), 12-inch (30.5-centimeter), 18-inch (45.7-centimeter), 24-inch (61-centimeter), 30-inch (76.2-centimeter), 36-inch (91.4-centimeter) and 42-plus-inch (106.7-plus-centimeter) sizes.

Street and park tree inventories transmit too few trees in the smallest sizes even as 2019 tree-stocking levels topped national and, by 4 percent, 2016 levels.

Flowering crabapple includes three species native to North America, even though it is not specified in the study which species are included in the designation of flowering crabapple as the leading park tree in Ithaca since the 1996 inventory; flowering crabapple (Malus 'Centurion'), New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, The Bronx, New York; Tuesday, Jan. 1, 1980, 00:02:59: Ryan Somma, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Norway maple (Acer platanoides) is not native to New York, even though it is listed as the leading street tree in all seven of the inventories of Ithaca between 1902 and 2019; Isaac Hicks and Sons, Trees for Long Island (1908), page 2: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://m.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/16131143456/; Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46112702

Flowering crabapple includes three species native to North America, even though it is not specified in the study which species are included in the designation of flowering crabapple as the leading park tree in Ithaca since the 1996 inventory; flowering crabapple (Malus 'Centurion'), New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, The Bronx, New York; Tuesday, Jan. 1, 1980, 00:02:59: Ryan Somma, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/ideonexus/6087110090/

For further information:

Cowett, F.D.; N.L. Bassuk; J. Grace; and K. Vorstadt. January 2021. "Tracking Changes to Urban Trees over 100 Years in Ithaca, NY, USA." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(1): 3-24.

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Isaac Hicks and Sons. 1908. Trees for Long Island. 1908 Edition. Westbury Station, Long Island, NY: Isaac Hicks and Sons.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Cyrano Darner Dragonfly Habitats: Big Foreheads, L and Zigzag Marks

Summary: North American cyrano darner dragonfly habitats get big foreheads, fly-by feeding on-the-go, fluttery wings and L- and zigzag-marked brown-green bodies.

cyrano darner dragonfly (Nasiaeschna pentacantha); Glades Wildlife Refuge, southern Cumberland County, New Jersey: Natural Lands @natlands, via Twitter June 23, 2017

North American cyrano darner dragonfly habitats anticipate naturalists, not cultivators, in wet woodland distribution ranges from Nova Scotia through Florida, Texas, Kansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and everywhere in-between.

Cyrano darners bear their common name for Cyrano de Bergerac nose-like long foreheads and knitting needle-like abdomens and the scientific name Nasiaeschna pentacantha (nasal, five-spined spear). The common name commemorates Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac (March 6, 1619-July 28, 1655), real-life character in Edmond Rostand's (April 1, 1868-Dec. 2, 1918) 1897-released play. Scientific designations defer to descriptions in 1842 by Jules Pierre Rambur (July 21, 1801-Aug. 10, 1870), author of Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Natural History of Insects).

Cyrano darner life cycles expect blackwater, sheltered, slow-flowing, swampy lake coves, ponds, pools, rivers and streams with forest edges, overhanging branches, shrubby borders and water-soaked logs.

January through December function as earliest to latest flight seasons even though June and July furnish wildlife mapping opportunities throughout cyrano darner coastal and inland niches.

Cyrano darners glean flushed and stalked invertebrate prey from low-lying vegetation and go to higher perches for time-consuming consumption of clubtail dragonflies and other large invertebrates. They hunt slowly over shaded, sodden stumps and trunks up to 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) above water-lilies and through branches over water bodies morning to dusk. Patrols involve ignoring forest and woodland clearings and mixed- and single-species feeding swarms, inclining flickering, fluttering, semi-curved wings to the horizontal and intercepting competitive, hostile intruders.

Ants, assassin flies, biting midges, ducks, falcons, fish, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, spiders, turtles and water beetles and mites jeopardize North American cyrano darner dragonfly habitats.

Immature cyrano darners keep to dull, faded, light, pale woodland brown colors and low size ranges and know protruding sticks as homes in woody hatching places.

Incomplete metamorphosis leads cyrano darners from egg-hatched, multi-molting, nonflying larval, naiad or nymph immaturity to molted, recently emerged, shiny-winged, soft-bodied, weak-flying teneral and matured adult stages. Tenerals maintain bluish protruding foreheads, bulky, stocky thoraxes, clear, slender wings, rear-tapering abdomens and short claspers upon maturing physically and sexually away from water and mating. Aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms nourish cyrano darner members of the Aeshnidae dragonfly family.

North American cyrano darner dragonfly habitats offer season-coldest temperature ranges, northward to southward, from minus 45 to 35 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 42.11 to 1.66 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote cyrano darners.

Cylindrical, egg-thickened versus rear-tapering abdomens, nonfunctional versus functional short claspers and short versus nonexistent ovipositors for plant tissue-insertable egg-laying qualify as adult female versus male hallmarks. Adults reveal blue eyes, blue-green-yellow faces, brown thoraxes with one each of interrupted, wide, zigzag side, narrow, straight side and shoulder stripes and green-striped brown abdomens. Adults show off 2.44- to 2.87-inch (62- to 73-millimeter) head-body lengths, 1.85- to 2.16-inch (47- to 55-millimeter) abdomens and 1.77- to 1.07-inch (45- to 50-millimeter) hindwings.

Brown-and-green, L- and zigzag-marked thoraxes, fluttery patrols, fly-by vegetation-snatching predation and protruding foreheads tell cyrano darners from other odonates in North American cyrano darner dragonfly habitats.

closeup of head and thorax of cyrano darner dragonfly (Nasiaeschna pentacantha); photo by Jonathan White: FotoPhysis @Fotophysis, via Twitter Aug. 9, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

cyrano darner dragonfly (Nasiaeschna pentacantha); Glades Wildlife Refuge, southern Cumberland County, New Jersey: Natural Lands @natlands, via Twitter June 23, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/natlands/status/878244352601899008

closeup of head and thorax of cyrano darner dragonfly (Nasiaeschna pentacantha); photo by Jonathan White: FotoPhysis @Fotophysis, via Twitter Aug. 9, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/Fotophysis/status/895439795698126848

For further information:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Nasiaeschna pentacantha (Rambur, 1842: 209 as Aeschna) - Cyrano Darner." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Anisoptera Selys, 1854 -- Dragonflies > Aeshnidae Rambur, 1842: 181 (Darners) > Nasiaeschna Selys, 1900 (Cyrano Darner).
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Natural Lands ‏@natlands. "Glades Wildlife Refuge manager Brian Johnson took this on-the-wing shot. This is the first Cyrano Darner he's seen at our NJ preserves!" Twitter. June 23, 2017.
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Sanghamitra, Like Ashoka, Admired Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill

Summary: Sanghamitra, like her father Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, admired her mother Devi’s Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill, central Madhya Pradesh, central India.

statue of Arhat Sangamitta at a bhikkhuni monastery, Colombo, Sri Lanka: MediaJet, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Sanghamitra, like her Buddhist father Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, admired her Buddhist mother Devi's Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill in the central Raisen District of the central Madhya Pradesh state in central India.

The birth of Sanghamitra (from Sanskrit संघ, "multitude" and मित्र, "ally") boded beautifully for Buddhist believers because she became a bride, a mother and a priestess. The merchant Dhaniram's (from Hindi धनीराम, "pious") daughter Devi (from Sanskrit देवी, "goddess") conceived both her children in Ujjayini (from Sanskrit जय, "victory"), now called Ujjain. Devi (born 302 BCE) dedicated herself to the Buddhist (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") faith of Shakya Vaishya (from Sanskrit शक्य, "doable" and वैश्य, "settler, trader") ancestors.

Sri Lankan (from Sanskrit श्री, "holy" and लङ्का, "island") traditions extol Devi for enlisting area or itinerant artisans to erect the Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill.

Sanghamitra followed the Buddhist faith of maternal ancestors before, during and after her marriage as a 14-year-old to a son of her father's brother or sisters.

Garnering the third Mauryan (from Sanskrit मोर, "peacock [clan emblem]") emperorship generated a gory genocide against all half-sibling imperial rivals of full-brother Princes Ashoka and Vitashoka. The Champapuri Brahmin’s (from Sanskrit ब्राह्मि, “holy”) daughter Subhadrangi had two sons with second Mauryan Emperor Bindusara (from Sanskrit बिन्दु, “[goat’s blood] drop” and सार, “strong”). First-cousinship with Sanghamitra implies Aggibrahmi (from Sanskrit अग्नि, “fire” and ब्राह्मि, “holy”) as son of Subhadrangi’s second son, Vitashoka (from Sanskrit वीत, “departed” and शोक, “sorrow”).

Sanghamitra perhaps judged her mother's Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill so highly that she joined first cousin and husband Aggibrahmi in physical and spiritual Buddhist journeys.

Keeping knowledgeable in Buddhist beliefs and keeping up Buddhist practices kindled Aggibrahmi’s ordination as bhikshu (from Sanskrit भिक्षु, “religious mendicant”), then arhat (from Sanskrit अर्हत्, “worship-worthy”).

Eighteen-year-old Sanghamitra linked her ordination as bhikshuni (from Sanskrit भिक्षुणी, “female religious mendicant”) to 20-year-old brother Mahendra’s (from Sanskrit मह, "great" and इन्द्, "raindrop-bearing") as bhikshu. Aggibrahmi’s and Sanghamitra’s only child, Sumana (from Sanskrit सुमन, “handsome”), moved, as shramana (from Sanskrit श्रमण, “ascetic”) novice monk, with his Uncle Mahendra to Sri Lanka. Arhat Sanghamitra Theri (feminine of Sanskrit थेरी, “elder”) nestled into Buddhist residences in Pataliputra (from Sanskrit पाटलि, "trumpet-flower" and पुत्र, "son"), Magadha (from Sanskrit ागध, “minstrel”).

Perhaps Sanghamitra opted to officiate at Buddhist female ordinations and organize Buddhist monuments in Sri Lanka because of her mother organizing Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill.

Ashoka presented Sanghamitra the right, south branch of the bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa) of Siddhartha Gautama’s (from Sanskrit सिद्धार्थ, "successful" and ौतम, "light [dispels] darkness") enlightenment.

An imperial ship quartered Sanghamitra; 10 nuns; 10 priestesses; eight each of Brahmins, nobles, royals and traders; and such caste members as craftsmen, potters and weavers. Sri Lankan King Devanampiyatissa realized Siddhartha Gautama’s (624 BCE?-544 BCE?) request as Gautama Buddha to root a bodhi tree branch permanently on the Anuradhapura palace grounds. His brother, successor King Uttiya, solemnized funeral proceedings for Sanghamitra, whose ashes a stupa (from Sanskrit स्तूप, "heap") sheltered near the stupa for Buddha’s right collar-bone.

We trek to Buddhist monuments at Anuradhapura palace, Hathalakha and Upasika vihara (from Sanskrit विहार, “walking [hall]”) monasteries and Sanchi Hill, thanks to Devi and Sanghamitra.

Sanghamitra transported right south branch of Gautama Buddha's enlightenment bodhi tree, selected by her father, Ashoka, from Gaya for planting, in accordance with Buddha's wishes, on Anuradhapura Palace grounds; sacred Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree, (left) ca. 1913, (right) 2012: MediaJet (Ven Alupotha Dhammaratna & MediaJet), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

statue of Arhat Sangamitta at a bhikkhuni monastery, Colombo,Sri Lanka: MediaJet, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg

Sanghamitra transported right south branch of Gautama Buddha's enlightenment bodhi tree, selected by her father, Ashoka, from Gaya for planting, in accordance with Buddha's wishes, on Anuradhapura Palace grounds; sacred Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree, (left) ca. 1913, (right) 2012: MediaJet (Ven Alupotha Dhammaratna & MediaJet), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg

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