Earth and Space News: Herodes Atticus Triopion dedicated wife

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Thursday, June 22, 2023

Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter Became Sant'Urbano Alla Caffarella

Summary: Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter, built near Rome's Via Appia ca. 160 CE, was converted in the 10th century to Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella.

Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter, built near Rome's Via Appia in second century CE and converted in 10th century to Chiesa di Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella, according to 18th-century etching by Venetian Italian architect, artist and engraver Giovanni Battista, or Giambattista, Piranesi (Oct. 4, 1720-Nov. 9, 1778), Vedute di Roma (1779), tavola 60: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Wealthy Athenian Greek Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter, built ca. 160 CE near Rome's Via Appia, was converted approximately eight centuries later, in the 10th century, to la Chiesa di (the Church of) Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella.

Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; Roman name: Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes; 101-177 CE), a wealthy Greek rhetorician with Roman citizenship, was charged with the murder of his wife, Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla (125-160 CE), known as Regilla, by his brother-in-law, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, in 160 CE, the year of Bradua's consulship. A senatorial court acquitted Herodes Atticus, whose unpunished freedman, Alcimedon, was blamed for fatally kicking eight months pregnant Regilla in the abdomen.

Herodes Atticus expressed his grief, which was genuine according to some and fake according to others, by making dedications in Regilla's memory in Greece and in Italy. In Italy, Herodes Atticus redesigned all or part of Regilla's estate at mile marker three on Rome's Via Appia as a garden sanctuary in Regilla's name. He gave the sanctuary the name of Triopion (Ancient Greek: Τριόπιον) to namesake the garden sanctuary of ancient Greek mythology's goddess of the Earth, harvests and seasons, Demeter (Ancient Greek: Δημήτηρ, Dēmḕtēr) at Knidos (Ancient Greek: Κνίδος, Knídos), an ancient port city on Cape Triopion (Ancient Greek: Τριόπιον; modern-day Cape Krio) in Caria region (Ancient Greek: Καρία, Karía), southwestern Asia Minor (modern-day western Anatolia [Ancient Greek: Ανατολία, Anatolía; Armenian: Անատոլիա, Anatolia; Turkish: Anadolu]).

The temple on Herodes Atticus's Triopion was dedicated to Ceres, Roman mythology's equivalent of Demeter, and to the new Ceres, Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius, according to American medieval art historian Kristin (Joanne) Noreen in "Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella, Rome: The Reconstruction of an Ancient Memorial" (page 71), published in 2002 in Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Through her father's lineage, Regilla was related to Annia Galeria Faustina (Faustina maggiore, "Faustina the Elder"; ca. 105-ca. 140 CE), wife of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE). Antoninus Pius reigned from July 11, 138 CE until his death as the fourth of the "Five Good Emperors" in the Roman Empire's seven-member Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Herodes Atticus installed a seated statue of Regilla as a shrine to emphasize her "posthumous semidivine status" with the two Ceres (Noreen, page 71).

A cylindral altar was discovered in the temple's crypt in 1616. An encircling snake, carved in relief, and an inscription (ΕΣΤΙΑΙ ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΥ ΑΠΡΩΝΙΑΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΟΦΑΝΤΗΣ) dedicating the altar to Dionysus (Ancient Greek: Διόνυσος, Dionysos) by Apronianos Hierofantes seemed to encourage the association of the temple with Dionysus (Noreen, page 72). Greek mythology also knew Dionysus as Bacchus (Ancient Greek: Βάκχος Bacchos), a name later adopted by Roman mythology for the god of wine, orchards, viticulture, fertility and frenzied states.

The juxtaposed church-on-temple structure was deemed as originally a temple of Bacchus by early 17th-century antiquarian, author, engraver and publisher Pompilio Totti in Ritratto di Roma Moderna (page 128), published in 1638. Sited on a high spot, the ancient brick temple of Bacchus had a marble-columned portico. ". . . in un luogo alto rimiraſi un'antico tempio di Bacco fatto a mattoncini, ma con portico di colonne di marmo," as described by the Umbrian-born, Rome-transplant (ca. 1590-after Feb. 14, 1641). (British classicist Dennis Everard Richards [March 14, 1923-April 7, 2020] noted the obscurity of both Totti's birth and death dates [page 170] in "Pompilio Totti: Publisher, Engraver, Roman Antiquary," published in Papers of the British School at Rome in 1969.)

Yet, the dedication of the altar by Apronianos Hierofantes would correlate with the cult of Ceres incorporated into Herodes Atticus's design of Triopion, as clarified by Kirstin Noreen (page 72). Athenian priest Apronianos Hierofantes was entrusted with the rites comprising the mysteries performed in honor of Ceres.

Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella (originally Temple of Demeter) and Bosco Sacro, sacred grove dedicated to Regilla, lie in public area (aree pubblichee) near Via Appia Pignatelli: August 2009 image of Comune di Roma Map of Valle della Caffarella, part of Parco Regionale Appia Antica (Appian Way Regional Park), southern Rome: Notafly, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter (Roman: Ceres) contains a circular altar (ara) or table (mensa), encircled with a snake, carved in relief (center), and inscribed, above snake, with a dedication to Dionysus (Ancient Greek: Διόνυσος); "Ara o Mensa di Bacco," in E.Q. Visconti, Opere Varie Italiane e Francesi, vol. II (1829), Tavola XIV: Public Domain, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5s75sc1j?urlappend=%3Bseq=564; Public Domainn, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t5s75sc1j&seq=564; via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia02visc/page/n563/mode/1up

Boeckhius, Augustus. "26. In duabus columnis ex marmore Carystio, in via Appia tertio ab urbe lapide positis et apud sepulcrum Metellae repertis." Pages 42-46. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Auctoritate et Impensis Academiae Litterarum Regiae Borussicae. Volumen primum. Pars Prima: Tituli Antiquissima Scripturae Forma Insigniores. Berolini Ex Officina Academica, MDCCCXXVIII [1828].
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.de/books?id=zo9CAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Borg, Barbara E. "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered." Pages 317-330. In: Catherine M. Draycott, Rubina Raja, Katherine Welch and William T. Wootton, eds., Visual Histories of the Classical World: Essays in Honour of R.R.R. Smith. Studies in Classical Archaeology, vol. 4. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2018.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340655030_Herodes_Atticus_in_Rome_The_Triopion_reconsidered_in_C_M_Draycott_R_Raja_K_Welch_and_W_T_Wootton_eds_Visual_Histories_of_the_Classical_World_Essays_in_Honour_of_RRR_Smith_Turnhout_Brepols_2019_317-30

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." In: Walter Scheidel and Brent Shaw, eds., Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 070801. July 1, 2008.
Available via SSRN (Social Science Research Network) @ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1427349

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." Pages 125-162. In: Tim Whitmarsh, ed., Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. (Cambridge University Press, 2010) 125-162.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/8957440/_Making_Space_for_Bicultural_Identity_Herodes_Atticus_Commemorates_Regilla_in_T_Whitmarsh_ed_Local_Knowledge_and_Microidentities_in_the_Imperial_Greek_World_Cambridge_University_Press_2010_125_162

Graindor, Paul. Un Milliardaire Antique: Hérode Atticus et sa Famille. Recueil de travaux publiés par la Faculté des lettres, cinquième fascicule. Le Caire: Imprimerie Misr, 1930.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5682013w.texteImage

John, David. "Demeter and Persephone -- Part 2." My Favourite Planet > English > People.
Available @ http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/english/people/d1/demeter-2.html

John, David. "Herodes Atticus." My Favourite Planet > English > People.
Available @ http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/english/people/h1/herodes-atticus.html

Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Higher up the valley, on a spur of the hill above the springs of Egeria, stands the Temple of Ceres and Fuastina, now called S. Urbano alla Caffarella. It belongs to the Barberinis, who take good care of it, as well as of the sacred grove of ilexes which covers the slope to the south of the springs. The vestibule is supported by four marble pillars, but, the intercolumniations having been filled up by Urban VIII, in 1634, the picturesqueness of the effect is destroyed. Here Herodes dedicated to the memory of his wife a statue, minutely described in the second Triopian inscription, alluded to above. Early Christians took possession of the temple and consecrated it to the memory of Pope Urbanus, the martyr, whose remains were buried close by, in the crypta magna of the Catacombs of Praetextatus. Pope Paschal I caused the Confession of the church to be decorated with frescoes representing the saint from whom it was named, with the Virgin Mary, and S. John. In the year 1011 the panels between the pilasters of the cella were covered with paintings illustrating the lives and martyrdoms of Caecilia, Tiburtius, Valerianus and Urbanus, and, although injured by restorations, these paintings form the most important contribution to the history of Italian art in the eleventh century. We have therefore under one roof and within the four walls of this temple, the names of Ceres, Faustina, Herodes and Annia Regilla, coupled with those of S. Caecilia and S. Valerianus, of Paschal I., and Pope Barberini; decorations in stucco and brick of the time of Marcus Aurelius; paintings of the ninth and eleventh centuries; and all this variety of wealthy intrusted to the care of a good old hermit, whose dreams are surely not troubled by the conflicting souvenirs of so many events." Pages 292-293. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries, pages 253-305; Via Appia, pages 286-305. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/page/292/mode/1up
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/home.html
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Pagan and Christian Rome. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/home.html
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome: A Companion Book for Students and Travelers. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1897.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://ia600202.us.archive.org/35/items/cu31924028273997/cu31924028273997.pdf

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Primo: A. 1000-1530. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1902.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi01lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Secondo: Gli Ultimi Anni di Clemente VII e Il Pontificato di Paolo III (A. 1531-1549). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1903.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi02lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Terzo: Dalla Elezione di Giulio III Alla Morte di Pio IV. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1908.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi03lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Quarto: Dalla Elezione di Pio V Alla Morte di Clemente VIII (7 Gennaio 1566 - 3 Marzo 1605). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1913.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi04lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. ". . . the Valle della Caffarella is full of souvenirs of Herodes Atticus and Annia Regilla, who are brought to mind by their tombs, by the sacred grove, by the so-called Grotto of Egeria, and by the remains of their beautiful villa. . . . As regards the Sacred Grove, there is no doubt that its present beautiful ilexes continue the tradition, and flourish on the very spot of the old grove, sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, CVIVS HAEC PRAEDIA FVERVNT." Pages 287-294. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/page/287/mode/1up
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/6*.html#sec25
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Woods sacred to the deity were called 'luci' in opposition to 'silvae' or 'nemora,' which names designate an ordinary forest. It is remarkable, indeed, that one of the luci should have survived through the events of centuries, and should still be flourishing, still venerated, still called by its classic name of 'Bosco Sacro.' I allude to the cluster of fine ilexes on the west side of the valley della Caffarella, near the so-called grotto of the 'ninfa Egeria' and the church of S. Urbano. Inscriptions discovered in that neighborhood[1] show that these lands once belonged to Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus; that after her death in childbirth the lands were consecrated to the gods; that they contained wheat-fields, vineyards, olive groves, pastures, a village named Triopium, a temple dedicated to Faustina under the title of New Ceres, a burial plot placed under the protection of Minerva and Nemesis, and lastly a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla. The remains of the Triopium are to be seen in the Vigna Grandi; the family tomb is represented by the exquisite little building known as the 'tempio del Dio Redicolo,' the temple of Ceres and Faustina by the church of S. Urbano. As regards the sacred grove, there is no doubt that the present trees continue the tradition and live on the very spot sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, 'cuius haec praedia fuerunt.'" Pages 120-121. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft/page/120/mode/1up
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "Did Herodes Atticus Genuinely or Fakely Grieve for His Murdered Wife?" Earth and Space News. May 18, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/did-herodes-atticus-genuinely-or-fakely.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Did Herodes Atticus Have Eight Months Pregnant Wife, Regilla, Killed?" Earth and Space News. May 11, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/did-herodes-atticus-have-eight-months.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Disrespect From Second Son Increased Herodes's Grief for His Daughters." Earth and Space News. June 1, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/disrespect-from-second-son-increased.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Atticus Dedicated His Wife's Land Along Via Appia as Triopion." Earth and Space News. Thursday, June 15, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/herodes-atticus-dedicated-his-wifes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Dedicated Wife's Via Appia Land to Her as Light of the House." Earth and Space News. Thursday, June 8, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/herodes-dedicated-wifes-via-appia-land.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Atticus's Wife's Ancestral Estate Was Near Quintilii's Villa." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 4, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/herodes-atticuss-wifes-ancestral-estate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Marcus Aurelius Liking Trojan Quintilii Brothers Upset Herodes Atticus." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 27, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/marcus-aurelius-liking-trojan-quintilii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Within Five Years of His Wife's Murder, Herodes Grieved His Daughters." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 25, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/within-five-years-of-his-wifes-murder.html

Noreen, Kirstin. "Sant-Urbano Alla Caffarella, Rome: The Reconstruction of an Ancient Memorial." Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, vol. 47 (2002): 57-82.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238792

Piranesi, Giambattista. "Veduta del Tempio di Bacco, inoggi Chiesa di S. Urbano, distante due miglia da Roma fuori della Porta di S. Sebastiano. Esso è il più intero di questa forma che sia rimaso a Roma ai giorni noſtri, si nell'esterno che nell'interno. La sua Araſi conserva peranche nel Pronao colla iscrizione . . . Ara di Bacco, Aproniano Sacerdote. 1. Muri fra gl'Intercolonnj del Pronao, et barbacani pio. 2. Chiavi delle catene di ferro impiegatevi per lo stesso fine. 3. Avanzo dell'antica casa dell'Edituo. Gio. Batt. Piranesi Arch. F.Presso l'Autore a Strada Felice nel palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de' monti. 60." Vedute di Rome. [Rome]: Pressa l'Autore a Strada Felice nel Palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de monti, 1779.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011111214/page/n124/mode/1up

Piranesi, Giambattista. Vedute di Rome. [Rome]: Pressa l'Autore a Strada Felice nel Palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de monti, 1779.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011111214/
]]

Quilici, Lorenzo. "La Valle della Caffarella e il Triopio di Erode Attico." Capitolium, vol. 43 (1968): 329-47.

Rhodes, Dennis E. (Everard). "Pompilio Totti: Publisher, Engraver, Roman Antiquary." Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. 37 (1969): 161-172.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310678

Smith, William. "Triopium." Page 1231. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. In two volumes. Volume II Iabadius-Zymethus. London: Walton and Maberley; John Murray, M.DCCC.LVII [1857].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofgree02smit/page/1231/mode/1up

Totti, Pompilio. "Di S. Urbano. 20. Allargandoſi verſo la Caffarella in un luogo alto rimiraſi un'antico tempio di Bacco fatto a mattoncini, ma con portico di colonne di marmo, e ſotto ha un'Oratorio oue S. Urbano catechizzaua, e battessaua, si che da queſto luogo dicono eſſere ſtato condotto al martirio; & eſſendo ſtato al detto S. Urbano dedicato, ma per lungheza di tempo tra ſterpi, & hedere ſepolto, hora dal feliciſſimo Urbano VIII nel 1634 e ſtato ſcoperto, e di nuoua fabbrica rabbellito; e d'antiche, e deuote figure è ornato, e proueduto d'ogni coſa neceſſaria; perche i giorni feſtiui vi ſi celebri meſſa a beneficio, e commodo de'conuicini habitanti.
"A piedi d'un Chriſto ſopra la porta di dentro vi ſono queſte lettere. "Bonizzo. frt
"A. XPI. MXI.
"E nelle pitture d'intorno vi ſu ſcorgono alcuni belli riti dell'antica Chieſa.
"Nella meza colonna, ò baſe, che ſoſtiene il pilo dell'acqua Santa, ſon lettere Greche, che ſignificano.
"Arae Dionyſij Apronianus Sacerdos.
"Poiche era appreſſo li Greci l'iſteſſo Bacco, che Dioniſio, e però eſſendo S. Urbano in luogo di Bacco riuerito, altri in una ſua cronologia di lui ſcriſſe. Pro Baccho coli coepit. E qui preſſo v'e una lapide rotta, che dice.
"Deſora Elpidia inlaeſi genitalis tori,
"Femina ſingulari pudicitia, rari exempli,
"Femina, que bene bibendo maritali
". . . e culta eſt diſciplina, que vixit annos xxxiiij
"menſes xj. dies vj. quieſcit in pace.
"qui fecit marito ſuo Heterio annos xviij.
"conpari merenti fecit.
"Oue per gli errori, & per li ſentimenti duriſcorgeſi eſſer del ſecolo rozzo; nè vi ſi raccoglie altro dalla forma del dire, ſe non che ella fuſſe Chriſtiana; e ſta la ſua effigie nel fine della lapide con le mani aperte quaſi aſpettando la gloria da Dio. Queſto luogo fù ritrouato dal Sig. Sebaùtiano Biliardo." Pages 128-129. Ritratto di Roma Moderna. Roma Moderna Distinta in Sei Giornate; Giornata Seconda: Rione di Ripa, pages 91-165. Roma: Per il Mascardi, ad instanza di Pompilio Totti, M.D.C.XXX VIII [1638].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/ritrattodiromamo00tott/page/128/mode/1up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. Iscrizioni Greche Triopee, Ora Borghesiane: Con Versioni ed Osservazioni. In Roma: Nella stamperia Pagliarini, MDCCXCIV [1794].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/iscrizionigreche00visc/page/n3/mode/2up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. "Iscrizioni Greche Triopee, Ora Borghesiane: Con Versioni ed Osservazioni." Pages 237-362. Opere Varie, Italiane e Francesi. Milano: Co' Torchi della Società Tip. de' Classici Italiana, MDCCCXXVII [1827].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia01visc/page/237/mode/1up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. "T. XIV. Ara o Mensa di Bacco." Tavola XIV. Opere Varie, Italiane e Francesi. Vol. II. Milano: Presso Antonio Fortunato Stella e Figli, MDCCCXXIX [1829].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia02visc/page/n563/mode/1up

"Ara o Mensa di Bacco," in E.Q. Visconti, Opere Varie Italiane e Francesi, vol. II (1829), Tavola XIV: Public Domain, via HathiTrust

Thursday, June 15, 2023

Herodes Atticus Dedicated His Wife's Land Along Via Appia as Triopion

Summary: Herodes Atticus dedicated his wife's land along Via Appia as Triopion, a garden sanctuary memorializing Regilla, who was murdered ca. 160 CE.

Herodes Atticus dedicated all or part of Regilla's estate along Rome's Via Appia as a sanctuary in her memory after her murder in 160 CE; "the sacred grove and the Temple of Ceres; now S. Urbano alla Caffarella," in R. Lanciani, New Tales of Old Rome (1901), page 294: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Wealthy Athenian Greek rhetorician Herodes Atticus dedicated his wife's land along Via Appia as Triopion, a garden sanctuary honoring wealthy Roman patrician Regilla, who was murdered by a kick to her abdomen in the eighth month of her pregnancy ca. 160 CE.

Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; Roman name: Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes; 101-177 CE), a wealthy Athenian Greek benefactor with Roman citizenship and of consular rank, engaged in numerous grief-alleviating projects in the aftermath of being charged by his brother-in-law, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, with ordering the murder of his wife, Appia Annia Regilla (full name: Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla; 125-160 CE), and being subsequently acquitted by a senatorial court. One of the grieving husband's freedmen, Alcimedon, was blamed for the murder but was never charged or punished.

The Appian Way (Italian and Latin: Via Appia) estate that Regilla had brought to her teenaged marriage to older Herodes Atticus ca. 139 CE has provided "the most unambiguous archaeological evidence" for Herodes Atticus's grief-driven projects in Rome, according to German classical archaeologist Barbara Elisabeth Borg in "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered" (page 317), published in 2018 in Visual Histories of the Classical World. Regilla's estate became the setting for a garden sanctuary that Herodes established and dedicated to the memory of his wife as "the light of the house, to whom these estates belonged" (page 320).

Herodes Atticus gave the name of Triopion to the garden sanctuary. The name referenced a sanctuary for Demeter (Ancient Greek: Δημήτηρ, Dēmḕtēr) at Knidos (Ancient Greek: Κνίδος, Knídos), an ancient port city on Cape Triopion (Ancient Greek: Τριόπιον; modern-day Cape Krio) in Caria region (Ancient Greek: Καρία, Karía), southwestern Asia Minor (modern-day western Anatolia [Ancient Greek: Ανατολία, Anatolía; Armenian: Անատոլիա, Anatolia; Turkish: Anadolu]). Greek mythology recognized Demeter is a goddess of the Earth, associated with agriculture and such agricultural concerns as harvests and seasons.

The Triopion Promontory namesaked Triopas (Ancient Greek: Τριόπας Triópas), hero and king of Thessaly (Ancient Greek: Θεσσαλία, Thessalía), an ancient region in north central Greece. Triopas was turned into a dragon as punishment for his hubristic (Ancient Greek ὕβρις, húbris, “arrogance, insolence, excessive pride") act of leveling a grove that was sacred to Demeter, according to British classicist and Ancient Greek literature textual critic Malcolm Davies and American classicist and social historian Sarah B. Pomeroy (born March 13, 1938) in "Marcellus of Side’s Epitaph on Regilla (IG XIV 1389): An Historical and Literary Commentary" (page 12), published in Prometheus in 2012. Triopas was listed among the candidates for Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer constellation by Latin author Gaius Julius Hyginus (ca. 64 BCE-17 CE) in Book II of De Astronomica (Astronomy), also known as Poeticon Astronomicon (Poetic Astronomy).

Two inscribed marble steles (Ancient Greek: στήλη, stḗlē, “upright rock; pillar; column”) extolling Regilla, Herodes Atticus and Triopion were found along Via Appia in the early 17th century. Stele B, with the inscription's second part, was discovered in 1607. Stele A was recovered ca. 1616.

Italian cardinal and art collector Scipione Borghese (Sep. 1, 1577-Oct. 2, 1633) added the two steles to his collection in Villa Borghese Pinciana, the villa that Italian architect Flaminio Ponzio (1560–1613) built in the early 17th century from Scipione's sketches. The villa's location on Pincian Hill (Italian: Pincio; Latin: Mons Pincius) placed it in the northeastern quadrant of Rome's historical center, within the Aurelian Walls (Italian: Mura aureliane; Latin: Muri Aureliani), which were built during the reign (270-275 CE) of Roman Emperor Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; Sep. 9, 214/215-Sep. 25, 275).

In 1808, during his first reign (May 18, 1804-April 6, 1814) as Emperor of the French, Napoleon Bonaparte (Aug. 15, 1769-May 5, 1821) removed the marble steles from Villa Borghese Pinciana and relocated them to Paris. The current location for the two steles is the Louvre Museum (David John; Davies and Pomeroy, page 14).

The two differently-sized marble steles record "Epitaph of Regilla" by Marcellus of Side (Ancient Greek: Μάρκελλος Σιδήτης, Marcellus Sidetes; Latin: Marcellus Sidetes), a second century CE Greek physician and poet. With a height of 122 centimeters, Stele A contains the 59 lines of the epitaph's first part. Stele B's 117-centimeter height bears the 39 lines of the epitaph's second part.

Stele A's inscribed poem invited Roman women, as "women of the Tiber," to visit Triopion and gift the enshrined seated statue of Regilla with "sacred offerings," according to Welsh author, graphic artist and photographer David John in "Herodes Atticus" on his online travel guide, My Favourite Planet, and also according to Davies and Pomeroy (pages 3, 8). The statue was installed in an area of Triopion with spacious fields, olive trees and vineyards (Davis and Pomeroy, pages 4, 9).

Stele B's epitaph invoked Athena (Ancient Greek: Ἀθήνα, Athēnē), protectress of cities, and Nemesis (Ancient Greek: Νέμεσις, Némesis), also known as Oupis (Ουπι), Rhamnousia (Ancient Greek: Ῥαμνουσία, Rhamnousía), watcher of human actions, for Triopion's bountiful harvests of fruits, grains and grapes. The protection of Athena and Nemesis as Rhamnousia was sought to achieve honor for the Triopion goddesses "among immortals" via the preservation of "this fruitful estate" as "sacred to Deo" (Ancient Greek: Δηώ, Deo; an epithet of Demeter of uncertain etymology) and as "a place friendly to strangers."

As a benefit to future generations, with the approval of Athena, Herodes Atticus encircled the sanctified land with a "rounded wall" that was to remain unmoved and unviolated. Disturbance of any part of Triopion would activate the exaction of punishment by Nemesis (David John; Davies and Pomeroy, pages 7, 9-10).

Herodes Atticus's Triopion, sited along Rome's Via Appia, namesakes ancient agricultural harvest goddess Demeter's sanctuary on Cape Triopion; Tuesday, July 5, 2011, 16:08, image of Demeter of Knidos, seated on a throne, about 1.52 meters in height, Hellenistic marble sculpture, ca. 350-330 BCE, British Museum (acquired 1859 from British archaeologist Sir Charles Thomas Newton, Sep. 16, 1816-Nov. 28, 1894): Raymond.ellis, CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Herodes Atticus's dedication of his wife's Via Appia estate as Triopion recalls the sanctuary of ancient harvest goddess Demeter at Knidos on Cape Triopion in southwestern Asia Minor (modern-day Western Anatolia); "Triopian Promontory and ruins of Cnidus, as they appear at the distance of two leagues; taken from the S.W. looking towards the N.E. in sailing from Cos to Rhodes," E.D. Clarke deliv. Etchd by Letitia Byrne. Published April 1, 1812, by T. Cadell & W. Davies, Strand, London, in E.D. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe Asia and Africa; Part the Second: Greece Egypt and the Holy Land; Section the First (1812), opposite page 214: Public Domain Mark, via Wellcome Collection @ https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ddmjahws/items?canvas=279&manifest=2; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triopian_promontory_and_the_ruins_of_Cnidus,_as_they_appear_at_the_distance_of_two_leagues;_taken_from_the_SW_looking_to_-_Clarke_Edward_Daniel_-_1824.jpg

Bunte, Bernhardus. "XIV Ophiuchus . . . . Nonnulli etiam Triopan Thessalorum regem dixerunt esse; qui cum suum domicilium tegere conaretur, Cereris ab antiquis collocatum diruit templum. Pro quo facto a Cerere fame objecta, numquam postea frugibus ullis saturari potuisse existimatur. Nouissime prope ad terminum uitae dracone obiecto, mala plurima perpessus, aliquando mortem adeptus, inter astra Cereris uoluntate est constitutus. Itaque adhuc uidetur eum draco circumplexus aeterna merentem adficere poena." Pages 49-51. Hygini Astronomica ex Codicibus a se Primum Collatis. Lipsiae: T.O. Weigeli, MDCCCLXXV [1875].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_W0R9pZXoDPoC/page/n63/mode/1up

Bunte, Bernhardus. Hygini Astronomica ex Codicibus a se Primum Collatis. Lipsiae: T.O. Weigeli, MDCCCLXXV [1875].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/hyginiastronomi00hygigoog/

Clarke, Edward Daniel, LL.D. Travels in Various Countries of Europe Asia and Africa. Part the Second: Greece Egypt and the Holy Land. Section the First. Broxbourn, Hertfordshire: R. Watts, MDCCCXII [1812].
Available via Wellcome Collection @ https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ddmjahws/items?canvas=279&manifest=2; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triopian_promontory_and_the_ruins_of_Cnidus,_as_they_appear_at_the_distance_of_two_leagues;_taken_from_the_SW_looking_to_-_Clarke_Edward_Daniel_-_1824.jpg

Davies, Malcolm; and Sarah Pomeroy. "Marcellus of Side’s Epitaph on Regilla (IG XIV 1389): An Historical and Literary Commentary." Prometheus: Rivista quadrimestrale di studi classici, anno 38, número 1 nuova serie I (Año 2012): 3-34.
Available @ https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/prometheus/article/view/915/915

Galli, Marco. Die Lebenswelt eines Sophisten: Untersuchungen zu den Bauten und Stifungen des Davies, Malcolm; and Sarah Pomeroy. "Marcellus of Side’s Epitaph on Regilla (IG XIV 1389): An Historical and Literary Commentary." Prometheus: Rivista quadrimestrale di studi classici, anno 38, número 1 nuova serie I (Año 2012): 3-34.
Available @ https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/prometheus/article/view/915/915

Grant, Mary, trans. and ed. "§ 2.14.1 SERPENT-HOLDER: Ophiuchus, who, by our writers, is called the Serpent-holder, is stationed above Scorpio, and holds in his hands a serpent which coils about his body. . . . § 2.14.4 Some, too, have said that he is Triopas, king of the Thessalians, who, in trying to roof his own house, tore down the temple of Ceres, built by the men of old. When hunger was brought on him by Ceres for this deed, he could never afterward be satisfied by any amount of food. Last of all, toward the end of his life, when a snake was sent to plague him, he suffered many ills, and at last winning death, was put among the stars by the will of Ceres. And so the snake, coiling round him, still seems to inflict deserved and everlasting punishment." The Myths of Hyginus Including the Fabulae and the Second Book of the Poetica Astronomica. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
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Hua, James. "Olympia Case Study 2: The Nymphaeum of Herodes Atticus -- a bit too much like father, like son?" Medium > Ostraka. Oct. 18, 2018.
Available @ https://medium.com/ostraka-a-durham-university-classics-society-blog/museology-classics-and-lies-3-case-studies-from-the-museum-of-olympia-4f32e119c658

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Wright, [Emily] Wilmer Cave [France]. ". . . . He mourned his daughters with this excessive grief because he was offended with his son Atticus. He had been misrepreented to him as foolish, bad at his letters, and of a dully memory. At any rate, when he could not master his alphabet, the idea occurred to Herodes to bring up with him twenty-four boys of the same age named after the letters of the alphabet, so that he would be obliged to learn his letters at the same time as the names of the boys. He saw too that he was a drunkard and given to senseless amoours, and hence in his lifetime he used to utter a prophecy over his own house, adapting a famous verse as follows: One fool methinks is till left in the wide house,1 and when he died he handed over to him his mother's estate, but transferred his own patrimony to other heirs. The Athenians, however, thought this inhuman, and they did not take into consideration bhis foster-sons Achilles, Polydeuces, and Memnon, and that he mourned them as though they have been his own children, since they were highly honourable youths, noble-minded and fond of study, a credit to their upbringing in his house. . . ." Pages 164-167. Philostratus and Eunapius: The Lives of the Sophists, Book II.1.558, pages 164-167. The Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXII [1922].
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Philostratus_and_Eunapius/NeYNAQAAIAAJ
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/philostratuseuna00phil/page/165/mode/1up

Thursday, June 8, 2023

Herodes Dedicated Wife's Via Appia Land to Her as Light of the House

Summary: After the murder of his wife, Regilla, wealthy Athenian rhetorician Herodes Atticus dedicated her Via Appia Land to her as Regilla Light of the House.

An inscribed slab found on Regilla's property along Via Appia honors her as "Regilla light of the house;" Friday, Feb. 15, 2013, 12:52:59, image of slab inscribed with "Regilla light of the household," Via Appia, Chiesa di San Nicola a Capo di Bove, Rome, Latium region, central western Italy: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

After the murder of his wife, Regilla, ca. 160 CE, Herodes Atticus, a wealthy Athenian Greek rhetorician with Roman citizenship, dedicated her Via Appia Land south of Rome to her as 'Regilla Light of the Household.'

Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; 101-177 CE) divided his time between Rome and Greece until 146 CE. His activities in Rome included serving as a senator in 124 CE, as a consul in 143 CE and, from 141 to 146 CE, as a tutor of adoptive imperial princes Lucius Verus (Dec. 15, 130-January 169 CE) and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE) during the reign (July 11, 138-March 7, 161 CE) of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE). After 146 CE, he primarily lived with his wife and their children in Greece, where his possessions included "three impressive villas," according to German classical archaeologist Barbara Elisabeth Borg in "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered" (pages 317, 319, 325), published in 2018 in Visual Histories of the Classical World.

Herodes Atticus had married wealthy Roman patrician teenager Appia Annia Regilla (full name: Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla; 125-160 CE), known as Regilla, in 139 CE, according to American classicist Barbara F. McManus (Oct. 5, 1942-June 19, 2015) in "Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, and Regilla: Civic Donors" on VRoma, the "Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics" that she co-directed. When in Rome, they resided at a property, in Regilla's name, located south of Rome at mile marker three on Via Appia. The specifics of Regilla's ownership are unknown. She may have gained possession of the property as part of her dowry, as her own personal property or as an inheritance, as suggested by American classicist Maud W. Gleason in "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla" (footnote 70, page 143), published in Tim Whitmarsh's Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World in 2010.

Regilla died in the eighth month of her pregnancy ca. 160 CE from a kick to her abdomen. Regilla's brother, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, known as Bradua, brought charges of murder against Herodes Atticus for ordering the kick to be made by one of his freedmen, Alcimedon. A senatorial court decided in favor of the grieving husband's innocence, and Alcimedon, who remained in Herodes's service, escaped punishment.

Herodes Atticus gained possession of Regilla's Via Appia estate after her death. The specifics of his possession are unclear. The modality of property transmission may have been by dotal pact, fideicommissum for their children or testament, as suggested by Maud Gleason (footnote 70, pages 15-16). Fidescommissum (Latin: fides, "faith" + commissus, past participle of committo, "to combine, hold together") entails the bequeathal of a benefit to a beneficiary, who then is obligated to bequeath the benefit to another, such as a child in the beneficiary's potestas (Latin: potestas, "legal authority").

Herodes Atticus dedicated all or part of Regilla's estate along Rome's Via Appia as a sanctuary in her memory after her murder in 160 CE; "a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla" (pages 120-121), in R. Lanciani, New Tales of Old Rome (1901), page 121: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

As part of his display of extreme grief over his wife's death, Herodes Atticus dedicated Regilla's estate along Via Appia as a sanctuary to her. It is unclear whether Herodes Atticus designated the entirety of Regilla's land or only an unknown portion of the estate as a sanctuary, as concluded by Barbara Bohr (page 327).

A bilingual, Greek and Latin, dedication on a grey marble column numbers among the finds originating from Regilla's property along Via Appia. The 198-centimeter high column has experienced transformations and relocations throughout its discoveries and rediscoveries, according to Welsh author, graphic artist and photographer David John in "Herodes Atticus" on his online travel guide, My Favourite Planet. Around 309 CE, during the reign (Oct. 28, 306-Oct. 28, 312 CE) of Roman Emperor Maxentius (278-Oct. 28, 312 CE), the column was reused as a milestone. The other side of the column was reinscribed as a marker for the seventh mile on Via Appia from Porta Capena, the southern gateway in Rome's 4th century BCE, defensive Servian Wall (Latin: Murus Servii Tullii; Italian: Mura Serviane).

During the Middle Ages, which were framed by the collapse of Roman civilization in the fifth century to beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century, the grey marble column was relocated northeasterly to the Sant'Eusebio Monastery (Italian: chiesa di sant'Eusebio; Latin: Sancti Eusebii) on Esquiline Hill (Latin: Collis Esquilinus; Italian: Esquilino), one of the Seven Hills of Rome. Roman Catholic Cardinal Alessandro Albani (Oct. 15, 1692-Dec. 11, 1779), also an antiquities collector and dealer, subsequently purchased the column for his collection. The column now is held in the collection of the Capitoline Museums (Italiane: Musei Capitolini; Latin: Musea Capitolina), located on the Capitoline Hill (Italian: Campidoglio; Latin: Mons Capitolinus), one of the Seven Hills of Rome.

The grey marble stone's bilingual dedication, with words run together in Greek and in Latin, describes Herodes Atticus's wife with an endearing epithet and acknowledges her status as possessor of the estate. The Greek inscription occupies four lines: "(line one) Αννια Ρηγιλλα (line two) Hρωδουγυνητοφως (line three) τηςοικιαςτινοςταυ (line four) ταταχωριαγεγοναν." The Latin inscription comprises six lines: "(line one) Annia Regilla (line two) Herodis uxor (line three) lumen domus (line four) cuius haec (line five) praesia (line six) fuerunt" (David John, "Herodes Atticus," My Favourite Planet). The inscription translates as: "Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes, light of the house, to whom these estates [praedia; plural of praedium, "estate") belonged" (Borg, page 320).

marble column found along Via Appia and now in collection of Rome's Capitoline Museums; drawing of marble column with bilingual dedication that translates in English as "Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes, light of the house, to whom these estates belonged;" in Christian Hülsen, "Zu den Inschriften des Herodes Atticus," Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, band 45 (1890), opposite page 320: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

An inscribed slab found on Regilla's property on Via Appia honors her as "Regilla light of the house;" Friday, Feb. 15, 2013, 12:52:59, image of slab inscribed with "Regilla light of the house," Via Appia, Chiesa di San Nicola a Capo di Bove, Rome, Latium region, central western Italy: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/9089398189/

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von Rohden, Paul. "Annius 32: Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, Consul ordinarius 160 n. Chr. mit T. Clodius Vibius Varus, CIL VI 2896. Orelli 2322 = Wilmanns 119 (in diesen beiden Inschriften der vollständige Name). CIL VI 162 (Appius Annius Bradua). 768 (Bradua). III p. 959 (Bradua) vgl. CIG III 4661 p. 1183 (. . . ου Αν . . .). 6411 p. 1267 (Βρα . . .). Als Consular klagte Bradua den Sophisten (Ti. Claudius Atticus) Herodes wegen angeblichen Mordes seiner (des Bradua) Schwester und des Herodes Gattin, (Appia Annia) Regilla (Nr. 125), an. Philostr. vit. soph. II 1, 8. Vielleicht war er auch ein Bruder des Appius (Annius) Gallus Cos. desig. ca. 150 und Vater des M. [A]tilius [A]tti[cus] in der Inschrift von Olympia. Archaeol. Ztg. 1878, 96 nr. 156; s. den Stammbaum unter Nr. 49. Vgl. auch Appius Bradua CIL XV 826." Seite 2264. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE), Band I,2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1894.
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