Met Opera's First Matinee Broadcast Season Had Two Full, 23 Cut Operas

Summary: Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season had two full, 23 cut operas that were aired on three Thursdays, six Fridays and 16 Saturdays.

February 1932 photo of German operatic bass Michael Bohnen, German operatic soprano Elisabeth Rethberg and Danish-American operatic tenor Lauritz Melchior traveling on German ocean liner Europa to New York City to sing in Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season's Wagnerian operas; German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv), Koblenz, Rhineland Palatinate, west central Germany: Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-13075, CC BY SA 3.0 Germany, via Wikimedia Commons

Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season had two full, 23 cut operas that were aired variously on three Thursdays, six Fridays and 16 Saturdays in the opera house's 1931-1932 season.

Twelve composers were represented in Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season. Airings of eight operas by Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883) qualified the German Romantic Era composer-librettist as the first matinee broadcast season's most represented composer. Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901) contributed four operas to the first matinee broadcast season. French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893) was credited with two operas.

Two of the first matinee broadcast season's 23 operas were aired in their entirety. Hänsel und Gretel by German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (Sep. 1, 1854-Sep. 27, 1921) and Das Rheingold by German Romantic era composer-librettist Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883) received complete broadcasts.

Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season comprised 25 dates distributed over 17 weeks. Richard Wagner's Die Walküre and Tannhäuser were the only two operas that were scheduled twice. The season began in late December and ended in mid-April.

Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel opened Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season. The fairy tale opera was aired in its entirety on Christmas Day, Dec. 25, 1931, as the season's first Friday matinee broadcast. Karl Riedel conducted, with Editha Fleischer and Queena Mario in the title roles.

Acts III and IV of Norma by 19th-century Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini (Nov. 3, 1801-Sep. 23, 1835) aired the next day, Saturday, Dec. 26. Norma numbered as the season's second matinee broadcast and first Saturday matinee broadcast. Tullio Serafin conducted, as Rosa Ponselle sang the title role to Giacomo Lauri-Volpi's Pollione.

Acts I and II of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924) aired Friday, New Year's Day, Jan. 1, 1932, as the season's second Friday matinee broadcast. Vincenzo Bellezza conducted, with Lucrezia Bori as Mimì and Beniamino Gigli as Rodolfo.

Act III of Wagner's Lohengrin aired the next day, Saturday, Jan. 9. Artur Bodanzky conducted the season's second Saturday matinee broadcast, with Max Lorenz in the title role and Maria Müller as Elsa.

Act II scene 2 and Act III of Verdi's Il Trovatore aired Saturday, Jan. 16. Vincenzo Bellezza conducted, with Giacomo Lauri-Volpi's title role of Manrico and Rosa Ponselle's Leonora.

Acts II and III of Il Barbiere di Siviglia by Italian composer Gioachino Rossini (Feb. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868) aired Saturday, Jan. 23. Vincenzo Bellezza conducted. Giuseppe De Luca sang the title role of Figaro to Lily Pons as Rosina.

Act II of Wagner's Die Walküre aired Saturday, Jan. 30. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Göta Ljungberg's Brünnhilde and Lauritz Melchior's Siegmund.

Act II of Verdi's Simon Boccanegra aired Saturday, Feb. 6. Tullio Serafin conducted, with Lawrence Tibbett's title role and Maria Müller's Amelia.

Act II of Wagner's Tannhäuser aired Friday, Feb. 12, as the season's third Friday matinee broadcast. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Lauritz Melchior's title role and Maria Jeritza's Elizabeth.

Acts II and III of Gounod's Faust aired the next day, Saturday, Feb. 13. Louis Hasselmans conducted, with Georges Thill's title role and Elisabeth Rethberg's Marguerite.

Act II of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde aired Thursday, Feb. 18, as the season's first Thursday matinee broadcast. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Lauritz Melchior and Gertrude Kappel in the title roles.

Acts III and IV of Verdi's La Traviata aired Saturday, Feb. 20. Tullio Serafin conducted, with Lucrezia Bori's title role of Violetta and Frederick Jagel's Alfredo.

Wagner's Das Rheingold aired Friday, Feb. 26, as the season's second fully-presented opera and as the season's fourth Friday matinee broadcast. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Michael Bohnen's Wotan and Gertrude Kappel's Fricka.

Acts II and III of Lakmé by French Romantic Era composer Clément Philibert Léo Delibes (Feb. 21, 1836-Jan. 16, 1891) aired the next day, Saturday, Feb. 27. Louis Hasselmans conducted, with Lily Pons as Lakmé and Frederick Jagel as Gérald.

Act II of Wagner's Die Walküre aired Thursday, March 3. Artur Bodanzky conducted the season's second Thursday matinee. Gertrude Kappel sang Brünnhilde to Rudolf Laubenthal's Siegmund.

Acts III and IV of Manon by French Romantic Era composer Jules Massenet (May 12, 1842-Aug. 13, 1912) aired Saturday, March 5. Louis Hasselmans conducted, with Grace Moore's title role and Beniamino Gigli's Des Grieux.

Act II of Wagner's Siegfried aired Friday, March 11 as the season's fifth Friday matinee broadcast. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Lauritz Melchior's title role and Göta Ljungberg's Brünnhilde.

Act II of Sadko by Russian composer Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (March 18, 1844-June 21, 1908) aired the next day, Saturday, March 12. Tullio Serafin conducted, with Georges Thill's title role and Editha Fleischer's Volkhova.

Act I scene 2 and Act II of Wagner's Götterdämmerung aired Thursday, St. Patrick's Day, March 17, as the season's third, last Thursday matinee broadcast. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Gertrude Kappel's Brünnhilde and Lauritz Melchior's Siegfried.

Acts IV and V of L'Africaine by German Jewish opera composer Giacomo Meyerbeer (Sep. 5, 1791-May 2, 1864) aired Saturday, March 19. Tullio Serafin conducted, with Elisabeth Rethberg's Sélika and Beniamino Gigli's Vasco de Gama.

Act II of Wagner's Parsifal aired Friday, March 25, as the season's sixth, last Friday matinee broadcast. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Lauritz Melchior's title role and Gertrude Kappel's Kundry.

Acts II and III of Peter Ibbetson by American composer Joseph Deems Taylor (Dec. 22, 1885-July 3, 1966) aired the next day, Saturday, March 26. Tullio Serafin conducted, with Edward Johnson's title role and Lucrezia Bori's Mary.

Acts III and IV of Verdi's Aida aired Saturday, April 2. Tullio Serafin conducted, with Elisabeth Rethberg's title role and Francesco Merli's Radamès.

Acts II and III of Gounod's Roméo et Juliette aired Saturday, April 9. Louis Hasselmans conducted, with Beniamino Gigli and Grace Moore in the title roles.

Wagner's Tannhäuser closed Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season as the 16th, last Saturday matinee broadcast. Acts II and III aired Saturday, April 16. Artur Bodanzky conducted, with Lauritz Melchior's title role and Elisabeth Rethberg's Elisabeth.

Austrian-American Jewish maestro Artur Bodanzky, who conducted the aired Wagnerian matinee performances, was the first matinee broadcast season's most frequent conductor. Italian operatic conductor Tullio Serafin qualified for second place with seven conductorships. French conductor Louis Hasselmans conducted four matinee broadcast performances. Italian opera and symphony conductor Vincenzo Bellezza held the baton for three matinee broadcast performances. German conductor and composer Karl Riedel claimed one matinee broadcast date with his conductorship of Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel as the season's first matinee broadcast.

The takeaways for Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season's two full, 23 cut operas are that the 1931-1932 season is credited with initiating Met Opera's nine decades of Saturday matinee broadcasts; that 19th-century German composer-librettist Richard Wagner had the greatest representation, with eight operas and 10 broadcasts, in the first matinee broadcast season; that Austrian-American Jewish conductor Artur Bodanzky conducted 10 of the season's 25 broadcasted matinee performances; that Hänsel und Gretel's Christmas Day matinee opened Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season; and that Wagner's Tannhäuser closed the 1931-1932 season's matinee broadcast lineup of 23 operas.

Met Opera's Dec. 25, 1931, Christmas Day broadcast of Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel, with Editha Fleischer and Queena Mario in the title roles, opened the opera house's first matinee broadcast season: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Dec. 25, 2020

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

February 1932 photo of German operatic bass Michael Bohnen, German operatic soprano Elisabeth Rethberg and Danish-American operatic tenor Lauritz Melchior traveling on German ocean liner Europa to New York City for singing in Met Opera's first matinee broadcast season's Wagnerian operas; German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv), Koblenz, Rhineland Palatinate, west central Germany: Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-13075, CC BY SA 3.0 Germany, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13075,_Kammersänger_auf_dem_Weg_nach_New_York.jpg; via Das Bundesarchiv @ https://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/dba/de/search/?query=Bild+102-13075

Met Opera's Dec. 25, 1931, Christmas Day broadcast of Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel, with Editha Fleischer and Queena Mario in the title roles, opened the opera house's first matinee broadcast season: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Dec. 25, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10164690106165533

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cav Pag Aired Thursday, Jan. 13, 1910, as Second Met Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 11, 2021.
Available @ https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/3924923240737597817/7910000040676076542

Marriner, Derdriu. "Met Opera's 2021-2022 Season Has 28 Saturday Matinee Broadcasts." Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 22, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/met-operas-2021-2022-season-has-28.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Queena Mario Sang Gretel in Met Opera's First Broadcast, Dec. 25, 1931." Earth and Space News. Monday, May 24, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/queena-mario-sang-gretel-in-met-operas.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Tosca's Last Two Acts Jan. 12, 1910, Aired as First Met Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 4, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/toscas-last-two-acts-jan-12-1910-aired.html

"Matinee Broadcast: Aida Acts III, IV." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 111030 Aida {371} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 04/2/1932. Broadcast April 2, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts III, IV).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=111030

"Matinee Broadcast: Das Rheingold." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110520 Das Rheingold {69} Ring Cycle [53] Uncut. Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/26/1932. Broadcast February 26, 1932 Matinee Broadcast.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110520

"Matinee Broadcast: Die Walküre Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 11015 Die Walküre {256} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/30/1932. Broadcast January 30, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=11015

"Matinee Broadcast: Die Walküre Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110610 Die Walküre {259} Ring Cycle [53] Uncut. Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/3/1932. Broadcast March 3, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110610

"Matinee Broadcast: Faust Acts II, III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110350 Faust {389} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/13/1932. Broadcast February 13, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts II, III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110350

"Matinee Broadcast: Götterdämmerung Act I, Scene 2, Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110800 Götterdämmerung {112} Ring Cycle [53] Uncut. Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/17/1932. Broadcast (Act I, Scene 2, Act II) March 17, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act I, Scene 2, Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110800

"Matinee Broadcast: Hänsel und Gretel." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 109680 Hänsel und Gretel {125} Pagliacci {304} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 12/25/1931. Broadcast December 25, 1931 Matinee Broadcast.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=109680

"Matinee Broadcast: Il Barbiere di Siviglia Acts II, III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110060 Il Barbiere di Siviglia {150} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/23/1932. Broadcast January 23, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts II, III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110060

"Matinee Broadcast: Il Trovatore Act II, Scene 2, Act III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 109960 Il Trovatore {178} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/16/1932. Broadcast January 16, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts II, Scene 2, III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=109960

"Matinee Broadcast: La Bohème Acts I, II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 109770 La Bohème {285} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/1/1932. Broadcast January 1, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts I, II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=109770

"Matinee Broadcast: La Traviata Acts III, IV." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110440 La Traviata {185} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/20/1932. Broadcast February 20, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts III, IV).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110440

"Matinee Broadcast: L'Africaine Acts IV, V." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110830 L'Africaine {66} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/19/1932. Broadcast March 19, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts IV, V) In Italian.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110830

"Matinee Broadcast: Lakmé Acts II, III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110540 Lakmé {13} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/27/1932. Broadcast (Acts II, III) February 27, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts II, III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110540

"Matinee Broadcast: Lohengrin Act III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 109870 Lohengrin {383} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/9/1932. Broadcast January 9, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=109870

"Matinee Broadcast: Manon Acts III, IV." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110640 Manon {102} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/5/1932. Broadcast March 5, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts III, IV).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110640

"Matinee Broadcast: Norma Acts III, IV." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 109700 Norma {34} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 12/26/1931. Broadcast December 26, 1931 Matinee Broadcast (Acts III, IV).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=109700

"Matinee Broadcast: Parsifal Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110910 Parsifal {123} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/25/1932. Broadcast March 25, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110910

"Matinee Broadcast: Peter Ibbetson Acts II, III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110930 Peter Ibbetson {17} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/26/1932. Broadcast March 26, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts II, III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110930

"Matinee Broadcast: Roméo et Juliette Acts II, III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 111120 Roméo et Juliette {167} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 04/9/1932. Broadcast April 9, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts II, III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=111120

"Matinee Broadcast: Sadko Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110730 Sadko {17} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/12/1932. Broadcast March 12, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II) In French.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110730

"Matinee Broadcast: Siegfried Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110710 Siegfried {157} Ring Cycle [53] Uncut. Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/11/1932. Broadcast March 11, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110710

"Matinee Broadcast: Simon Boccanegra Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110250 Simon Boccanegra {2} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/6/1932. Broadcast (Broadcast (Act II) February 6, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110250

"Matinee Broadcast: Tannhäuser Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110330 Tannhäuser {263} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/12/1932. Broadcast February 12, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110330

"Matinee Broadcast: Tannhäuser Acts II, III." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 111210 Tannhäuser {267} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 04/16/1932. Broadcast April 16, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Acts II, III).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=111210

"Matinee Broadcast: Tristan und Isolde Act II." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 110410 Tristan und Isolde {204} Matinee Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/18/1932. Broadcast February 18, 1932 Matinee Broadcast (Act II).
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=110410

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "On this day in 1931, the Met inaugurated the first season of live Saturday Matinee Radio Broadcasts with a performance of Hansel and Gretel. . . ." Facebook. Dec. 25, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10164690106165533

"Metropolitan Opera Premiere: La Bohème." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 25000 Metropolitan Opera Premiere La Bohème {1} Lucia di Lammermoor: Mad Scene. Los Angeles, California: 11/9/1900.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=25000z

Opera magazine @operamagazine. "A good day for tenors: Beniamino Gigli and Lauritz Melchior were both born #OTD in 1890!" Twitter. March 20, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/operamagazine/status/1373189223499636736

Mokauea Island Actualizes What Legacy on NCIS: Hawai’i Attempts to Add

Summary: Mokauea Island actualizes in onshore, offshore areas what Legacy, season 1 episode 8 on police procedural television series NCIS: Hawai’i, attempts to add.

Dredging Honolulu Habor and John Rodgers Airport in the 1900s and military and World War II ships in the 1940s activated dredging and destroying the 41 fishponds of native Hawaiian traditional-style fishing families on Mokauea Island. Dredging activities in the 20th century actualized the vulnerable waters of Keehi Lagoon (from Hawaiian ke ehi, “tread upon”). High levels of enterococcus bacteria (from Greek ἔντερον κόκκος, “intestine seed”) from ocean-spread sewage potentially actuate bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis and urinary-tract infections. Keehi Lagoon Beach Park snorkelers, surfers and swimmers therefore adjourn, permanently thus far, to sewage bacteria-free waters; Tuesday, Oct. 28, 2014, 12:03, image of Flight from Honolulu to Hilo. Over Sand Island and Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, United States.": Robert Linsdell from St. Andrews, Canada, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Mokauea Island actualizes in onshore, offshore areas what Legacy, season 1 episode 8 on police procedural television series NCIS: Hawai’i, attempts to add for ancient Hawaiian biogeographical and cultural advancement and arrangements.

The 8th episode overall, directed by Lisa Demaine and written by Yalun Tu, bares how 130 years, from overthrow, through annexation, to statehood, besiege ancient legacies. The Hawaii state motto considers that Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono, that “The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." Native Hawaiian activist, author, educator and poet Haunani-Kay Trask (Oct. 3, 1949-July 3, 2021) never divided native Hawaiian culture from native Hawaiian land or vice versa.

Native Hawaiian evictions in Kalama Valley and on Mokauea Island in the 1970s embitter founder Mike Williams’ (Patrick Cage) WorldWorks activists, whom a heiau elimination enrages.

Milolii in Hawaii County (from Hawaiian ha wai ‘i, “breath life-force supreme”) and Mokauea (from Hawaiian milo li’i, “fine [sennit-cord] twist, small swirling [current]”; and moka kau ea, “broken place turtle”) off Honolulu City and County on Oahu island admit the only archipelagic, extant, functional, native Hawaiian, traditional-style fishing families; Friday, Dec. 28, 2007, 07:58, image of "Miloliʻi: Last fishing village in Hawaii": Kyle Doherty (Kdoherty), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The heiau (from Hawaiian heiau, “place of worship, shrine, temple”) that furnishes and furthers ancient Hawaiian sacred areas falls to a 95-acre (38.45-hectare) garden flowering non-natively.

All Mokauea Island (broken-turtle place, from Hawaiian moka kau ea, “broken place turtle”) guards sacred grounds as one of two extant native Hawaiian traditional fishing villages. Ten- to 13-acre (4.05- to 5.26-hectare) Mokauea by 1900 had an annual 560,000-pound (254,011.73-kilogram) fishpond and reef-fish total for Oahu (from Hawaiian o’ahu, “gathering place”) island. Mokauea islanders self-sufficiently inhabited single-family houses with medicinal and vegetable gardens for eggplant-, taro-, tomato-inspired meals and with proximitous access to ingestible reef fish and seaweed.

Dredging Honolulu Harbor (from Hawaiian hono lulu, “bay sheltered”) and John Rodgers Airport in the 1900s jeopardized Mokauea Island perhaps more than Legacy on NCIS: Hawai’i.

Heeia Fishpond (from Hawaiian Loko I’a O He’eia) adorns the Kaneohe Bay (from Hawaiian kāne ohe, “husband [of] bamboo” literally) area. It affirms Oahu island (from Hawaiian o’ahu, “gathering place”) as only archipelagic area anchoring a clear, clean, extant, functional, native Hawaiian, traditional-style walled coastal pond (from Hawaiian loko I’a kuapā). Non-traditional design afflicts with poor water circulation and quality the 40-, 40-plus-year-old, 50- by 100-yard (45.72- by 91.44-meter) non-traditional fishpond that ages alone and uselessly on Mokauea Island; Saturday, Dec. 12, 2009, 17:27, image of Heeia Fishpond, added Wednesday, Jan. 17, 1973, to National Register of Historic Places (NRHP reference no. 73000671): Joel Bradshaw, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Dredging military ships and World War II (Dec. 7, 1941-Sep. 2, 1945) vehicles kindled industrial pollution and marine debris that inter-island currents keep on Mokauea shorelines.

The State Historic Preservation Office on Archaeology, Architecture and History & Culture lists as historically important the Keehi Lagoon (from Hawaiian ke ehi, “tread upon”) island. That listing meant no more of the State of Hawaii-mobilized arrests, evictions and house-burnings that marred the years 1972-1975 for the 14 resident, traditional-style fishing families. It netted the 14, then 5, now 3 families a 65-year lease (1978-May 2043) from their manager, State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources.

Traditional fishing life by traditional fishing families in traditional fishing grounds offers to Mokauea Island the ancient Hawaiian culture that Legacy on NCIS: Hawai’i never obtains.

Native Hawaiian activist, author, educator, poet Haunani-Kay Trask (Oct. 3, 1949-July 3, 2021) always alerted academic and non-academic audiences to the ancient, traditional alignment of native Hawaiian culture with native Hawaiian land arrangements and vice versa: dignidadrebelde, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Local non-profit Ho'ōla Mokauea (from Hawaiian Ho'ōla Mokauea, “to give life to Mokauea”) performs fishpond repair and restoration; invasive-species and marine-debris removal; native-fish and native-seaweed reintroductions.

Mokauea Island quarters one fishpond, a defunct 2-acre (0.81-hectare) construction by the United States Army Corp of Engineers and the University of Hawaii in the 1980s. Black-lip pearl (Pinctada margaritifera) and Hawaiian (Dendostrea sandvichensis) oysters respectively revive Maalaea and Hilo Bays (from Hawaiian mā'alaea, “red ocher”; hilo, “first night of new moon”). Poor design secures poor water circulation and quality in the remaining fishpond, whose plentiful nutrients, phytoplankton, pollutants and sediments water-filtering oysters serve clean, clear and oxygenated.

Climate change, global warming, rising sea levels and urban commercial and residential development threaten Mokauea Island even as non-native Hawaiian gardening threatens Legacy on NCIS: Hawai’i.

Captain Joe Milius finally expands his interactions with NCIS Special Agent-in-Charge Jane Tennant (Vanessa Lachey) from a work-related to a social relationship in "Legacy," season 1 episode 8 of American police procedural television series NCIS: Hawai'i: Enver Gjokaj Source. @egjokajsource, via Twitter March 14, 2022

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Dredging Honolulu Habor and John Rodgers Airport in the 1900s and military and World War II ships in the 1940s activated dredging and destroying the 41 fishponds of native Hawaiian traditional-style fishing families on Mokauea Island. Dredging activities in the 20th century actualized the vulnerable waters of Keehi Lagoon (from Hawaiian ke ehi, “tread upon”). High levels of enterococcus bacteria (from Greek ἔντερον κόκκος, “intestine seed”) from ocean-spread sewage potentially actuate bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis and urinary-tract infections. Keehi Lagoon Beach Park snorkelers, surfers and swimmers therefore adjourn, permanently thus far, to sewage bacteria-free waters; Tuesday, Oct. 28, 2014, 12:03, image of Flight from Honolulu to Hilo. Over Sand Island and Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, United States.": Robert Linsdell from St. Andrews, Canada, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flight_from_Honolulu_to_Hilo._Over_Sand_Island_and_Honolulu_(503729)_(20897376415).jpg; Robert Linsdell (Bob Linsdell), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/boblinsdell/20897376415/

Milolii in Hawaii County (from Hawaiian ha wai ‘i, “breath life-force supreme”) and Mokauea (from Hawaiian milo li’i, “fine [sennit-cord] twist, small swirling [current]”; and moka kau ea, “broken place turtle”) off Honolulu City and County on Oahu island admit the only archipelagic, extant, functional, native Hawaiian, traditional-style fishing families; Friday, Dec. 28, 2007, 07:58, image of "Miloliʻi: Last fishing village in Hawaii": Kyle Doherty (Kdoherty), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milolii1.jpg

Heeia Fishpond (from Hawaiian Loko I’a O He’eia) adorns the Kaneohe Bay (from Hawaiian kāne ohe, “husband [of] bamboo” literally) area. It affirms Oahu island (from Hawaiian o’ahu, “gathering place”) as only archipelagic area anchoring a clear, clean, extant, functional, native Hawaiian, traditional-style walled coastal pond (from Hawaiian loko I’a kuapā). Non-traditional design afflicts with poor water circulation and quality the 40-, 40-plus-year-old, 50- by 100-yard (45.72- by 91.44-meter) non-traditional fishpond that ages alone and uselessly on Mokauea Island; Saturday, Dec. 12, 2009, 17:27, image of Heeia Fishpond, added Wednesday, Jan. 17, 1973, to National Register of Historic Places (NRHP reference no. 73000671): Joel Bradshaw, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oahu-Heeia-fishpond&Koolaus.JPG

Native Hawaiian activist, author, educator, poet Haunani-Kay Trask (Oct. 3, 1949-July 3, 2021) always alerted academic and non-academic audiences to the ancient, traditional alignment of native Hawaiian culture with native Hawaiian land arrangements and vice versa: dignidadrebelde, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/dignidadrebelde/29943042461/

Captain Joe Milius finally expands his interactions with NCIS Special Agent-in-Charge Jane Tennant (Vanessa Lachey) from a work-related to a social relationship in "Legacy," season 1 episode 8 of American police procedural television series NCIS: Hawai'i: Enver Gjokaj Source. @egjokajsource, via Twitter March 14, 2022, @ https://twitter.com/egjokajsource/status/1503457887632478212

For further information:

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Available @ https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/anoectochilus/sandvicensis/

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CBR. 25 June 2019. "Anoectochilus sandvicensis." The University of Texas at Austin > Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center > Plant Database > Native Plants > Search Plants > Find Plants > Enter a Plant Name.
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CBR. 25 June 2019. "Liparis hawaiensis." The University of Texas at Austin > Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center > Plant Database > Native Plants > Search Plants > Find Plants > Enter a Plant Name.
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Engle, Erika. "Schuman Carriage to shut its doors." Honolulu Star-Bulletin > Archives. Copyrighted 2004.
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Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/141432448/margaret-evaline-rego

Gram. 16 May 2011. "Frank Leonard "Leonard" Rego." Find a Grave > Memorial page for Frank Leonard "Leonard" Rego (12 Sep 1915-6 Jun 1980) > Grave Memorial ID 69924158, citing Diamond Head Memorial Park, Honolulu, Honolulu County, Hawaii, USA. Maintained by Gram (contributor 47418868).
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"Gustavus Adolphus Schuman 1867-1930 (62 years)." Our Family History and Ancestry > Our Family Histories. Famille Morin site powered by The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding v. 13.0.3, written by Darrin Lythgoe. Maintained by Joel Morin. Last Modified 6 November 2020. Copyrighted 2001-2023.
Available @ http://tng.famille-morin.com/getperson.php?personID=I31124&tree=15sep2020&sitever=standard

"Haw. Code R. § 13-37-3 -- Permitted Activities." Cornell Law School > Legal Information Institute > State Regulations > Hawaii Code of Rules > Title 13 - Department of Land and Natural Resources > Subtitle 4 - Fisheries > Part I - Marine Life Conservation Districts > Chapter 37 - Old Kona Airport Marine Life Conservation District, Hawaii.
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"Hawaii Bog Orchid (Platanthera holochila)." Center for Plant Conservation > Plant Profile > Platanthera holochila. Copyrighted 2020.
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Hawaii State Data Center. Korean Population by County, Island and Census Tract in the State of Hawaii: 2010. Hawaii State Data Center Report Number 2010-7. Honolulu HI: State of Hawaii; Dept. of Business, Economic Development and Tourism; Research and Economic Analysis Division; Statistics and Data Support Branch, 2012.
Available @ https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/Census_2010/SF1/HSDC2010-7_Korean.pdf

"Hawaiian Name(s): nīoi." Bishop Museum > Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database. Copyrighted 2023.
Available @ http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=d&ID=nioi

“Hawaiian surf sardine Iso hawaiiensis ‘Iao or Hawaiian silverside Atherinomorus insularum Nehu or Hawaiian anchovy Encrasicolina purpurea.” State of Hawai'i > Department of Land and Natural Resources > Wildlife > Files > Hawai'i’s State Wildlife Action Plan > Marine Fishes. Dated 1 October 2015 (Last Updated October 2005).
Available @ https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Baitfish-Final.pdf

Hillebrand, William, M.D. 1888. "1. Holochila, sp. n." Page 432. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands: A Description of Their Phanerogams and Vascular Cryptogams. Annotated and Published After the Author's Death by W. F. Hillebrand. London [England UK]: Williams & Norgate; New York [NY USA]: B. Westermann & Co.; and Heidelberg [Germany]: Carl Winter, University-Bookseller.
Available @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15638532

"holokū. 1. n. A loose, seamed dress with a yoke and usually with a train, patterned after the Mother Hubbards of the missionaries. Cf. the muʻumuʻu, which formerly was not yoked and has no train or seam. Both garments are frequently made of gaily patterned material. 2. n. Cloak (Isa. 59.17), mantle (Hal. 109.29). 3. vs. Evenly plump, stout and symmetrical. Cf. kolopū, pahupū." Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library > Hawaiian Dictionaries > English to Hawaiian > Customize Search > enter a word > look it up.
Available @ https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextchd-----0-1l--11-en-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-holok%25c5%25ab--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=holok%C5%AB&fqv=textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka&af=1&fqf=ED#hero-bottom-banner

"Kamehameha the Great, king of Hawai'i. Geni > People > Surnames Index > Find discussions, information, and profiles for any last name > Search surnames > Nauku Genealogy and Nauku Family History Information. Copyrighted 2023.
Available @ https://www.geni.com/people/Kamehameha-the-Great-king-of-Hawai-i/6000000006914002194

Kashinsky, L. 1997. "Platanthera holochila Hawai'i Bog Orchid." Rev. 2014 by A. Treher. NatureServe Explorer > Search for species and ecosystems > Species. Page last published March 3, 2023.
Available @ https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.158488/Platanthera_holochila

Kathy. 21 August 2020. "The Canoe Plants of Hawaii." Onolicious Hawai'i > Hawaii Life.
Available @ https://onolicioushawaii.com/canoe-plants/

Kay, Peter. "Long-Spined Venomous Sea Urchins." Hawaii's Dangerus Ocean Critters.
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Kim, Alice. "Ford Cars in Hawaii." Hawai'i Digital Newspaper Project > Historical Feature Articles.
Available @ https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/Home/historical-feature-articles/ford-cars-in-hawaii

Kim, Alice. "Locomobiles in Hawaii." Hawai'i Digital Newspaper Project > Historical Feature Articles.
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Knight, David Blewster. 9 September 2014. "Edward Davies Tenney." Find a Grave > Memorials > Grave Memorial ID 135648071, citing O'ahu Cemetery, Honolulu, Honolulu County, Hawaii, USA; maintained by David Blewster Knight (contributor 47958606).
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/135648071/edward-davies-tenney

Knight, David Blewster. 4 June 2013. "Ben Hollinger." Find a Grave > Memorials > Grave Memorial ID 111785751, citing O'ahu Cemetery, Honolulu, Honolulu County, Hawaii, USA; maintained by David Blewster Knight (contributor 47958606).
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"Legacy." NCIS: Hawai'i. Los Angeles CA: CBS Studios, Jan. 31, 2022; Nov. 29, 2021.

Leonhardt, Kenneth W.; and Glenn I. Teves. April 2002. "Pikake: A Fragrant-Flowered Plant for Landscapes and Lei Production." In: Ornamentals and Flowers OF-29: 1-4. Mānoa, Honolulu City and County, O'ahu County, Hawai'i: Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa.
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liliha." Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library > Hawaiian Dictionaries > English to Hawaiian > Customize Search > enter a word > look it up.
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"Liparis hawaiensis H. Mann Awapuhiakanaloa, Hawaiian Twayblade." North American Orchid Conservation Center > Find an Orchid by Name. Copyrighted 2011-2023.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2020. "Hinahina Beach Heliotrope Abhors Bombs on Magnum’s Nowhere to Hide." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 24 November 2019. "Ka'upu Black-Footed Albatrosses Avert Magnum's A Bullet Named Fate." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Noise Reference Manual. Kauai Edition, July 2017. Originally developed 03/2001 by the Oahu Noise Advisory Committee. Aiea HI: State Department of Health, Indoor and Radiological Health Branch, Noise Section.
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Noise Reference Manual. Maui Edition, July 2017. Originally developed 03/2001 by the Oahu Noise Advisory Committee. Aiea HI: State Department of Health, Indoor and Radiological Health Branch, Noise Section.
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Noise Reference Manual. Oahu Edition, July 2017. Originally developed 03/2001 by the Oahu Noise Advisory Committee. Aiea HI: State Department of Health, Indoor and Radiological Health Branch, Noise Section.
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Ogle, Y. 22 July 1987. "Anoectochilus sandvicensis Hawai'i Jeweled Orchid." NatureServe Explorer > Search Species. Page Last Published 3 March 2023.
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Options for the Establishment of a Koreatown in the City and County of Honolulu: A Report to the Hawaii State Legislature in Response to H.C.R. 169, Twenty-Sixth Legislature, 2012. Honolulu HI: Office of Planning, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, State of Hawaii, December 2013.
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"Pao Doce & Other Bread." Leonard's Hawaii > Menu.
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"Peristylus holochila (Hillebr.) N. Hallé. Hawaiian Bog Orchid." North American Orchid Conservation Center > Go Orchids > Find an Orchid by Name. Copyrighted 2011-2023.
Available @ https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/peristylus/holochila/

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Available @ http://www.orchidspecies.com/periholochila.htm

Phillipson, Cheryl; Lauren Weisenberger; and Megan Laut. 23 September 2021. "Platanthera holochila (No common name)." U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service > Species > Find a Species > Search by scientific/common name > Hawai'i Bog Orchid > Information & Media > Items 1-10 of 42 > Platanthera holochila 5-yr review 2014 > 5-Year Review. Short Form Summary. Species Review.
Available @ https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/tess/species_nonpublish/3557.pdf

"pī.kake." Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library > Hawaiian Dictionaries > English to Hawaiian > Customize Search > enter a word > look it up.
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"Platanthera holochila. State of Hawaii > Department of Land and Natural Resources > Division of Forestry and Wildlife > Learn > Learn About Species, Conservation Topics, And Places > Meet the Species > Rare Native Plant Species > Hawai'i's Rare Native Plants > Rare Plant Species > Rare plant fact sheets from the State Wildlife Action Plan. Dated September 2013.
Available @ https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2013/09/Fact-Sheet-Platanthera-holochila.pdf

Rock, Joseph F. 31 July 1920. "Revised List of Hawaiian Names of Plants Native and Introduced with Brief Descriptions and Notes as to Occurrence and Medicinal or Other Values." Transcribed and annotated by Samuel M. 'Ohukani'ōhi'a Gon III. In: Ethnobotany Research & Applications: A Journal of Plants, People, and Applied Research 6: 405-442. Published Dec. 23, 2008.
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Ryden, Hope. 1991. "Tiger." Pages 24-25. In: Your Cat's Wild Cousins. New York NY: Lodestar Books.

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