Earth and Space News: Villa of the Quintilii

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Thursday, April 27, 2023

Marcus Aurelius Liking Trojan Quintilii Brothers Upset Herodes Atticus

Summary: Stoic philosopher and Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius liking Trojan Quintilii brothers upset Herodes Atticus, a wealthy sophism-oriented rhetorician.

facsimile of golden bust of emperor Marcus Aurelius discovered April 19, 1939, during work on drainage channels of first century CE Sanctuaire du Cigognier, Aventicum (modern-day Avenches), capital of Roman province of Helvetia (Switzerland); original, 1.5 kilogram (3.3 pound) golden bust, dated ca. 180 CE, is kept in a bank safe and only has been shown twice since its discovery; Musée Romain d'Avenches (Roman Museum in Avenches), canton of Vaud, western Switzerland; Thursday, Aug. 6, 2020, 16:39:41: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Second century CE Stoic philosopher and Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius liking Trojan Quintilii brothers upset Herodes Atticus, a wealthy Greco-Roman sophistic rhetorician, governmental official and public works benefactor.

The Quintilii brothers, Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Maximus, were third-generation Roman colonial settlers whose hometown was Alexandria Troas (Ancient Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια Τρωάς, Alexandreia Troas, "Alexandria in the Troad peninsula"). The Quintilii's birthplace was a port city ". . . on the sea-coast, about four miles from ancient Troy and six miles south of the entrance to the Hellespont," as situated by Thomas Lewin in The Life and Epistles of St. Paul (1875, vol. 12, page 193).

Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12 or 13, 100-March 15, 44 BCE) recognized the ancient Greek city as a Roman colony in 44 BCE. First Roman Emperor Augustus (Gaius Octavius "Octavian"; Sep. 23, 63 BCE-Aug. 19, 14 CE) reestablished Alexandria Troas as a Roman colony in 12 BCE, according to research by German historian of classical antiquity Elmar Schwertheim (born July 9, 1943) in “Zur Gründung der römischen Kolonie in Alexandria Troas" (Die Troas: Neue Forschungen III, 1999, pages 95-101), as cited by American New Testament theologian Robert Jewett (born Dec. 31, 1933) in "The Troas Project" (CSBS Seminar, May 2005, page 2).

Condianus and Maximus's same-named grandfather, Sextus Quin(c)tilius Valerius Maximus, had increased the Alexandria Troas-based family's powerful involvement in the Roman administrative structure with his entrance into the Senate in 98 CE, according to English ancient historian and archaeologist Francis John Haverfield (Nov. 8, 1860-Oct. 1, 1919) in "The Roman World" (page 319), published in British archaeologist and scholar David George Hogarth's (May 23, 1862-Nov. 6, 1927) compiled Authority and Archaeology Sacred and Profane (1899). The senatorial rank had been granted by short-termed Roman Emperor Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva; Nov. 8, 30-Jan. 27, 98 CE), who reigned from Sep. 18, 96, until his naturally caused death 16 months later.

Admission into the senatorial class transferred the Quintilii's primary residence to Rome but without abandoning the family's elite, career-favorable base in Alexandria Troas. The family's Asia Minor portfolio qualified them for distinguished administrative posts in Greece. During the reign (Jan. 27, 98-Aug. 8, 117 CE) of Nerva's successor, Trajan (Caesar Nerva Traianus; Sep. 18, 53-Aug. 8, 117 CE), Condianus and Maximus's father was appointed ca. 115 CE to governorship as legatus pro praetore provinciae Achaiae, according to Annika B. Kuhn, University of Oxford Ancient History Ph.D., in "Herodes Atticus and the Quintilii of Alexandria Troas," published in 2012 in Chiron (band 42, pages 429, 432). The ancient region of Achaea (Ancient Greek: Ἀχαΐα, Akhaia) encompassed the northernmost Peloponnese (Ancient Greek: Πελοπόννησος, Peloponnesos) peninsula in southern Greece.

The Quintilii brothers upheld the family tradition of governmental careers. Their camaradic resumés included consulships in 151 CE, proconsulship of Asia ca. 168-170 CE for Maximus, with Condianus probably as legatus, and joint governorships of Achaea, probably as correctores ("correctors"), in 171 CE (Kuhn, pages 421-422, 435, 438, 439, 449-450). Their careers flourished during the reigns of the next two emperors after Trajan, Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE) and Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus; April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE).

Marcus Aurelius expressed his great regard for the brothers by referring to them as "my Quintilii" (Kuhn, page 438). An inscribed paving block discovered in 1966 during spring weeding of the Roman Agora attests to the emperor's use of the endearing term in official communications, as translated by American ancient historian and epigrapher James H. Oliver in "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civic and Cultural Policy in the East," published in 1970 in Hesperia Supplements (vol. 13).

Marcus Aurelius liking the Trojan Quintilii brothers, however, upset Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός, Herodes ho Atticus; 101-177 CE). Interestingly, the wealthy Greek rhetorician's lengthy public works projects included construction of an aqueduct, bath-gymnasium complex and nymphaeum in the Quintilii's hometown, Alexandria Troas, during the reign (Aug. 11, 117-July 10, 138 CE) of Hadrian (Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus; Jan. 24, 76-July 10, 138 CE). In 134/135 CE, in his capacity as corrector of the free cities of Asia, Herodes Atticus had secured an allowance of three million drachmae for the water-related projects. His father, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes (Ancient Greek: Τιβέριος Κλαύδιος Ἀττικὸς Ἡρῴδης; 65-137 CE), funded the overrun of four million drachmae (Kuhn, pages 424-425, 439).

Herodes Atticus enjoyed a respectable stature in the Roman Empire. Roman citizenship had been bestowed upon his family during the reign (Oct. 13, 54-June 9, 68 CE) of fifth Roman Emperor Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Dec. 15, 37-June 9, 68 CE), according to Finnish classicistic philologists Urpo Kantola and Tuomo Nuorluoto in "Names and Identities of Greek Elites With Roman Citizenship," published in 2022 in Christian Krötzl, Katariina Mustakallio and Miikka Tamminen's Negotiation, Collaboration and Conflict in Ancient and Medieval Communities (page 171).

The wealthy Athenian combined careers in government and in teaching in Athens and in Rome. In fact, early contacts with Marcus Aurelius included his selection by Hadrian's successor, Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE), as a tutor in Greek rhetoric in the imperial household, according to American ancient historian Anthony J. Papalas in "Herodes Atticus: An Essay on Education in the Antonine Age," published in the Summer 1981 issue of History of Education Quarterly (pages 177-178).

Philostratus (Ancient Greek: Φιλόστρατος, Philostratos; ca. 170-245/250 CE), a Greek sophist (Ancient Greek: σοφιστής, sophistes, "philosopher, teacher, wise person") of the Roman imperial period (January 16, 27 BCE-Sep. 4, 476 CE), considered the favoring of the Quintilii brothers by Marcus Aurelius and their disfavoring by Herodes Atticus in Βίοι σοϕιστῶν ("The Lives of the Sophists"). Herodes Atticus was presented as the first of 33 exemplars of New, or Second, Sophists in the history's second book.

"His quarrel with the Quintilii began, as most people assert, over the Pythian festival, when they held different views about the musical competition; but some say that it began with the jests that Herodes made to Marcus at their expense. For when he saw that, though they were Trojans, the Emperor thought them worthy of the highest honours, he said: 'I blame Homer's Zeus also, for loving the Trojans.' But the following reason is nearer the truth. When these two men were both governing Greece, the Athenians invited them to a meeting of the assembly, and made speeches to the effect that they were oppressed by a tyrant, meaning Herodes; and finally begged that what they had said might be forwarded to the Emperor's ears. And when the Quintilii felt pity for the people and without delay reported what they had heard, Herodes asserted that they were plotting against him, for they were inciting the Athenians to attack him. . . ." (Emily Wilmer Cave France Wright translation, 1922; Book II.557-559, pages 162-169).

Ultimately, Marcus Aurelius interrupted his campaigns in the First Macromannic War (Latin: bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum, "German and Sarmatian War"; 166-Dec. 23, 176 CE) to summon his former tutor to answer charges from the Athenians. The trial was held at temporary headquarters ca. 174 CE in Sirmium (modern-day central Serbia), capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior, also known as Lower Pannonia. Marcus Aurelius acquitted his former tutor (Kuhn, pages 1, 448-449).

Mid-second century CE Pentelic marble bust of Herodus Atticus was found in February 1961 during foundation digging for private home located behind the Chapel of Panagia Xydou, located at 14 Tatoiou Street, north of ISAP (ΗΣΑΠ; Ηλεκτρικοι σιδηροδρομοι αθηνων πειραιως; Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways) railway station, Kephissia (Ancient Greek: Κηφισιά, Kephisia), northeastern Athens suburb; National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Room 32, Inventory No. 4810: Haiduc, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Mid-second century CE Pentelic marble bust of Herodus Atticus was found in February 1961 during foundation digging for private home located behind the Chapel of Panagia Xydou, located at 14 Tatoiou Street, north of ISAP (ΗΣΑΠ; Ηλεκτρικοι σιδηροδρομοι αθηνων πειραιως; Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways) railway station, Kephissia (Ancient Greek: Κηφισιά), northeastern Athens suburb; National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Room 32, Inventory No. 4810: Haiduc, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg

For further information:

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BnF Data. "Paul Graindor (1877-1938). Pays: Belgique. Langue: Français. Sexe: Masculin. Naissance: Liège (Belgique), 08-07-1877. Mort: Bruxelles, 08-02-1938. Note: A été membre de l'École française d'Athènes. -- Professeur aux facultés de lettres de Gand et du Caire (en 1930)." BnF Data.
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Borg, Barbara. "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered." Pages 318-330. In: C. M. Draycott, R. Raja, K. Welch, and W. T. Wootton (eds.), Visual Histories of the Classical World: Essays in Honour of R.R.R. Smith. Studies in Classical Archaeology. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2018.
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Gleason, Maud. "Herodes’ great-grandfather served as priest of Nero and was rewarded with Roman citizenship when it was still rare among natives of old Greece. Herodes’ grandfather and father continued to serve as priests of the Roman imperial cult. . . . After the males of Herodes’ family gained Roman citizenship, their matrimonial choices were constrained. Since citizenship could pass only through the female line, they had to marry women who were already Roman citizens. . . ." Pages 127-128. Tim Whitmarsh, ed., Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. Chapter 7 Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla": 125-162. Cambridge UK: Cambridge Universty Press, 2010.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/8957440/_Making_Space_for_Bicultural_Identity_Herodes_Atticus_Commemorates_Regilla_in_T._Whitmarsh_ed

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." In: Walter Scheidel and Brent Shaw, eds., Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 070801. July 1, 2008.
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Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." Pages 125-162. In: Tim Whitmarsh, ed., Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, July 22, 2010.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/8957440/_Making_Space_for_Bicultural_Identity_Herodes_Atticus_Commemorates_Regilla_in_T_Whitmarsh_ed_Local_Knowledge_and_Microidentities_in_the_Imperial_Greek_World_Cambridge_University_Press_2010_125_162

Graindor, Paul. "D'après Philostrate, l'opposition commença à l'époque où les deux Quintilii gouvernaient l'Achaïe et elle fut encouragée par eux (1). . . . Donc Hérode intenta un procès à Dèmostratos et à ses amis, les accusant d'exciter le peuple contre lui (1). La plainte fut adressée au gouverneur de la province (2), qui dut la transmettre à l'empereur comme les Quintilii l'avaient fait autrefois pour les doléances des Athéniens." Pages 111-123. Un milliardaire Antique: Hérode Atticus et sa famille, Chapitre VIII L'Opposition à Hérode; La Mort du Sophiste, pages 111-136. Université Égyptienne: Recueil de Travaux Publiés par la Faculté des Lettres, cinquième fascicule. Le Caire: Imprimerie Misr, 1930.
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Haverfield, F. (Francis John). ". . . . In the inscriptions of senatorial personages we can trace the gradual extinction of the old blood, and its replacement with new men, passed into the Senate by the Emperors, especially by Vespasian and his successors. For an instance of the latter take the family of the Quintilii, known from both inscriptions and literature. They were Roman citizens resident originally in the Roman colonia founded by Augustus near the site of ancient Ilium. The first to be famous was one Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus, some time chief magistrate in his municipality. He was granted senatorial rank by Nerva in A.D. 98, held the praetorship and other posts, and was sent by Trajan as special commissioner to examine the disordered affairs of certain towns in Greece. His two sons were consuls in the same year, A.D. 151, and governed provinces: their sons were also consuls. Finally the Emperor Commodus swept the whole family away in A.D. 182. Possibly he needed their wealth, which is shown to have been considerable by the leaden pipes and other objects stamped with their names at Rome. Possibly also he hated them as senators; for though the old republicans were gone, the antithesis of Senate and Emperor lasted visibly in numerous details." Pages 318-319. In: David G. (George) Hogarth, ed., Authority and Archaeology Sacred and Profane: Essays on the Relation of Monuments to Biblical and Classical Literature, Part Second: Classical Authority, Chapter IV. The Roman World: 296-331. Second edition. London: John Murray, 1899.
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Kantola, Urpo; and Tuomo Nuorluoto. "77 There has been some discussion over the identity of the first person in the family to gain the Roman citizenship. According to Ameling (1983, II 13-14; II 56), it was the great-grandfather of Herodes Atticus (also called Herodes), whom he restores as a high-priest of the imperial cult. . .; but an alternative reading, favoured by Byrne (2003, 106), suggests that the high-priest was in fact another man (called Ti. Claudius Novius). Either way, as Byrne notes, the rnolment of the family in the tribe Quirina suggests a Neronian date for the grant of citizenship. It might also be worth pointing out that the grandfather of Herodes Atticus is recorded . . . as . . . 'Tiberius Claudius Hipparchus of Marathon, son of Herodes', namely, with only his father's Greek name given in the filiation." Page 181. In: Christian Krötzl, Katariina Mustakallio, and Miikka Tamminen, eds. Negotiation, Collaboration and Conflict in Ancient and Medieval Communities. Part 2 Power and Social Competition; Chapter 7 Names and Identities of Greek Elites With Roman Citizenship": 160-185. New York NY: Routledge, 2022.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Negotiation_Collaboration_and_Conflict_i/MoBdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=herodes+atticus+great+grandfather+roman+citizenship&pg=PA181

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Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Negotiation_Collaboration_and_Conflict_i/MoBdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=herodes+atticus+great+grandfather+roman+citizenship&pg=PA171

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U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. "Abbreviations and Acronyms: I: ISAP Ilektrikoi Sidirodromoi Athinon-Peiraias A.E. Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways." Page 64. Research Aid: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Special Terms in the Press of Greece and Cyprus. Abbreviations and Acronyms: 1-164. JPRS 70158. Arlington VA: Joint Publications Research Service, Nov. 14, 1977.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/West_Europe_Report/9S8tVEiklK4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ISAP+Ilektrikos&pg=PA64
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA375623/page/n88/mode/1up

U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. "Supplemental Abbreviations List: A.E. Amme Enstrumani Public Instrument (as a legal instrument) (TFSC)." Page 165. Research Aid: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Special Terms in the Press of Greece and Cyprus. Supplemental Abbreviations List: 165-166. JPRS 70158. Arlington VA: Joint Publications Research Service, Nov. 14, 1977.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/West_Europe_Report/9S8tVEiklK4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ISAP+Ilektrikos&pg=PA165
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA375623/page/n189/mode/1up

Vanderpool, Eugene. "News Letter From Greece. Kephissia. A chance discovery of some interest was made in Kephissia in February 1961 when foundations were being dug for an addition to a private house at no. 4 Rangabe Street. A well preserved, life-sized bust of Herodes Atticus was found (pl. 97, fig. I) and with it a bust of one of his favorites, Polydeukion (pl. 97, fig. 2). There was also an arm in black marble, no doubt part of a statue of the Ethiopian Memnon, another of Herodes' favorites. The head of a horse was also found. The Archaeological Service ordered an investigation within the limits of the lot where the discovery was made. Mr. Petrakos supervised the work. A stuccoed channel, some walls of opus incertum, a pilaster base in situ and a pilaster cap were found. "We probably have to do with the villa of Herodes Atticus so delightfully described by Aulus Gellius in the Attic Nights (1.2. 1-2). The place where the discovery was made is just behind the chapel of the Panagia Xydou, a few blocks north of the railway station. Other remains that have been associated with Herodes' villa have been observed near this church (Dragoumis, ArchEph [1895] 186; Koumanoudis, Neon Athenaion I [1955] 1-3)." Pages 299-300. American Journal of Archaeology (AJA), vol. 65, no. 3 (July 1961): 299-303.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/501690

Vanderpool, Eugene. "News Letter From Greece. Kephissia. Plate 97. Fig. 1. Kephissia. Bust of Herodes Atticus." American Journal of Archaeology (AJA), vol. 65, no. 3 (July 1961): 299-303.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/501690

Wright, [Emily] Wilmer Cave [France]. ". . . . And when the Quintilii during their proconsulship of Greece censured him for putting up the statues of these youths on the ground that they were an extravagance, he retorted: 'What business is it of yours if I amuse myself with my poor marbles?' "His quarrel with the Quintilii [fn1] began, as most people assert, over the Pythian festival, when they held different views about the musical competition; but some say that it began with the jests that Herodes made to Marcus at their expense. For when he saw that, though they were Trojans, the Emperor thought them worthy of the highest honours, he said: 'I blame Homer's Zeus also, for loving the Trojans.' But the following reason is nearer the truth. When these two men were both governing Greece, the Athenians invited them to a meeting of the assembly, and made speeches to the effect that they were oppressed by a tyrant, meaning Herodes; and finally begged that what they had said might be forwarded to the Emperor's ears. And when the Quintilii felt pity for the people and without delay reported what they had heard, Herodes asserted that they were plotting against him, for they were inciting the Athenians to attack him. Certainly, after that meeting of the assembly there sprang into activity men like Demostratus, Praxagoras and Mamertinus, and many others whose public policy was opposed to Herodes. . . ." Pages 166-169. Philostratus and Eunapius: The Lives of the Sophists, Book II.557-559, pages 162-169. The Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXII [1922].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/philostratuseuna00phil/page/166/mode/1up

Yegül, Fikret. Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, Jan. 2, 1996.

Thursday, April 6, 2023

Commodus Executed Quintilii Brothers and Confiscated Villa dei Quintili

Summary: In 182, Roman Emperor Commodus executed the Quintilii brothers and confiscated Villa dei Quintili, their vast Roman estate along Via Appia Antica.

In 182 CE, Roman Emperor Commodus executed the Quintilii brothers and confiscated Villa dei Quintili, their massive Roman residential complex located near Via Appia Antica's fifth milestone and recognized as findspots of a bust of one of the brothers and a marble head of Cleopatra.

The Villa of the Quintilii (Italian: Villa dei Quintili) was constructed for the Quintilii brothers, Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus, in the first half of the second century CE, according to conservation scientist Giusj Valentina Fichera and seven co-authors in "Limestone Provenance in Roman Lime-Volcanic Ash Mortars From the Villa dei Quintili, Rome," published in the February 2015 issue of Geoarchaeology. Construction took place during the reigns of Roman emperors Trajan and Hadrian (page 81). Trajan (Caesar Nerva Traianus; born Sep. 18, 53 CE) reigned from Jan. 27, 98 CE until his death, Aug. 8, 117 CE. Trajan's successor, Hadrian (Caesar Traianus Hadrianus; born Jan. 24, 76 CE), reigned until his death July 10, 138 CE.

The Quintilii brothers pursued governmental careers during the reigns of Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE) and Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus; April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE). Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius are respected as the second through fifth, respectively, of the "Five Good Emperors" in the Roman Empire's seven-member Nerva-Antonine dynasty (Sep. 18, 96-Dec. 31, 192 CE).

Condianus and Maximus impressed with their rapport and accomplishments. Their career included consulships in 151 CE and the governorship of western Greece's Achaea region in the northwestern Peloponnese peninsula from 170 to 175 CE.

"They had offered the most striking example ever seen of mutual affection; and at no time had they ever been separated, even in the offices they held. They had grown prosperous and exceedingly wealthy, and were wont to hold office together and to act as assistants to each other," observed Roman historian Lucius Cassius Dio (ca. 155-235 CE), known as Dio Cassius, in Roman History (Ῥωμαϊκη Ἱστορία, Historia Romana), his historical compendium of ancient Rome, written in Greek (Dio's Roman History, Vol. IX, (Book LXXIII.5, page 81).

Unfortunately, Commodus (Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus; Aug. 31, 161-Dec. 31, 192 CE), who succeeded his father, Marcus Aurelius, disfavored many, including the Quintilii brothers. "Commodus was guilty of many unseemly deeds, and killed a great many people. Many plots were formed by various people against Commodus, and he killed a great many, both men and women . . . ," reported Dio Cassius (Book LXXIII.4, page 77).

Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla "Lucilla" (March 7, 148 or 150-182 CE), Marcus Aurelius's second daughter, numbered among her brother's opponents. In 182 CE, she unsuccessfully strategized her brother's overthrow. As punishment, she was ". . . banished to the island of Capreae" [Capri, Sorrento Peninsula, southwestern Italy], where she subsequently was executed, according to Dio Cassius (Book LXXIII.4, page 79).

The Quintilli brothers numbered among the emperor's "many" executionees. "Commodus likewise killed the two Quintilii, Condianus and Maximus; for they had a great reputation for learning, military skill, brotherly accord, and wealth, and their notable talents led to the suspicion that, even if they were not planning any rebellion, they were nevertheless displeased with existing conditions. And thus, even as they had lived together, so they died together, along with the son of one of them. . . ." (Book LXXIII.5, page 81).

Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus's son allegedly escaped execution by faking his death and fleeing. Reports of his survival led to executions of lookalikes.

According to Dio Cassius's narration: "Sextus Condianus, the son of Maximus, who surpassed all others by reason both of his native ability and his training, when he heard that sentence of death had been pronounced against him, too, drank the blood of a hare (he was living in Syria at the time), after which he mounted a horse and purposely fell from it; then, as he vomited the blood, which was supposed to be his own, he was taken up, apparently on the point of death, and was carried to his room. He himself now disappeared, while a ram's body was placed in a coffin in his stead and burned. After this, constantly changing his appearance and clothing, he wandered about here and there. And when this story got out (for it is impossible that such matters should remain hidden very long), diligent search was made for him high and low. Many were punished in his stead on account of their resemblance to him, and many, too, who were alleged to have shared his confidence or to have sheltered him somewhere; and still more persons who had perhaps never even seen him were deprived of their property. But no one knows whether he was really slain, -- though a great number of heads purporting to be his were brought to Rome, -- or whether he made good his escape" (Book LXXIII.6, page 81).

He, or a lookalike, made an unsuccessful attempt to reclaim his father and uncle's estate after Commodus's assassination in 192 CE. The applicant's ignorance of Greek, contradictory to his father's assignments in Greece, induced Publius Helvius Pertinax (Aug. 1, 126-March 28, 193 CE), Commodus's successor, to reject the claim.

Dio Cassius wrote: "Some other man, however, after the death of Commodus boldly claimed to be Sextus and undertook to recover his wealth and rank. And he played the part bravely, though questioned much by many persons; yet when Pertinax asked him something about Grecian affairs, with which the real Sextus had been well acquainted, he showed the greatest embarrassment, being unable even to understand the question. Thus, though nature had made him like Condianus in appearance and practice had made him similar in other respects, yet he did not share in his learning" (Book LXXIII.6, pages 81-82).

The Villa of the Quintilii is acknowledged as the provenience of a marble head of Cleopatra that the Vatican Museum acquired during excavations conducted in 1783 to 1784 by papal inspector Venceslao Pezolli. German archaeologist Ludwig Curtius (Dec. 13, 1874-April 10, 1954) recognized the marble find as a portrayal of Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII Philopator (69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE) in 1933 (Römische Mitteilungen, band 48: 182-192).

The Villa of the Quintilii also is pinpointed as the findspot for a bust of Sextus Quintilius Maximus, one of the property's executed co-owners. French archaeologist and art historian Henry d'Escamps (Nov. 27, 1815-Oct. 22, 1891) included the bust in his profiles of 108 Greek and Roman sculptures owned by Italian art collector Gianpietro Campana (June 6, 1808 or 1809-Oct. 10, 1880). D'Escamps noted the find's uniqueness as the only known bust of Maximus and suggested its preservation as due to burial by a faithful servant (Description des Marbres Antiques du Musée Campana à Rome, 1855, page 101).

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

"Restoration of the Villa of the Quintilii, on the Appian Way, by Canina," M.M. Ripley and W.J. Clarke, History of Rome, vol VI (1883), opposite page 454 (translation of "Restauration de la villa des Quintilii sur la via Appia, d'après Canina," V. Duruy, Histoire des Romains, Tome VI, page 17): Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14593716209; Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historyofromeofr06duru/page/454/mode/2up; Restricted Use, via BnF Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5945t/f21.item.texteImage

only known bust of Sextus Quintilius Maximus, unearthed during excavation of ruins of the villa of the Quintilii illustration by French illustrator and wood engraver Paul Sellier (Aug. 4, 1842-19??); Ripley and Clarke, History of Rome, page 453: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historyofromeofr06duru/page/453/mode/1up; Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14593659960/; Restricted Use, via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5945t/f20.item.texteImage

For further information:

Alföldy, Géza. Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 260-262.

Benucci, Michele; and Susanna Sarti. "The Campana Museum of Ancient Marbles in Nineteenth-Century Photographs." Journal of the History of Collections, vol. 24, no. 1 (March 2011): 15-24.
Available @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275151091_The_Campana_Museum_of_ancient_marbles_in_nineteenth-century_photographs

Binns, Michael. "Roman Personal Names." Pompeii in Pictures > Roman Naming, Classes and Careers > Personal Names.
Available @ http://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/r0/roman%20personal%20names.htm

BnF Data. "Henri Descamps (1815-1891). Pays: France. Langue: Français. Sexe: Masculin. Naissance: Pointe-à-Pître, 27-11-1815. Mort: Paris, 23-10-1891. Note: Archéologue, historien d'art. -- Inspecteur des beaux-arts. -- Ecrivit sous le pseudonyme de 'Macé Descartes' une histoire de l'île de Madagascar." BnF Data.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Data @ https://data.bnf.fr/en/14324877/henri_descamps/

BnF Data. "Paul Sellier (1842-19..?). Pays: France. Langue: Français. Sexe: Masculin. Naissance: 04-08-1842. Mort: 19.. Note: Dessinateur, ayant travaillé pour 'Le Magasin pittoresque', 'Le Tour du monde'. -- Graveur sur bois." BnF Data.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Data @ https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12172946/paul_sellier/

Broughton, T. (Thomas) Robert S. (Shannon). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Vol. I: 509 B.C.-100 B.C. Phillip H. De Lacy, ed., Philological Monographs, no. XV, vol. I. New York: The American Philological Association, 1951.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001&view=1up&seq=9

Broughton, T. (Thomas) Robert S. (Shannon). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Vol. II: 99 B.C.-31 B.C. Phillip H. De Lacy, ed., Philological Monographs, no. XV, vol. II. New York: The American Philological Association, 1952.
Available via Purdue University @ https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/Hist_416/Hist419/T.%20Robert%20S.%20Broughton%20-%20The%20Magistrates%20of%20the%20Roman%20Republic%2099%20B.C.-31%20B.C.%20Vol.%202.%20(Philological%20Monographs)%20(1952,%20American%20Philological%20Association).pdf

Broughton, T. (Thomas) Robert S. (Shannon). Supplement to The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Phillip H. De Lacy, ed., Philological Monographs, no. XV, vol. I. New York: The American Philological Association, 1960.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009342562&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021

Campana, Giampietro (1858). Cataloghi del Museo Campana: Catalogo Della Classe 1-12. Rome: Johann Daniel Preißler, 1858.
Available via Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MDZ (Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum [Munich Digitization Center]) @ https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10221181?page=,1

Canina, L. (Luigi), Commendatore. "Tav. XXXII-Tav. XXXIV." La Prima Parte Della Via Appia Dalla Porta Capena a Boville: Descritta e Dimostrata con i Monumenti Superstiti. Volume II Monumenti. Roma: Nello Stabil. Tipogr. di G. A. Bertinelli, 1853.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n161/mode/1up

Canina, L. (Luigi), Commendatore. "Tav. XXXII. Planta Della Villa Dei Quintili Situata Lungo La Via Appia Da Vicino Alla Colonna Del Quinto Miglio." La Prima Parte Della Via Appia Dalla Porta Capena a Boville: Descritta e Dimostrata con i Monumenti Superstiti. Volume II Monumenti. Roma: Nello Stabil. Tipogr. di G. A. Bertinelli, 1853.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n161/mode/2up
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n162/mode/2up

Canina, L. (Luigi), Commendatore. "Tav. XXXIII. Veduta Delle Reliquie Della Parte Anteriore Della Villa Dei Quintilii. Peristilio Della Villa Dei Quintilii. Esposizione Dell'Intera Architettura Della Parte Anteriore Della Villa Dei Quintilii Ove Stava Il Templetto Di Ercole Il Vestibolo Ed Il Ninfeo." La Prima Parte Della Via Appia Dalla Porta Capena a Boville: Descritta e Dimostrata con i Monumenti Superstiti. Volume II Monumenti. Roma: Nello Stabil. Tipogr. di G. A. Bertinelli, 1853.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n165/mode/2up
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n166/mode/2up

Canina, L. (Luigi), Commendatore. "Tav. XXXIV. Veduta Delle Reliquie Principali Della Villa Dei Quintilii. Sepoloro -- Le Stesse Reliquie Vedute Di Lato. Esposizione Dell'Intera Architettura Del Grande Atrio Della Villa Dei Quintilii Esistente Al Quinto Miglio Della Via Appia." La Prima Parte Della Via Appia Dalla Porta Capena a Boville: Descritta e Dimostrata con i Monumenti Superstiti. Volume II Monumenti. Roma: Nello Stabil. Tipogr. di G. A. Bertinelli, 1853.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n169/mode/2up
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n169/mode/2up

Canina, L. (Luigi), Commendatore. "Tavola XXXII. La pianta generale della villa dei Quintilii . . . . Tavola XXXIV." Pages 21-23. La Prima Parte Della Via Appia Dalla Porta Capena a Boville: Descritta e Dimostrata con i Monumenti Superstiti. Volume II Monumenti. Roma: Nello Stabil. Tipogr. di G. A. Bertinelli, 1853.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010290381/page/n24/mode/2up

Canina, L. (Luigi), Commendatore. "Villa dei Quintilii." Pages 133-139. La Prima Parte Della Via Appia Dalla Porta Capena a Boville: Descritta e Dimostrata con i Monumenti Superstiti. Volume I Descrizione. Sesta Parte: Tra il Quinto ed il Sesto Miglio: 123-144. Roma: Nello Stabil. Tipogr. di G. A. Bertinelli, 1853.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/laprimapartedell01cani/page/133/mode/2up

Curtius, Ludwig. "Ikonographische Beiträge zum Porträt der Römischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie: IV Kleopatra VII. Philopator." Römische Mitteilungen, band 48 (1933): 182-192.

d'Escamps, Henry. "Sextus Quintilius Maximus. Buste en Marbre. Trouvé sur les Bords de la Voie Appienne. Ce buste est celui d'un personnage fort célèbre à Rome sous Commode, Sextus Quintilius Maximus, lequel avait acquis une grande réputation par sa science politique, son savoir dans l'art militaire et ses immenses richesses, qu'il employait noblement en encourageant les arts. Il avait un frère qui partageait ses talents et ses goûts et qui vécut auprès de lui, sans jamais s'en séparer, pendant une longue carrière de dignités et d'honneurs.
"C'est à Sextus Quintilius Maximus qu'appartenait la villa située sur la voie Appienne et que l'on nomme aujourd'hui Rome vieille ( Roma vecchia ). Le buste si précieux du musée Campana a été trouvé dans les fouilles faites en cet endroit. C'est le seul qu'on connaisse jusqu'ici.
"Après l'inique exécution de Quintilius et de son frère, ordonnée par Commode, leurs biens furent confisqués et passèrent dans le domaine. Il est à présumer que quelque serviteur fidèle parvint à y enfouir l'image de son ancien maître, qu'on a pu ainsi exhumer après tant de siècles.
"En dehors de l'intérêt iconographique, ce marbre a un véritable mérite d'exécution." Page 101. Description des Marbres Antiques du Musée Campana à Rome: Sculpture Grecque et Romaine. Paris: Typographie de Henri Plon. Imprimeur de l'Empereur, 1856.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k42464812/f281.item

d'Escamps, Henry. "Sextus Quintilius Maximus. Buste en Marbre. Trouvé sur les Bords de la Voie Appienne. Ce buste est celui d'un personnage fort célèbre à Rome sous Commode, Sextus Quintilius Maximus, lequel avait acquis une grande réputation par sa science politique, son savoir dans l'art militaire et ses immenses richesses, qu'il employait noblement en encourageant les arts. Il avait un frère qui partageait ses talents et ses goûts et qui vécut auprès de lui, sans jamais s'en séparer, pendant une longue carrière de dignités et d'honneurs.
"C'est à Sextus Quintilius Maximus qu'appartenait la villa située sur la voie Appienne et que l'on nomme aujourd'hui Rome vieille (Roma vecchia). Le buste si précieux du musée Campana a été trouvé dans les fouilles faites en cet endroit. C'est le seul qu'on connaisse jusqu'ici.
"Après l'inique exécution de Quintilius et de son frère, ordonnée par Commode, leurs biens furent confisqués et passèrent dans le domaine. Il est à présumer que quelque serviteur fidèle parvint à y enfouir l'image de son ancien maître, qu'on a pu ainsi exhumer après tant de siècles.
"En dehors de l'intérêt iconographique, ce marbre a un véritable mérite d'exécution." Page 101. Description des Marbres Antiques du Musée Campana à Rome: Sculpture Grecque et Romaine. Paris: Imprimerie de W. Remquet, Goupy et Cie, 1862.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84324494/f484.item.texteImage
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/dJ1xOZT_I_gC?hl=en&gbpv=1

de Font-Réaulx, Dominique. "Genèse d'un livre d'art: La Description des marbres antiques du musée Campana à Rome (1855-1862)." Revue de la BNF, no. 44 (2013/2): 5-17.
Available @ https://www.cairn.info/revue-de-la-bibliotheque-nationale-de-france-2013-2-page-5.htm

Dillon, Matthew; and Lynda Garland. "2.4 Frontinus On Aqueducts 1.5: Rome's water supply . . . . In the consulship of Marcus Valerius Maximus and Publius Decius Mus (312 BC), the thirtieth year after the start of the Samnite War, the Appian aqueduct was brought into the city by Appius Claudius Crassus, the censor, who was later given the surname Caecus ('the blind'); he was also responsible for the construction of the Appian Way from the Capena gate up to the city of Capua." Ancient Rome: Social and Historical Documents From the Early Republic to the Death of Augustus, "2 The Public Face of Rome; The Infrastructure of the City: 2.1-2.4." Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World. Second edition. First published 2005. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Rome/pL0BCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=roman+consuls+312+bce&pg=PT87&printsec=frontcover

Duruy, Victor. "Le sort des Quintilius frappa l'imagination des contemporains, quelque habitués et endurcis qu'ils fusent à ces scènes de meurtre: c'étaient deux frères, Troyens d'origine, renommés pour leurs richesses, leur savoir, leurs talents militaires, et qui ne c'étaient jamais séparés. Les princes, se plaisant à honorer cette amitié fraternelle, leur avaient fait courir ensemble la carrière des charges publiques: ils avaient été en même temps consuls, chefs di'armée et gouverneurs d'Achaïe, l'un servant de lieutenant à l'autre; ils signaient tous deux les dépêches, et Marc Aurèle sanctionnait cette illégalité touchante, en adressant à tous deux un rescrit qui se lit encore au Digeste. Commode les réunit aussi, mais dans la mort. On voit encore dans la campagne de Rome, les grandes ruines de leur palais qu'au moyen âge on appelait la Roma Vecchia. Dion raconte que, pour échapper, le fils de l'un d'eux, Condianus, avait répandu le bruit de sa mort. Simulant une chute de cheval, il s'était fair rapporter chez lui tout sanglant, et, tandis qu'un bélier brûlait à sa place sur le bûcher, il s'était enfui et caché. Plusieurs payèrent de la vie leur ressemblance avec le jeune Quintilius. Après la mort de Commode, un faux Condianus réclama le riche héritage. Il était fort au courant de l'histoire de sa prétendue famille et répondit pertinemment à toutes les questions. Mais Pertnax, vieux professeur de grammaire, s'étant avisé de lui parler grec, il se troubla, et l'on décida qu'un homme qui fasait des fautes dans la langue d'Homère ne pouvait être un Quintilius." Pages 15-20. Histoire des Romains Depuis les Temps les Plus Reculés Jusqu'à l'Invasion des Barbares. Tome VI: De l'Avènement de Commode à la Mort de Dioclétien. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1970.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5945t/f19.item.texteImage

Duruy, Victor. "Seul buste connu d'une des victimes de la tyrannie de Commode. Il a été trouvé dans les ruines de la villa des Quintilii sur la voie Appienne. Cf. Henry d'Escamps, Descript. des marbres du musée Campana, etc., no. 101. Paris, 1855." Pages 16. Histoire des Romains Depuis les Temps les Plus Reculés Jusqu'à l'Invasion des Barbares. Tome VI: De l'Avénement de Commode à la Mort de Dioclétien. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1970.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5945t/f20.item.texteImage

Fichera, Giusj Valentina; Cristina Maria Belfiore; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Donatella Barca; Riccardo Frontoni; Giuliana Galli; and Antonino Pezzino. "Limestone Provenance in Roman Lime-Volcanic Ash Mortars From the Villa dei Quintili, Rome." Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, vol. 30 (February 2015): 79-99.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272165601_Limestone_Provenance_in_Roman_Lime-Volcanic_Ash_Mortars_from_the_Villa_dei_Quintili_Rome#pf3

Lucius Cassius Dio. "By certain charms and magic rites Hadrian would be relieved for a time of his dropsy, but would soon be filled with water again. . . . The emperor lamented bitterly the plight to which his malady and his helplessness had brought him, in that he was not able to make away with himself, though he still had the power, even when so near death, to destroy anybody else. Finally he abandoned his careful regiment and by indulging in unsuitable foods and drinks met his death, shouting aloud the popular saying: 'Many physicians have slain a king.'" Book LXIX.22-23, pages 462-465. Dio's Roman History, vol. VIII. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. London: William Heinemann Ltd; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXV [1925].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/diosromanhistory08cassuoft/page/463/mode/1up

Lucius Cassius Dio. "Commodus likewise killed the two Quintilii, Condianus and Maximus; for they had a great reputation for learning, military skill, brotherly accord, and wealth, and their notable talents led to the suspicion that, even if they were not planning any rebellion, they were nevertheless displeased with existing conditions. And thus, even as they had lived together, so they died together, along with the son of one of them. They had offered the most striking example ever seen of mutual affection; and at no time had they ever been separated, even in the offices they held. They had grown prosperous and exceedingly wealthy, and were wont to hold office together and to act as assistants to each other. Sextus Condianus, the son of Maximus, who surpassed all others by reason both of his native ability and his training, when he heard that sentence of death had been pronounced against him, too, drank the blood of a hare (he was living in Syria at the time), after which he mounted a horse and purposely fell from it; then, as he vomited the blood, which was supposed to be his own, he was taken up, apparently on the point of death, and was carried to his room. He himself now disappeared, while a ram's body was placed in a coffin in his stead and burned. After this, constantly changing his appearance and clothing, he wandered about here and there. And when this story got out (for it is impossible that such matters should remain hidden very long), diligent search was made for him high and low. Many were punished in his stead on account of their resemblance to him, and many, too, who were alleged to have shared his confidence or to have sheltered him somewhere; and still more persons who had perhaps never even seen him were deprived of their property. But no one knows whether he was really slain, -- though a great number of heads purporting to be his were brought to Rome, -- or whether he made good his escape. Some other man, however, after the death of Commodus boldly claimed to be Sextus and undertook to recover his wealth and rank. And he played the part bravely, though questioned much by many persons; yet when Pertinax asked him something about Grecian affairs, with which the real Sextus had been well acquainted, he showed the greatest embarrassment, being unable even to understand the question. Thus, though nature had made him like Condianus in appearance and practice had made him similar in other respects, yet he did not share in his learning." Book LXXIII.5-6, pages 80-83. Dio's Roman History, vol. IX. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. London: William Heinemann Ltd; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXV [1925].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/diosromanhistory09cassuoft/page/81/mode/1up

Lucius Cassius Dio. "Trajan was preparing to make a fresh expedition into Mesopotamia, but, as his malady began to afflict him sorely, he set out, intending to sail to Italy, leaving Publius Aelius Hadrian with the army in Syria. . . . Trajan himself suspected that his sickness was due to poison that had been administered to him; but some state that it was because the blood, which descends every year into the lower parts of the body, was in his case checked in its flow. He had also suffered a stroke, so that a portion of his body was paralyzed, and he was dropsical all over. On coming to Selinus in Cilicia, which we also call Traianopolis, he suddenly expired, after reigning nineteen years, six months and fifteen days." Book LXVIII.33, pages 422-423. Dio's Roman History, vol. VIII. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. London: William Heinemann Ltd; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXV [1925].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/diosromanhistory08cassuoft/page/422/mode/1up

Lucius Cassius Dio. "When the Scythian situation once more demanded his attention, it caused him to give his son a wife, Crispina, sooner than he wished. For the Quintilii had been unable to end the war, although there were two of them and they possessed great shrewdness, courage and experience; and consequently the rulers themselves were forced to take the field. Marcus also asked the senate for money from the public treasury, not because such funds were not already at the emperor's disposal, but because he was wont to declare that all the funds, both these and others, belonged to the senate and to the people. . . ." Book LXXII.33, pages 56-57. Dio's Roman History, vol. IX. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. First printed 1927. Reprinted 1955. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA: Harvard Universty Press, MCMLV [1955].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/diosromanhistory09cassuoft/page/56/mode/2up

Macchioni, Phyllis. "LIFE: The Quintili Brothers." This Italian Life. Feb. 21, 2016.
Available @ http://thisitalianlife.blogspot.com/2016/02/life-quintili-brothers.html

M.L. "Villa of Quintilii." Rome and Art. Jan. 28, 2021.
Available @ https://www.romeandart.eu/en/art-villa-quintilii.html

Paris, Rita, ed. Via Appia: The Villa of the Quintili. Milano: Electa; Roma: Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali, Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, 2000.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/viaappiavillaofq0000unse/

Ripley, M.M.; and W.J. Clarke, trans.; Rev. J.P. Mahaffy, ed. "The fate of the Quintilii struck the imagination of contemporaries, habituated and hardened as they were to scenes of murder: they were two brothers of Trojan origin, famous for their wealth, learning, and military talents, and they were inseparable. The preceding Emperors, taking pleasure in honoring this fraternal friendship, had caused them to pass through the career of public duties together. They had been consuls, heads of armies, and governors of Achaia, one serving as lieutenant to the other; they both signed despatches, and Marcus Aurelius sanctioned this affectionate illegality, addressing to the two a rescript which may still be read in the Digest. Commodus also united them, but in death. There still exist on the Appian Way the great ruins of their palace, called in the Middle Ages Roma Vecchia. Dion relates that, to save his life, the son of one of them, Condianus, had caused it to be reported that he was dead. Feigning to fall from his his horse, he had himself brought home covered with blood, and while a ram was burned in his stead on the funeral pile, he made his escape and concealed himself. Many paid with their lives for their resemblance to the young Quintilius. After the death of Commodus a pretended Condianus claimed the rich inheritance. He was extremely well informed in the history of the Quintilii, and answered all questions pertinently. But Pertinax, formerly a teacher of grammar, confused the claimant by addressing him in Greek; whereupon it was decided that a man not versed in the language of Homer could not be a Quintilius." Page 455. History of Rome, and of the Roman People, From Its Origin to the Invasion of the Barbarians by Victor Duruy. Vo. VI. Boston: C.F. Jewett Publishing Company, 1883.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historyofromeofr06duru/page/455/mode/1up

Ripley, M.M.; and W.J. Clarke, trans.; Rev. J.P. Mahaffy, ed. "The only bust known of any of the victims of Commodus. It was found in the ruins of the village of the Quintilii, on the Appian Way. Cf. Henry d'Escamps, Descript. des marbres du Musée Campana, etc., No. 101. Paris, 1855." Page 453. History of Rome, and of the Roman People, From Its Origin to the Invasion of the Barbarians by Victor Duruy. Vo. VI. Boston: C.F. Jewett Publishing Company, 1883.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historyofromeofr06duru/page/452/mode/2up

Sarti, Susanna. Giovanni Pietro Campana (1808-1880): The Man and His Collection. Studies in the History of Collections series, vol. II. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2001.