Earth and Space News: December Skylab 4 Comet Kohoutek images

Showing posts with label December Skylab 4 Comet Kohoutek images. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 30, 2020

Edward Gibson Sketched Comet Kohoutek After Third Skylab 4 EVA Dec. 29

Summary: Edward Gibson sketched Comet Kohoutek after the third Skylab 4 EVA Dec. 29, 1973, one day after perihelion, the closest comet-to-sun distance.

Comet Kohoutek’s appearance on Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, one day after perihelion, by Skylab 4 scientist pilot Edward Gibson; post-flight, color sketch, based on black-and-white sketch drawn after third Skylab 4 EVA, conducted Dec. 29; G. Gary, Comet Kohoutek (1974), Figure 2, page 5: Public Domain, via Internet Archive

Edward Gibson sketched Comet Kohoutek after the third Skylab 4 EVA Dec. 29, 1973, the day after the recently discovered comet’s Friday, Dec. 28, reach of perihelion (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”), its closest distance to the sun.

The Skylab 4 mission was scheduled to maximize observations of Comet Kohoutek, discovered Wednesday, March 7, 1973, at northern Germany’s Hamburg Observatory (Hamburger Sternwarte) by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek (born Jan. 29, 1935). The mission’s Friday, Nov. 16, 1973, launch and Friday, Feb. 8, 1974, splashdown largely overlapped with Comet Kohoutek’s perihelion passage between December 1973 and January 1974.

Skylab 4 numbered as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) third and final manned mission to Skylab, the first United States space station. All three Skylab 4 astronauts were rookies, with no previous spaceflight experience. The crew comprised Gerald Paul Carr (born Aug. 22, 1932) as commander, Edward George Gibson (born Nov. 8, 1936) as scientist pilot and William Reid Pogue (Jan. 23, 1930-March 3, 2014) as mission pilot.

Four days elapsed between the start times of the mission’s second and third EVAs. Skylab 4’s second EVA began Christmas Day, Tuesday, Dec. 25, 1973, at 16:00 Coordinated Universal Time (11 a.m. Eastern Standard Time). The mission’s third EVA (extravehicular activity) began Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, at 17:00 UTC (12 p.m. EST).

The lapse between the second EVA’s end and the third EVA’s start, however, amounted to one minute short of 3 days 18 hours. EVA2 lasted longer than anticipated, with an actual, record-breaking duration of 7 hours 1 minute.

EVA 3 required only 3 hours 29 minutes. The mission’s third EVA ended at 20:29 UTC (3:29 p.m. EST).

Commander Carr and scientist pilot Gibson participated in the third Skylab 4 EVA. EVA 3 counted as the second career spacewalk for both of them. Gibson had joined William Pogue in the mission’s first EVA, which began Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 22, at 17:42 UTC (12 p.m. EST), and ended 6 hours 33 minutes later, Friday, Nov. 23, at 00:15 UTC (Thursday, Nov. 22, at 7:15 p.m. EST). Carr had partnered with Pogue Christmas Day for his first spacewalk, which was Pogue’s second.

Both EVA 2 and EVA 3 emphasized photography of Comet Kohoutek with the mission’s far-ultraviolet electrographic camera. Originally designed as a backup model for the Apollo 16 mission’s S201 lunar surface experiment in late April 1972, the camera was modified for inside and outside imaging of Comet Kohoutek.

After the completion of EVA 3, Gibson continued his free time practice of making sketches of his visual observations of Comet Kohoutek. Gibson’s drawing of his Dec. 29 view of the comet numbered as his second sketch. He based his drawing on observations outdoors during EVA 3 and indoors at window number three in the Structural Transition Section (STS) linking the station's Multiple Docking Adaptor (MDA) and Airlock Module (AM).

Gibson’s first sketch dated to Tuesday, Dec. 18, 10 days before perihelion. He made a total of 10 sketches between December 1973 and January 1974. His last sketch presented the comet’s appearance Sunday, Jan. 6, nine days after Comet Kohoutek’s perihelion.

In a paper presented at the Comet Kohoutek Workshop of June 13-14, 1974, at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, Gibson explained that his sketches “. . . were not in the pre-mission plans and were drawn when the crew could find free time” (page 3). His strategy for depicting the comet relied upon 10-power binoculars for most observations. Commander Carr and Pilot Pogue then reviewed Gibson’s drawings “. . . to ensure that the sketches were consistent with their observations.” He noted that after the mission he drew another set in color “. . . corresponding to each of the in-flight sketches” (page 3).

The takeaways for Edward Gibson’s sketch of Comet Kohoutek after the third Skylab 4 EVA Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, are that the black-and-white drawing reflects the crew’s collective impression of the recently discovered comet’s appearance one day after perihelion, that he made a total of 10 black-and-white sketches onboard Skylab and that, after his return to Earth, he made corresponding sketches in color.

sketch of Comet Kohoutek, drawn by Edward Gibson after third Skylab 4 EVA, Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, one day after the comet’s reach of perihelion: C.A. Lundquist, Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences (1979), Figures 4-18, pages 54: "Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted," via NASA History

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. MSFC Skylab Kohoutek Project Report. NASA Technical Memorandum TM X-64880. Huntsville AL: October 1974.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19740027130
Available via NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA NTRS) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740027130.pdf

Gibson, Edward G. “Skylab Visual Observation of Comet Kohoutek.” Pages 3-14. In: Gilmer Allen Gary, ed. Comet Kohoutek: A Workshop Held at Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama June 13-14, 1974. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1975.
Available @ https://archive.org/details/CometKohoutek/page/n13

Hitt, David; Owen Garriott; and Joe Kerwin. Homesteading Space: The Skylab Story. Featuring the In-Flight Diary of Alan Bean. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Homesteading_Space.html?id=sR5Cm_zeIekC

Lundquist, Charles A., ed. “Chapter 4: Observations of Comet Kohoutek.” Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences: 42-63. NASA SP-404. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1979.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-404/ch4.htm

Marriner, Derdriu. “Arabella and Anita Spun First Space Webs in August 1973 at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/arabella-and-anita-spun-first-space.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Edward Gibson Sketched Comet Kohoutek’s Changes During Close Approach." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/edward-gibson-sketched-comet-kohouteks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Space Spiders Arabella and Anita Spun Very Fine Webs for Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 2, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/first-space-spiders-arabella-and-anita.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Web in Space Was Spun in 1973 by Common Cross Spider Arabella.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 5, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/first-web-in-space-was-spun-in-1973-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Fourth Moonwalker Alan Bean Commanded Skylab 3 July to September 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 22, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/fourth-moonwalker-alan-bean-commanded.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma Did Second EVA Aug. 24, 1973, at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/owen-garriott-and-jack-lousma-did.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Astronaut Wives Pranked Spouses With Unofficial Mission Patch.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-astronaut-wives-pranked.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Captured Dramatic Solar Prominences in August 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/skylab-3-captured-dramatic-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Mission Patch Emphasized Earth, Sun and Medical Themes.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-mission-patch-emphasized-earth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Imaged Comet Kohoutek During Second EVA on Christmas Day 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 23, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/skylab-4-imaged-comet-kohoutek-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Imaged Comet Kohoutek’s Hydrogen Halo November 1973 to February 1974.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 16, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/skylab-4-imaged-comet-kohouteks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Mission Began Observing Comet Kohoutek in November 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 11, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/skylab-4-began-observing-comet-kohoutek.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylabbers Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma First Spacewalked Aug. 6, 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 12, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/skylabbers-owen-garriott-and-jack.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Space Spider Anita Died Sept. 16, 1973, During Skylab 3 Mission.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 9, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/space-spider-anita-died-sept-16-1973.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Space Spider Arabella Logged 24 Million Miles in 858 Orbits via Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 23, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/space-spider-arabella-logged-24-million.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Two Mummichog Minnows Became First Fish in Space in 1973 Via Skylab 3.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 29, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/two-mummichog-minnows-became-first-fish.html

Shayler, David J.; and Colin Burgess. NASA’s Scientist-Astronauts. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Limited, 2007.

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Edward Gibson Sketched Comet Kohoutek’s Changes During Close Approach

Summary: Skylab 4 mission’s Edward Gibson sketched Comet Kohoutek’s changes during its close approach, December 1973 to January 1974.

Skylab 4 mission’s Edward Gibson sketched Comet Kohoutek’s changes during its close approach, December 1973 to January 1974, and then, after the mission’s end, paired the in-flight black-and-white sketches with post-flight color versions.

Comet Kohoutek’s December 1973 through January 1974 perihelion passage prioritized the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) scheduling of the agency’s third and last manned mission to Skylab, the first United States space station. Skylab’s position in low Earth orbit eased observations that were troubled on the ground by Earth’s sunlight-scattering atmosphere. The Skylab 4 mission docked Friday, Nov. 16, 1973, at the space station and undocked Friday, Feb. 8, 1974.

Commander Gerald Paul Carr (born Aug. 22, 1932), scientist pilot Edward George Gibson (born Nov. 8, 1936) and pilot William Reid Pogue (Jan. 23, 1930-March 3, 2014) were tasked with 13 experiments for observing the recently discovered comet. Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek (born Jan. 29, 1935) had discovered the long-period comet Wednesday, March 7, 1973, at northern Germany’s Hamburg Observatory (Hamburger Sternwarte).

In his free time at the space station, Edward Gibson sketched Comet Kohoutek’s progressive changes during its close approach. The comet’s perihelion (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”) passage centered on its reach of perihelion Friday, Dec. 28.

Gibson aimed to present collective impressions of Comet Kohoutek’s changes during its close approach. Each sketch was vetted by Commander Carr and Pilot Pogue.

Gibson was able to make 10 black-and-white sketches. The first sketch, dated Tuesday, Dec. 18, was his only pre-perihelion drawing. In a paper presented at the Comet Kohoutek Workshop of June 13-14, 1974, at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, Gibson explained that, after Dec. 18, the comet “. . . was occulted by space station structure until perihelion” (page 3).

Nine of the 10 sketches depicted the comet’s post-perihelion appearances. At the Comet Kohoutek Workshop, Gibson noted that the last nine sketches were based observations “. . . made on the 9 days following perihelion. During this time period, the comet could be observed from Skylab unobstructed by space station structure, but it could not be properly observed from the ground.”

Gibson made three post-perihelion sketches in December. Sunday, Dec. 29, was one day after perihelion; Sunday, Dec. 30, was perihelion plus two days; Monday, Dec. 31, was three days after perihelion.

Six sketches were drawn in January. The month’s first sketch was made Tuesday, Jan. 1, 1974, four days after perihelion. Sketches successively dated Thursday, Jan. 3, through Sunday, Jan. 6, presented progressive changes on post-perihelion days five through nine.

Visual observations of the comet were mostly made with 10-power binoculars. Gibson’s first sketch did not specify the viewpoint for the observation. Only his second sketch culled observations from inside and outside the space station. The comet’s appearance in his Sunday, Dec. 29, sketch reflected observations made outside, during the mission’s third EVA (extravehicular activity), and inside at number three window in the Structural Transition Section (STS) linking the station’s Multiple Docking Adaptor (MDA) and Airlock Module (AM).

Gibson noted at the Marshall Space Flight Center’s June 1974 Comet Kohoutek Workshop that his first view of the comet Dec. 29 happened during the EVA. He observed the comet through a sun visor. He described the comet as “extremely bright and its most unusual feature was a sunward spike . . . This spike was faint in relation to the coma and tail immediately behind the coma. A very faint diffuse feature could be seen in the acute angle between the spike and tail.”

Sketches three through 10 were based upon observations at the number three window in the Structural Transition Section and at the number one window in the Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM). CSM-118 delivered the crew to the station and, during the mission, docked at the Multiple Docking Adaptor.

Gibson’s in-flight sketches included notes about the color changes as the comet progressed through its perihelion passage. After completing the Skylab 4 mission, Gibson paired the black-and-white sketches with post-flight, color drawings.

The takeaways for Edward Gibson’s sketches of Comet Kohoutek’s changes during its close approach December 1973 through January 1974 are that the Skylab 4 mission’s scientist pilot made 10 black-and-white sketches between Tuesday, Dec. 18, 1973, and Sunday, Jan. 6, 1974; that the sketches were based upon collective impressions of the mission’s three-astronaut crew; and that, after completing Skylab 4, Gibson rendered post-flight, color versions of each of his 10 in-flight, black-and-white sketches.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

sketch of Comet Kohoutek’s appearance Sunday, Jan. 6, 1974, by Skylab 4 mission’s scientist pilot Edward Gibson, based on the three-astronaut crew’s collective impressions; in-flight, black-and-white sketch (above) and post-flight, color version (below); G. Gary, Comet Kohoutek (1974), Figure 10, page 12: Public Domain, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/CometKohoutek/page/n22; Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19760003850/downloads/19760003850.pdf; University of California, Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4178882&seq=28&view=1up; Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4178882?urlappend=%3Bseq=28%3Bownerid=9007199267017223-32; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007325365&seq=26&view=1up; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112007325365?urlappend=%3Bseq=26%3Bownerid=32122022-23

progressive appearances of Comet Kohoutek between Dec. 18, 1973, and Jan. 6, 1974; post-flight drawings, based upon in-flight, black-and-white sketches, by Skylab 4 scientist pilot Edward Gibson; G. Gary, Comet Kohoutek (1974), Figure 11, page 13: Public Domain, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/CometKohoutek/page/n23; Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19760003850/downloads/19760003850.pdf; University of California, Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4178882&seq=29&view=1up; University of California, Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4178882?urlappend=%3Bseq=29%3Bownerid=9007199267017223-33; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007325365&seq=27&view=1up; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Public Domain, Google-Digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112007325365?urlappend=%3Bseq=27%3Bownerid=32122022-24

For further information:

Carney, Emily. “Ed Gibson’s Dances With the Sun: Skylab 4, 1973-1974.” National Space Society. Dec. 24, 2017.
Available @ https://space.nss.org/ed-gibsons-dances-with-the-sun-skylab-4-1973-1974/

Carney, Emily. “You All Need to Know: Skylab Had a Superbad Solar Telescope.” National Space Society. June 5, 2016.
Available @ https://space.nss.org/you-all-need-to-know-skylab-had-a-superbad-solar-telescope/

Gary, Gilmer Allen, ed. Comet Kohoutek: A Workshop Held at Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama June 13-14, 1974. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1975.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/CometKohoutek
Available via HathiTrust (University of California) @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000721140
Available via HathiTrust (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000721140
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19760003850/downloads/19760003850.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "Arabella and Anita Spun First Space Webs in August 1973 at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/arabella-and-anita-spun-first-space.html

Shayler, David J.; and Colin Burgess. NASA’s Scientist-Astronauts. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Limited, 2007.