2018 Southern Taurids Peak Sunday Night, Oct. 28, to Pre-Dawn, Oct. 29

Summary: The 2018 Southern Taurids peak Sunday night, Oct. 28, to pre-dawn Monday, Oct. 29, as a long-lasting minor annual display from September to November.

Southern Taurids occur annually as a long-lasting minor shower that notably shoots colorful fireballs: Marty Coniglio @martyconiglio via Twitter Nov. 4, 2014

The 2018 Southern Taurids peak Sunday night, Oct. 28, to pre-dawn Monday, Oct. 29, as a long-lasting minor shower that annually displays from mid-late September to mid-late November.

The American Meteor Society gives 2018 activity dates of Sunday, Sept. 23, to Monday, Nov. 19, for the long-lasting meteor shower. Several minor peaks occur in both October and November.

The American Meteor Society notes the Southern Taurid meteor shower’s reputation for fireballs. A meteor exceeding any planet or star in brightness qualifies as a fireball. A fireball’s magnitude is brighter than minus 4.

NASA’s Watch the Skies blog characterizes Taurid meteor size and trajectory. “Taurid meteors tend to be larger than the norm, which means they are bright, many being fireballs. They also penetrate deeper into Earth’s atmosphere than many other shower meteors. For example, Orionids typically burn up at altitudes of 58 miles, whereas Taurids make it down to 42 miles.”

The moon shines competitively during the Southern Taurid meteor shower’s peak. The waning gibbous phase displays 84 percent surface visibility of the lunar disk.

The 2018 Southern Taurid meteor shower’s nearly two months of activity open and close with the moon’s competitive waxing gibbous phase. The 2018 shower’s opening dates contend with the waxing gibbous moon’s 98 percent surface visibility for Sunday, Sept. 23. Full moon brightness takes over Tuesday, Sept. 25.

The waxing gibbous moon increases surface visibility in the 2018 Southern Taurid meteor shower’s closing days. Surface visibility reaches 77 percent for Sunday, Nov. 18. Visibility climbs to 85 percent for Monday, Nov. 19.

The American Meteor Society describes the Southern Taurids as a slow-velocity meteor shower. Meteors achieve a velocity of 17 miles per second (27 kilometers per second).

A meteor shower’s zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) defines the observable rate under optimal radiant and sky conditions. The American Meteor Society assigns a zenithal hourly rate of five shower members per hour for the Southern Taurids.

The Southern Taurids occur as an autumn meteor shower in the Northern Hemisphere. Visibility also includes the Southern Hemisphere, where September through November are experienced as spring months.

Two streams compose the Taurid meteors. The Southern Taurids’ partner stream is known as the Northern Taurid meteor shower.

The American Meteor Society gives 2018 activity dates of Friday, Oct. 19 to Monday, Dec. 10, for the Northern Taurids. The shower will peak between the night Saturday, Nov. 10, and pre-dawn Sunday, Nov. 11.

The meteor showers’ shared name, Taurid, reflects an apparent point of origin, known as the radiant, in Taurus the Bull Constellation. The southern stream’s name reflects its radiant’s placement south of the ecliptic, the sun’s apparent sky path. The northern stream’s radiant lies north of the ecliptic.

Both streams claim comet 2P/Encke as parent body. Comet Encke’s orbital period of 3.3 years, or 1,204.198131518449 days, qualifies the small comet as a short-period comet. Short-period comets exhibit orbital periods of less than 200 years.

Comet 2P/Encke’s orbit emphasizes the inner solar system. The small comet’s path does not extend beyond Jupiter.

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Solar System Dynamics website places Comet 2P/Encke between Mars and Jupiter on the Southern Taurid meteor shower’s peak date, Sunday night, Oct. 28. At 23:00 Coordinated Universal Time (7 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time), Encke’s Comet logs an Earth distance of 3.608 astronomical units (au) and a sun distance of 4.007 au. One astronomical unit roughly equals the distance from Earth to sun. The unit’s exact length is 149,597,870,700 meters (about 150 million kilometers; 93 million miles).

Thomas William Backhouse (Aug. 14, 1842-March 13, 1920) is credited with discovering the Southern Taurids. The Victorian amateur astronomer and meteorologist noted five meteors Nov. 6, 1869, from his residence at West Hendon House, Sunderland, North East England, where he maintained an observatory.

The takeaways for the 2018 Southern Taurid meteor shower’s peak Sunday night, Oct. 28, to pre-dawn, Oct. 29, are that the annual minor meteor shower endures for almost two months and that the long-lasting shower often lobs colorful fireballs across the nighttime sky.

orbital position of Southern Taurid meteor shower’s parent body, Comet 2P/Encke, at 23:00 (11 p.m.) Coordinated Universal Time (7 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time) during peak date, Sunday night, Oct. 28, to pre-dawn Monday, Oct. 29, 2018: JPL’s Solar System Dynamics via NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Southern Taurids occur annually as a long-lasting minor shower that notably shoots colorful fireballs: Marty Coniglio @martyconiglio via Twitter Nov. 4, 2014

orbital position of South Taurid meteor shower’s parent body, Comet 2P/Encke, at 23:00 (11 p.m.) Coordinated Universal Time (7 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time) during peak date, Sunday night, Oct. 28, to pre-dawn Monday, Oct. 29, 2018: JPL’s Solar System Dynamics via NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?ID=c00002_0;old=0;orb=1;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#orb

For further information:

“2P/Encke.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics > JPL Small-Body Database Browser.
Available @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?ID=c00002_0

American Meteor Society. “Northern Taurids.” American Meteor Society > Meteor Showers > Meteor Shower Calendar.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/

American Meteor Society. “Southern Taurids.” American Meteor Society > Meteor Showers > Meteor Shower Calendar.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/

Bone, Neil M. “Visual Observations of the Taurid Meteor Shower 1981-1988.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 101, no. 3: 145-152.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1991JBAA..101..145B

Daily Mail Online ‏@MailOnline. "The Taurid meteor shower will reach its peak tonight." Twitter. Nov. 5, 2015.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MailOnline/status/662273441186373633

Dave Curren ‏@DaveCurren. "The #Taurid meteor shower will send bright fireballs across our #NJ sky thru Nov 10th. Look east." Twitter. Nov. 3, 2015.
Available @ https://twitter.com/DaveCurren/status/661705857936269312

International Meteor Organization. “Southern Taurids.” International Meteor Organization > Resources > Meteor Shower Calendar.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/resources/calendar/2018/

Jenniskens, Peter. Meteor Showers and Their Parent Comets. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Kronk, Gary W. “Observing the Taurids.” Meteor Showers Online > Meteor Shower Calendar > November Radiants.
Available @ http://meteorshowersonline.com/showers/taurids.html

Lunsford, Robert. Meteors and How to Observe Them. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2009.

Marriner, Derdriu. “2015 Taurid Meteor Showers Peak Before Dawn Nov. 5 and Nov. 12.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/2015-taurid-meteor-showers-peak-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “November Nights: Orion Dodges Taurid Fireballs, Leonids Shower Jupiter.” Earth and Space News. Thursday, Nov. 5, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/november-nights-orion-dodges-taurid.html

Marty Coniglio @martyconiglio. "Taurid meteor shower may produce a few fireballs (if we're lucky)." Twitter. Nov. 4, 2014.
Available @ https://twitter.com/martyconiglio/status/529658687380406272

McClure, Bruce. “South Taurid Meteors to Peak in October?” EarthSky > Astronomy Essentials. Oct. 9, 2018.
Available @ http://earthsky.org/?p=286099

McClure, Bruce; and Deborah Byrd. “Watch for Taurid Fireballs, Too.” EarthSky > Astronomy Essentials. Oct. 19, 2018.
Available @ http://earthsky.org/?p=223614

“Moon Phases October 2018.” Calendar-12.com > Moon Calendar > 2018.
Available @ https://www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2018/october

Peat, Chris. “Comet 2P Encke.” Heavens Above > Astronomy > Comets.
Available @ https://www.heavens-above.com/comet.aspx?cid=2P&lat=0&lng=0&loc=D&alt=0&tz=CET

Rao, Joe. “’Old Faithful’ Comet Encke Makes Appearance in November Night Sky.” Space.com > Skywatching. Nov. 12, 2013.
Available @ https://www.space.com/23561-comet-encke-november-night-sky.html

Sekanina, Zdenek. “Encke, the Comet.” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, vol. 85, no. 6 (December 1991): 324-376.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1991JRASC..85..324S

Shekhtman, Lonnie; Elizabeth Landau; and Celeste Hoang. “2P/Encke.” NASA Science Solar System Exploration > Small Bodies > Comets. Updated Dec. 8, 2017.
Available via NASA Science Solar System Exploration @ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/comets/2p-encke/in-depth/

“Taurids Dust the November Sky.” NASA Blogs > Watch the Skies. Nov. 8, 2011.
Available @ https://blogs.nasa.gov/Watch_the_Skies/tag/taurid-meteor/

2018-2019 Met Opera Season Premiere of Mefistofele Is Thursday, Nov. 8

Summary: The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Mefistofele is Thursday, Nov. 8, during the season’s seventh week.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Boito’s Mefistofele is scheduled for Thursday, Nov. 8, at 7:30 p.m.: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Facebook Feb. 15, 2018

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Mefistofele is Thursday, Nov. 8, amid continuing performances of Bizet’s Carmen, Muhly’s Marnie and Puccini’s Tosca during the season’s seventh week.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s seventh week opens with the first of the week’s two performances of Tosca by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924). The week’s first Tosca performance begins at 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, Monday, Nov. 5. The week’s second Tosca performance is scheduled for Friday, Nov. 9, at 8 p.m.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Tosca took place during the season’s fifth week. Tosca’s 2018-2019 season premiere occurred Thursday, Oct. 25, at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. The 2018-2019 season’s staging is a revival of Sir David McVicar’s production. The Scottish opera and theatre director’s staging debuted as a new production Dec. 31, 2017, in the Metropolitan Opera’s 951st performance of Tosca.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s seventh week also continues performances of Carmen by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875). The seventh week offers two performances of Carmen. The week’s first performance takes place Tuesday, Nov. 6, at 7:30 p.m. The week’s second performance is scheduled for Saturday, Nov. 10, at 8 p.m.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera’s season premiere of Carmen occurred during the season’s sixth week. Carmen’s 2018-2019 season premiere took place Tuesday, Oct. 30, at 7:30 p.m. EDT.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s seventh week also offers two performances of Marnie by American contemporary classical music composer Nico Muhly. The week’s Marnie performances are given Wednesday, Nov. 7, at 7:30 p.m. and Saturday, Nov. 10, at 1 p.m.

Saturday’s performance is also available via the Metropolitan Opera’s 2018-2019 Live in HD series. Marnie is transmitted as fourth in the 2018-2019 season’s schedule of 10 Live in HD operas. The Metropolitan Opera’s Live in HD series transmits high-definition videos via satellite from the opera house to more than 2,200 cinema screens in over 70 countries.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Mefistofele by Italian composer and librettist Arrigo Boito (Feb. 24, 1842-June 10, 1918) takes place Thursday, Nov. 8, at 7:30 p.m. The season premiere is the only performance of Mefistofele given during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s seventh week.

Including the season premiere, the 2018-2019 Met Opera season features seven performances of Mefistofele. In addition to the season premiere, five performances are scheduled for November. The month’s remaining performances are given Monday, Nov. 12, at 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Nov. 16, at 7:30 p.m.; Monday, Nov. 19, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Nov. 24, at 8 p.m.; and Tuesday, Nov. 27, at 7:30 p.m.

Only one performance of Mefistofele takes place in December. The month’s solitary performance is scheduled for Saturday, Dec. 1, at 1 p.m.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s Saturday matinee radio broadcast schedule includes the December performance. Mefistofele’s solitary December performance opens the 2018-2019 Met Opera Saturday matinee radio broadcast season as the first of the season’s 24 Saturday matinee radio broadcasts.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s staging is a revival of Robert Carsen’s production. The Canadian opera director’s new production debuted Nov. 5, 1999, in the Metropolitan Opera’s 55th performance of Mefistofele.

Robert Carsen’s production team comprises Michael Levine, costume and set designer; Duane Schuler, lighting designer; and Alphonse Poulin, choreographer. Paula Suozzi is the revival stage director. Lucy Arner, Joseph Colaneri, Joan Dornemann and Dennis Giauque are credited with musical preparation.

The takeaway for the 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Mefistofele Thursday, Nov. 8, is that Boito’s Faustian opera joins continuing performances of Bizet’s Carmen, Muhly’s Marnie and Puccini’s Tosca in the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s seventh week.

American contemporary classical music composer Nico Muhly’s Marnie is available Saturday, Nov. 10, beginning at 1 p.m., via the 2018-2019 Met Opera’s Live in HD series: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Facebook Feb. 19, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Boito’s Mefistofele is scheduled for Thursday, Nov. 8, at 7:30 p.m.: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Facebook Feb. 15, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160137120435533/

American contemporary classical music composer Nico Muhly’s Marnie is available Saturday, Nov. 10, beginning at 1 p.m., via the 2018-2019 Met Opera’s Live in HD series: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Facebook Feb. 19, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160146381850533/

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Premiere of Nico Muhly’s Marnie Is Friday, Oct. 1.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 8, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/2018-2019-met-opera-premiere-of-nico.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season Premiere of Carmen Is Tuesday, Oct. 30.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 22, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/2018-2019-met-opera-premiere-of-nico.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season Premiere of Tosca Is Thursday, Oct. 25.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 15, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/2018-2019-met-opera-season-premiere-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Metropolitan Opera Season Presents Four New Productions.” Earth and Space News. Monday, June 25, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/2018-2019-metropolitan-opera-season_25.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Metropolitan Opera Season Stages 29 Operas.” Earth and Space News. Monday, June 18, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/2018-2019-metropolitan-opera-season.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Carmen Is the Feb. 11, 2017, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Feb. 6, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/carmen-is-feb-11-2017-metropolitan.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Tosca Is Jan. 27, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 22, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/tosca-is-jan-27-2018-met-opera-saturday.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Live in HD November 10. Composer Nico Muhly unveils his second new opera for the Met with his gripping reimagining of Winston Graham’s novel, set in the 1950s, about a beautiful, mysterious young woman who assumes multiple identities. . . .” Facebook. Feb. 19, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160146381850533/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “The spectacular Robert Carsen production returns to the Met for the first time since 2000 . . .” Facebook. Feb. 15, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160137120435533/

“New Production: Carmen.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353274 New Production Carmen {946} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/31/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353274

“New Production: Mefistofele.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 332117 New Production Mefistofele {55} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/05/1999.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=332117

“New Production: Tosca.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356838 New Production Tosca {951} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/31/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356838

Stressed Lions: Stressful Captivity and Stress-Filled Wilderness

Summary: Rescues of two abused cubs Oct. 23-24, 2018, in France reversed a fortnight that began tragically for lions with Nyack's death Oct. 22, 2018.

photos of weeks-old, unweaned female lion cub rescued Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2018, by Marseilles branch of Douane Française (French Customs) by Douane Française via AP: ITV News ‏@itvnews via Twitter Oct. 26, 2018

October appears to be a month of orphaned and semi-orphaned lion cubs with a death in Indianapolis and three separate rescues of sequestered cubs in central France, southern France and the Netherlands.

A caged four-month-old cub that braved the elements in a field outside Utrecht belongs to the Lion Foundation in the northern Netherlands since Oct. 7, 2018. French police carried a six-week-old female lion cub, still unweaned, from an apartment in Valenton, Val-de-Marne region southeast of Paris, Oct. 3, 2018, to wildlife officials. French customs agents delivered a one-plus-month-old female lion cub from a travel cage in a garage in north Marseille Oct. 24, 2018, to wildlife-specialized non-governmental organizers. Ten-year-old Nyack expired during violent exchanges with stressed 12-year-old Zuri, mother of his three cubs, despite three-year-old Sukari's presence Oct. 15, 2018, in the Indianapolis zoo.

Year-round breeding feasibility fits into 15-year life cycles more from accessible prey, shelter and water; amenable weather; available mates than from predictable mating-friendly months and seasons.

Physically and sexually mature three- to four-plus-year-old female lions get three matings per hour during three-plus-day matings with males from the same female-formed prides (extended family). Calls, hyperactivity and scents hint of reproductive hormone-driven estrous cycles and herald 105- to 110-day gestations of one- to six-cub litters in burrows, dens and nests. Slow-crawling, tawny, 2.21- to 4.41-pound- (1- to 2-kilogram) cubs blind 11 days, non-walking 15 days and non-running 30 days ingest no meat the first 90 days. Lionesses, as adult females, journey back and forth nocturnally with dead prey for three-months-olds and live prey for near-weaned cubs and with weaned six- through 18-month-olds.

Female and male cubs keep within birth prides under one to seven adult males and two to 18 adult females as lifers or two- to four-year-olds.

Spotted cubs and short-coated, tawny adults with black-backed ears, spotted abdomens and legs and tufted tails live on 8- to 800-square-mile (20- to 2,000-square-kilometer) home ranges. Adults manage 36-mile (58-kilometer) hourly speeds, daytime ambushes of waterhole prey and night-time kills of such ungulate (hoofed) animals as buffaloes, giraffes, waterbucks, wildebeests and zebras. Adult lions, scientifically named Panthera leo ("Panther lion"), net 62- to 100-inch- (160- to 250-centimeter) head-body lengths and 24- to 40-inch- (60- to 100-centimeter-) long tails.

Adult lions, outlined scientifically in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778), obtain 270- to 570-pound (120- to 260-kilogram) lower-ranged female, upper-ranged male weights.

Mature lions present 3.61- to 3.94-foot (1.1- to 1.2-meter) shoulder heights and six incisors, two canines, six premolars and two molars per lower and upper jaw.

Adult females and, with black to blond manes and carrying roars for 5 miles (8.05 kilometers), males respectively queue up at perimeter patrols and homeland centers. They require 15-pound (7-kilogram) daily meals of fresh-killed, suffocated prey with crushed muzzles or windpipes and scavenged remains in mixed bushlands, grasslands, scrublands and open woodlands. The International Union for Conservation of Nature serves a vulnerability status on southwest Asian and sub-Saharan African lions from habitat loss, legal kills and trophy hunting.

Lions thrive on extended families, fresh-killed meat, nightly hunts and runnable, spacious grassy, woody territories, all of which captivity's human-controlled schedules and noisy, smelly crowds thwart.

Three-year-old Sukari witnessed the fatal confrontation between her mother, 12-year-old Zuri, and her father, 10-year-old Nyack, Monday, Oct. 15, 2018, at the Indianapolis Zoo; family portrait of Zuri (left) and Nyack (right) with two of their three cubs, about eight months after the cubs' birth (Sept. 21, 2015): Indianapolis Zoo @indianapoliszoo via Facebook May 26, 2016

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

photos of weeks-old, unweaned female lion cub rescued Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2018, by Marseilles branch of Douane Française (French Customs) by Douane Française via AP: ITV News ‏@itvnews via Twitter Oct. 26, 2018, @ https://twitter.com/itvnews/status/1055895078772850688

Three-year-old Sukari witnessed the fatal confrontation between her mother, 12-year-old Zuri, and her father, 10-year-old Nyack, Monday, Oct. 15, 2019, at the Indianapolis Zoo; family portrait of Zuri (left) and Nyack (right) with two of their three cubs, about eight months after the cubs' birth (Sept. 21, 2015): Indianapolis Zoo @indianapoliszoo via Facebook May 26, 2016, @ https://www.facebook.com/indianapoliszoo/photos/a.75919767575/10154917614127576/

For further information:

Agence France-Presse in Marseille. 26 October 2018. "Roar Deal: Tiny Lion Cub Found Caged in Marseille Garage." The Guardian > News > Environment > Wildlife.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/26/roar-deal-tiny-lion-cub-found-caged-in-marseille-garagev

Associated Press. 26 October 2018. "Look What We Found: Tiny Female Lion Cub in French Garage." The Washington Post > World > Europe.
Available @ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/look-what-we-found-tiny-female-lion-cub-in-french-garage/2018/10/26/2bf6ba32-d941-11e8-8384-bcc5492fef49_story.html?utm_term=.f582267d639b

Brown, Andrew, ed. 1997. "Lions." In: Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume 9, Lio-Mol: 1224-1249. Tarrytown NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation.

Chiu, Allyson. 22 October 2018. "'She Seems to Have Crushed His Throat': Lioness at Zoo Kills Father of Her Cubs in 'Unprovoked' Attack." The Washington Post > Nation.
Available @ https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/22/she-seems-have-crushed-his-throat-lioness-indianapolis-zoo-kills-father-cubs-unprovoked-attack/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.35548d56aa9a

Indianapolis Zoo @indianapoliszoo. 26 May 2016. "Are we open on Memorial Day? Fur sure! And starting Friday, we're extending our hours for the summer. So bring your wild things to see ours!." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/indianapoliszoo/photos/a.75919767575/10154917614127576/

ITV News ‏@itvnews. 26 October 2018. "A tiny female lion cub has been found in a garage in France." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/itvnews/status/1055895078772850688

Linnaei, Caroli (Carl Linnaeus). 1758. "1. Felis leo." Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Tomus I, Editio Decima, Reformata: 41. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936

Solly, Meilan. 24 October 2018. "A Lioness Killed the Father of Her Cubs in Rare Attack at Indianapolis Zoo." Smithsonian > Smart-News.
Available @ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/lioness-killed-father-her-cubs-rare-attack-indianapolis-zoo-180970621/

Toon, Ann and Stephen B. "Lion: Panthera leo." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, eds. Grzimek's Animal Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 14, Mammals III: 379. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art

Summary: Prophetic child art on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Oct. 26, 2018, predicts murder just as Gernika genocide survivor art preceded holocaust, massacre and world war.

Gernika in ruins: buildings destroyed in a single day's steady attacks by Legion Condor ("Condor Legion") aircraft of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe, April 26, 1937: Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archives), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Gernika genocide survivor art antedates the appearance of a prophetic child artist on the Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode Nothing More the Eyes to Search For Oct. 26, 2018.

Director Liz Allen Rosenbaum and writers Sean O'Reilly and Zoe Robyn build Season 9's fifth episode plot and title around one olelo au ("[piece of] advice"). The series' 198th episode overall culls from the proverb A'ohe Mea 'Imi A Ka Maka family-like commitments of Hawaii Five-0 task force colleagues for one another. It likewise draws from the Hawaiian proverb a derivative description of the means, motives, opportunities and perpetrators that any cold, contemporary or future crime scene divulges.

Evidence of a future crime ensues from the series' prophetic child artist even as seven decades earlier Gernika genocide survivor art exposed past and subsequent events.

Future felonies fan Minority Report, from Philip K. Dick's (Dec. 16, 1928-March 2, 1982) story, by director Steven Spielberg and writers Jon Cohen and Scott Frank.

The Hawaii Five-0 task force family likewise goes back and forth between artistically predictive glimpses of a subsequent crime scene and the real murder's actual generation. Gernika genocide survivor art heralded World War II (Sept. 1, 1939-Sept. 2, 1945) bomber aircraft from the bombing formations that hammered civilian populations April 26, 1937. It identified attack styles, aircraft designs, flight formations and total numbers of Fascist and Nazi fighter planes over Gernika, Bizkaia, Euzkadi ("[Land of] Basque [language] speakers").

Operation Rügen (for the Baltic Sea island, from Old Norse rugr, "[eaters of] rye") juggled Aviazione Legionaria ("Legionary Air Force") and Legion Condor ("Condor Legion") aircraft.

Gernika genocide survivor art knew of the first five bombing waves from 16:30 to 18:00 local time (17:30 to 19:00 Coordinated Universal Time/Greenwich Mean Time, UTC/GMT).

One Dornier Do 17, two Heinkel He 111, 18 Ju 52 Behelfsbomber and three Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bomber, and five Regia Aeronautica Fiat CR.32 fighter, airplanes led. The second set, under 29 bombers moving in three-plane, 490-foot (150-meter) attack fronts, mobilized from 18:30 to after 18:45 local time (19:30 to after 19:45 UCT/GMT). Fascist and Nazi pilots netted 44,000 pounds (19,958.064 kilograms) of ammunition, as 2.2-pound (1-kilogram) incendiaries, 110-pound (50-kilogram) light explosive bombs and 550-pound (250-kilogram) medium high-explosive bombs.

Gernika genocide survivor art observed obliteration of 75 percent of Gernika, excluding the Gernikako Arbola (Tree) and Batzarretxea (Assembly House) and anti-Republican Unceta y Compañía munitions.

Fascist and Nazi aircraft, ships and troops (July 1936-March 1939) pulled down the democratic, elected Segunda República Española (Second Spanish Republic, April 14, 1931-April 1, 1939).

Civil War (July 17, 1936-April 1, 1939) queued up for Mexico, the Soviet Union, England, France and Republican Spain 500; 2,000; 4,000; 25,000; 168,500 child refugees. Its genocide survivor art unwittingly rehearsed Poland (Sept. 1-27, 1939, Aug. 1-Oct. 2, 1944), England (Sept. 7, 1940-May 11, 1941) and Hawaii (Dec. 7, 1941). Abraham Lincoln Brigade, Columbia University, Harvard University, Haverford College, Marx Memorial Library, University of California-San Diego and University of Washington archives store Gernika genocide survivor art.

Prophetic child art tracks to Gernika genocide survivor art that transmits town-wide tragedies trending into Basque, Catalan and continent-wide gypsy, Orthodox, Protestant genocides and Jewish holocausts.

Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O’Loughlin) with (Beulah Kaole) and a seemingly prophetic 5-year-old child artist, Katie Iosia (Saini Tuimaunei), in A’ohe Mea ‘Imi A Ka Maka (CBS TV’s Hawaii Five-0, season 9 episode 5): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.05 promotional photo via SpoilerTV Oct. 26, 2018, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/10/hawaii-five-0-episode-905-aohe-mea-imi.html

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Gernika in ruins: buildings destroyed in a single day's steady attacks by Legion Condor ("Condor Legion") aircraft of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe, April 26, 1937: Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archives), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg

Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O’Loughlin) with Officer Junior Reigns (Beulah Koale) and a seemingly prophetic 5-year-old child artist, Katie Iosia (Saini Tuimaunei), in A’ohe Mea ‘Imi A Ka Maka (CBS TV’s Hawaii Five-0, season 9 episode 5): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.05 promotional photo via SpoilerTV Oct. 26, 2018, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/10/hawaii-five-0-episode-905-aohe-mea-imi.html

For further information:

"A-ohe Mea 'Imi A Ka Maka: Nothing More the Eyes to Search For." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount, Oct. 26, 2018.

"Children's Drawings of the Spanish Civil War." Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives > Resources > Lessons > They Still Draw Pictures."
Available @ http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/they-still-draw-pictures-1/childrens-drawings-of-the-spanish-civil-war

Dick, Philip K. 2016. The Minority Report and Other Classic Stories by Philip K. Dick. New York City NY: Citadel Press.

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Minority Report." Los Angeles CA: Paramount, 2002.

SpoilerTV. 26 October 2018. “Hawaii Five-O - Episode 9.05 - A'ohe Mea 'Imi A Ka Maka -- Promo, 3 Sneak Peeks, Promotional Photos + Press Release.” SpoilerTV > Broadcast > CBS Shows.
Available @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/10/hawaii-five-0-episode-905-aohe-mea-imi.html

Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid Commission Oct. 26, 1303

Summary: The Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid commission Oct. 26, 1303, asked about goldsmith Roger of Winchester's low-cost gold for King's Lynn counterparts.

King Edward I's fourth Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid commission considered Westminster goldsmith Roger le Orfevere's sale of raided gold coins, known as florins, at low prices to goldsmiths in King's Lynn, Norfolk; etching of King's Lynn late medieval old town wall and white tower, by W. Taylor from a drawing by the Rev. Edwards; William Taylor's Antiquities of King's Lynn (1844), opposite page 155: Public Domain via Internet Archive

The commission Oct. 26, 1303, achieved less attention than the commissions June 6, Aug. 14, Oct. 10 and Nov. 10/14, 1303, into the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid April 30-May 3, 1303.

The fourth raid-related commission, by King Edward I's (June 17, 1239-July 7, 1307) writ Oct. 26, 1303, bore upon criminal carry-outs of precious coins called florins. It communicated concerns over gold coins that came from the Chapter House Crypt on the Westminster side of the Thames River and that circulated outside London. It demanded three royally designated justices even though, along with the king's investigator, four judges dominated the first commission and five the second, third and fifth.

The fourth commission earmarked King's Lynn in Norfolk even though the others emphasized London, and initially Westminster, just under and over 100 miles (160.93 kilometers) away.

John de Drokensford (1260-May 9, 1329), Edward's appointed investigator and Keeper of the King's Wardrobe, found many ferreted royal treasures in London, Middlesex, Suffolk and Surrey.

Drokensford got back much of the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid coins, gems, icons, jewelry and tableware by generating a proclamation July 16, 1303, in London. Everyone in possession or in the know had to hand Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid stolen treasures in at the London Guildhall by June 23, 1303. Information sources indicated the influx of gold coins, from recesses behind the Chapter House Crypt central column's removable red bricks, into King's Lynn by August 1303.

The goldsmith Roger of Westminster joined, in prison by August 1303, broker Walter/William Russell, judged jail-worthy for selling Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid florins and jewels.

Drokensford's information sources summer 1303 knew that Russell kept company with the Westminster Abbey community of Benedictine monks and their accessories, auxiliaries, retainers, servants and valets.

And yet goldsmiths July 5, 1303, in London and jurors July 4-6, 1303, in London and Aug. 6, 1303, in Westminster never listed Roger of Westminster. Confessions by William Palmer, deputy Keeper of Westminster Palace and Keeper of Fleet Prison, June 17 and July 6, 1303, likewise never mentioned Roger of Westminster. Confessions by Richard de Puddlicott (died Nov. 28, 1304) and John de Rippinghale (died March 5, 1303?) Dec. 3, 1303, never named Roger of Westminster either.

Edward's writ Oct. 10, 1303, occurred after Abbot Walter de Wenlok's (died Dec. 25, 1307) petition against the 81-member Abbey community "falsely indicted" into the Tower.

The petition presented among 32 Westminster-based accessories, auxiliaries, retainers, servants and valets Roger le Orfevere ("the goldsmith"), who promptly parted on bail sometime in November 1303.

The Westminster goldsmith queued up quizzical ties with John de Elmham and Walter de Tylneye, King's Lynn goldsmiths who never questioned out-of-town gold at low prices. The Westminster goldsmith's two Norfolk counterparts retained "a hundred florins of gold from that [Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid] treasure" at "much less of their value." They sabotaged investigations by secreting their source "so that he could not be arrested by the bailiffs of that town [King's Lynn] and take his trial."

Roger of Westminster never turned up among 10 goldsmiths indicted Jan. 9 and 13-14, 1304, or among five hangings March 5 and one Nov. 28, 1304.

King Edward I issued his fourth Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid writ from Kinloss (top center; inserted green arrow), Moray, northeastern Scotland; map of Edward I's itinerary in Scotland 1303-1304; Henry Gough's Itinerary of King Edward the First (1900), Plate VII, page 286: Public Domain via Internet Archive

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

King Edward I's fourth Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid commission considered Westminster goldsmith Roger le Orfevere's sale of raided gold coins, known as florins, at low prices to goldsmiths in King's Lynn, Norfolk; etching of King's Lynn's late medieval old town wall and white tower, by W. Taylor from a drawing by the Rev. Edwards; William Taylor's Antiquities of King's Lynn (1844), opposite page 155: Public Domain via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/antiquitiesofkin00tayluoft#page/210/mode/1up

King Edward I issued his fourth Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid writ from Kinloss (top center; inserted green arrow), Moray, northeastern Scotland; map of Edward I's itinerary in Scotland 1303-1304; Henry Gough's Itinerary of King Edward the First (1900), Plate VII, page 286: Public Domain via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/itineraryofkinge02gouguoft#page/n311/mode/2up

For further information:

Doherty, Paul. 2005. The Great Crown Jewels Robbery of 1303. New York NY: Carroll & Graf Publisher.

Gough, Henry. 1900. Itinerary of King Edward the First Throughout His Reign, A.D. 1272-1307, Exhibiting His Movements From Time to Time, So Far as They Are Recorded. Vol. II: 1286-1307. Paisley, Scotland: Alexander Gardner.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/itineraryofkinge02gouguoft

Harvey, Barbara F., ed. 1965. Documents Illustrating the Rule of Walter de Wenlok, Abbot of Westminster 1283-1307. Vol. II. Camden Fourth Series. London, England: Offices of the Royal Historical Society.

Keay, Anna. 2011. The Crown Jewels. London UK: Thames & Hudson Ltd.

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 April 2018. "Richard Puddlicott and the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/richard-puddlicott-and-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid in April and May 1303 in England." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2018. "Mysteries of the April-May 1303 Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/mysteries-of-april-may-1303-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 June 2018. "King Edward I's Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/king-edward-is-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Royal Proclamation June 16, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_8.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Palmer Confession June 17, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Arrests June 18-19, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Indenture June 22, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_29.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Palmer Confession July 6, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Goldsmiths Talk July 4, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_13.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Aldermen Interviews July 29, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_27.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 August 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Westminster Jurors Aug. 6, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 August 2018. "Edward I's Second Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/edward-is-second-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2018. "Westminster Abbey Refectory Raid and London Sheriff Hugh Pourte." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/westminster-abbey-refectory-raid-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2018. "Edward I's Third Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/edward-is-third-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: "Falsely Indicted" Monks?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2018. "Appellants Not Involved in the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/appellants-not-involved-in-westminster.html

Palgrave, Sir Francis, ed. 1836. "Appendix: Records Relating to the Robbery at the Treasury, 31 Edw. I." The Antient Kalendars and Inventories of His Majesty's Exchequer Together with Other Documents Illustrating the History of That Repository. Vol. I: 251-299. London England: Commissioners of the Public Records of The Kingdom.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/antientkalendars01grea_0#page/251/mode/1up

Rothwell, Harry, ed. 1957. The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough. Previously Edited as the Chronicle of Walter of Hemingford or Hemingburgh. Camden Series Volume LXXXIX. London, England: Royal Historical Society.

Taylor, William. 1844. The Antiquities of King's Lynn, Norfolk. Lynn, England: J. Thew; London, England: Simpkin and Marshall.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofkin00tayluoft