Earth and Space News: March 2023

Thursday, March 30, 2023

Villa of Quintilii Marble Head of Cleopatra Models Melon Hairstyle

Summary: A Villa of Quintilii marble head of Cleopatra models the melon hairstyle associated with the Ancient Greek, Egypt-based state, the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

Side view of Villa of the Quintilii's marble head of Cleopatra shows melon hairstyle's characteristic segmented, braided rows gathered in bun at nape of neck; Museo Gregoriano Profano (Gregoriano Profano Museum), lower floor of Musei Vaticani (Vatican Museums); Friday, May 9, 2008, 14:12: Sergey Sosnovskiy (Ancientrome), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

A Villa of Quintilii marble head of Cleopatra models the melon hairstyle associated with queens of ancient Egypt's Macedonian Greek-ruled Ptolemaic Kingdom.

The carefully arranged coiffure depicted on the marble head of Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE) entailed sectioning all hair shafts, backward from the forehead to the ends, into braided rows for gathering into a low bun, usually at the nape of the neck. The resemblance of the hairstyle's segmented sections to lengthwise ridged-melon rinds occasioned its designation as melonenfrisur ("melon hairstyle") by German scholars, according to American scholar of Ancient Roman art and architecture Diana E.E. (Elizabeth Edelman) Kleiner (born Sep. 18, 1947) in Cleopatra and Rome (Chapter 9, page 135), published in autumn 2005.

Melon hairstyling in the Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαϊκὴ βασιλεία, Ptolemaike basileia; Latin: Regnum Ptolemaicum) dated to the founding of the Ancient Greek state in 305 BCE by Ptolemy I Soter (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaios Soter "Ptolemy the Savior"; Latin: Ptolemy I Soter; ca. 367-282 BC), Macedonian Greek bodyguard and general in the entourage of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon; Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; Latin: Alexander Magnus; July 20/21, 356-June 10/11, 323 BC). With the intricate melonic hairstyle, Cleopatra evoked a queenly look popularized since Ptolemy I and thereby established herself as "more traditionalist than trendsetter," explained Diana Kleiner in "Cleopatra Worked Her Power Hair," her interview with Discovery Communications senior correspondent Jennifer Viegas, published March 13, 2006.

Arsinoe II and Berenice II were depicted with the iconic hairstyle, according to American independent ancient history scholar and retired education technologist Mary Harrsch in "Melon hairstyles and mummy masks of the Roman Period," posted Dec. 28, 2020, on The Roman Times section of her Ancient Times website. Arsinoe II (Ancient Greek: Ἀρσινόη, Arsinoe; 316-ca. 270/268 BCE) was the first daughter of Ptolemy I and his second queen, Berenice I (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη, Berenike; ca. 340-ca. 279/268 BCE). Berenice II (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη Ευεργέτις, Berenike Euergetis, "Berenice the Benefactress"; Latin: Berenice II Euergetis I; ca. 267/266-221 BCE) became queen through her marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaios Euergetes, "Ptolemy the Benefactor"; Latin: Ptolemaeus III Euergetes I; ca. 284/280-ca. 222 BCE), third Ptolemaic ruler and Ptolemy I's grandson. Berenice II namesakes Coma Berenices -- Berenice's Hair constellation.

Cleopatra coin, minted ca. 51-30 BCE, with (obverse) melon-hairstyled Cleopatra and (reverse) inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑΣ arching over thunderbolt-perching eagle: Otto Nickl, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Self-portrait coins struck by Cleopatra consistently depicted her in right profile, with a "prominent nose" and with a royal diadem adorning her melon coiffure on the obverse, according to American archaeologist and Ohio State University emeritus professor of classics Duane W. Roller (born Oct. 7, 1946) in Cleopatra: Biography (Appendix 6. The Iconography of Cleopatra VII, page 179), published in 2011. Also, the reverse of all of her coinage included the inscription of ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ("Queen Cleopatra").

The Villa of Quintilii marble head is regarded "more or less universally" as the "one undisputed Cleopatra," according to British archaeologist and Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley (born Feb. 25, 1960) in Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt (Chapter Two, page 60), published in 2008. The marble head was discovered by Venceslao Pezolli during his 1783-1784 excavations at the Villa of the Quintilii, according to ancient art curators Carlos A. Picón and Seán Hemingway in the Catalogue (page 303) for "Pergamon and the Hellenistic Kingdoms of the Ancient World," exhibited Monday, April 18, through Sunday, July 17, 2016, at New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The marble head was added in 1784 to the collections of the Vatican Museum (Musei Vaticani), according to the museum's online catalogue (inventory number MV.38511.0.0). Its inventory record dates the marble find to 47 to 44 BCE, therefore, contemporaneous with Cleopatra's lifetime and with her Roman stayovers.

The Villa of the Quintilii (Italian: Villa dei Quintili; Latin: Villa Quintiliana) lies in ruins at the fifth milestone of the Via Appia Antica ("Old or Ancient Appian Way"), south of central Rome. The extensive residential complex was built in the first half of the second century CE for brothers Sextus Quintilius Condianus (Italian: Sesto Quintilio Condiano) and Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus (Italian: Sesto Quintilio Valerio Massimo). Governmental positions held by the brothers includes consulships in 151 CE, during the emperorship (March 7, 161-March 17, 180) of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE).

In 182 CE, Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus (Aug. 31, 161-Dec. 31, 192 CE), son and successor (March 17/18, 180-Dec. 31, 192 CE) of Quintilii-admirer Marcus Aurelius, imperially confiscated the Villa of the Quintilii. The last of the seven Roman emperors of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty (96-192 CE) had the brothers executed as supposed conspirators in a failed assassination and coup strategized by Commodus's older sister, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla "Lucilla" (March 7, 148 or 150-182 CE).

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

back view of Villa of the Quintilii's marble head of melon-hairstyled Cleopatra; Museo Gregoriano Profano (Gregoriano Profano Museum), lower floor of Musei Vaticani (Vatican Museums); Friday, May 9, 2008, 14:13: Sergey Sosnovskiy (Ancientrome), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cleopatra_VII,_Marble,_40-30_BC,_Vatican_Museums_006.jpg

For further information:

Catalogo Musei Vaticani. "Inventario: MV.38511.0.0. Descrizione: Testa ritratto di Cleopatra VII, pertinente a una statua eseguita probabilmente quando la regina era ospite di Cesare a Roma. Il diadema regale a fascia poteva essere rivestito da una lamina in bronzo dorato e completato da un ureo, anch'esso in metallo. Datazione: 47-44 a.C. a.C. Materia: marmo pario. Misure: cm 39 x 20 x 20. Provenienza: da Roma, Villa dei Quintili, scavi 1784. Collocazione: SCV > Edificio Paolino > Museo Gregoriano Profano > Settore 4 -- Aurai." Musei Vaticani > Collections > Online Catalogue > Consult the Catalogue.
Available @ https://catalogo.museivaticani.va/index.php/Detail/objects/MV.38511.0.0

El-Daly, Okasha. Egyptology: The Missing Millennium; Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings. London, United Kingdom: UCL Press; Portland, Oregon: Cavendish Publishing; Coogee, Australia: Cavendish Publishing (Australia) Pty Ltd., 2005.

El-Daly, Okasha. "The Virtuous Scholar: Queen Cleopatra in Medieval Moslem/Arab Writings." In: Susan Walker and Sally-Anne Ashton, eds., Cleopatra Reassessed. British Museum Occasional Paper, no. 103 (Dec. 1, 2003): 51-56.

Frontoni, R. (Riccardo); G. (Giuliana) Galli; C. (Carmela) Lalli; and A. (Antonella) Rotondi. "Quintiliorum Praedium (652)." Pages 279-294. Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae Suburbium, volume quarto M-Q. Roma: Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon, 2006.
https://archive.org/details/lexicon-topographicum-urbis-romae-suburbium-4-m-q-2006/Lexicon%20Topographicum%20Urbis%20Romae%20-%20Suburbium%204%20-%20M-Q%20%282006%29/page/279/mode/1up

Frontoni, R. (Riccardo); G. (Giuliana) Galli; C. (Carmela) Lalli; and A. (Antonella) Rotondi. "Figs. 281 Quintiliorum Praedium-302 Quintiliorum Praedium." Pages 452-463. Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae Suburbium, volume quarto M-Q. Roma: Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon, 2006.
https://archive.org/details/lexicon-topographicum-urbis-romae-suburbium-4-m-q-2006/Lexicon%20Topographicum%20Urbis%20Romae%20-%20Suburbium%204%20-%20M-Q%20%282006%29/page/452/mode/1up

Harrsch, Mary. "Mary Harrsch." LinkedIn.
Available via LinkedIn @ https://www.linkedin.com/in/mary-harrsch-b6a7a018

Harrsch, Mary. "Melon hairstyles and mummy masks of the Roman Period." Ancient Times > Passionate About History > Roman Times. Monday, Dec. 28, 2020.
Available @ https://ancientimes.blogspot.com/2020/12/melon-hairstyles-and-mummy-masks-of.html

Kleiner, Diana E.E. "Chapter 9 'Queen of Kings': Cleopatra Thea Neotera." Pages 135-146. Cleopatra and Rome. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Sep. 23, 2005.

Kleiner, Diana E.E. "Chapter 17 Princesses and Power Hair." Pages 242-250. Cleopatra and Rome. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Sep. 23, 2005.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Beware the Ides of March: The Assassination of Julius Caesar." Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 3, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/beware-ides-of-march-assassination-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Beware the Ides of March Meal: Caesar or Brutus Salad, Cleopatra's Dulcis Coccora, Caesar Cocktail." Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 10, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/beware-ides-of-march-meal-caesar-or.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Caesar Commissioned Gilt Statue of Cleopatra for Venus Genetrix Temple." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 22, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/caesar-commissioned-gilt-statue-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Caesar Salad Recipe: Named for Chef Cesare Cardini, Not Julius Caesar. Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 17, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/caesar-salad-recipe-named-for-chef.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Caesarion Sought to Refuge in India But Was Lured Away To Be Murdered." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Aug. 25, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/caesarion-sought-to-refuge-in-india-but.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra Had Planned Flight From Egypt But Nabateans Burned Her Ships." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 1, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/cleopatra-had-planned-flight-from-egypt.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra or Caesarion Could Have Refuged in Five Ports in Western India." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 8, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/cleopatra-or-caesarion-could-have.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra Painting in Pompeii May Copy Statue in Venus Genetrix Temple." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 29, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/cleopatra-painting-in-pompeii-may-copy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Julius Caesar's Birth Quintilis 12/13 Became July in Julian Calendar." Earth and Space News. Thursday, July 21, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/julius-caesars-birth-quintilis-1213.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Mother and Child Fresco in Pompeii May Depict Cleopatra With Caesarion." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 15, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/mother-and-child-fresco-in-pompeii-may.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "On March 15, 44 BCE, Cleopatra Was in Caesar's Villa at Horti Caesaris." Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 23, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/on-march-15-44-bce-cleopatra-was-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Quintilii Marble Head May Copy Cleopatra Statue in Temple of Venus." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Oct. 6, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/quintilii-marble-head-may-copy.html

McDaniel, Spencer Alexander. "What Did Cleopatra Really Look Like?" Tales of Times Forgotten. Jan. 8, 2020.
Available @ https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2020/01/08/what-did-cleopatra-really-look-like/

Picón, Carlos A.; and Seán Hemingway, eds. "253. Portrait of Kleopatra VII ("Cleopatra")." Catalogue: The Hellenistic Kingdoms and Rome, pages 302-303. Pergamon and the Hellenistic Kingdoms of the Ancient World. New York NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Work, 2016.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pergamon_and_the_Hellenistic_Kingdoms_of/Vr3WCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Venceslao+Pezolli&pg=PA303

Roller, Duane W. "Appendices: 6. The Iconography of Cleopatra VI." Cleopatra: A Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Tyldesley, Joyce. "17. . . Antikemsammlung, Berlin, the Louvre, Paris, . . . and the Cherchell Museum, Algeria. . . ." Page 246. Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Notes: Chapter 2: Queen of Egypt, pages 244-247. London: Profile Books Ltd., 2008.
Available @ https://ia803005.us.archive.org/24/items/EgyptianLibrary_49/CleopatraLastQueenOfEgypt.pdf

Tyldesley, Joyce. Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. London: Profile Books Ltd., 2008.
Available @ https://archive.org/details/cleopatralastque0000tyld

Tyldesley, Joyce. "Today just one Hellenistic head . . ." Page 60. Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Chapter Two: Queen of Egypt, pages 41-69. London: Profile Books Ltd., 2008.
Available @ https://archive.org/details/cleopatralastque0000tyld/page/60/mode/1up

Viegas, Jennifer. "Cleopatra Scientist, Not Seductress." Discovery News, Dec. 14, 2004. Inia Lurun Blogspot, Thursday, June 25, 2009.
Available @ http://inia-lurun.blogspot.com/2009/06/cleopatra-scientist-not-seductress.html

Viegas, Jennifer. "Cleopatra Worked Her Power Hair." Discovery News, March 13, 2006. LiveJournal Anthropologist, March 18, 2006.
Available via Discovery News @ https://www.discovery.com/news/briefs/20060313/cleopatra_his.html?source=rss
Available via LiveJournal Anthropologist @ https://anthropologist.livejournal.com/864181.html

Viegas, Jennifer. "Jennifer Viegas." LinkedIn.
Available via LinkedIn @ https://www.linkedin.com/in/jenniferviegas

Wednesday, March 29, 2023

Julius Caesar Crater Parents 10 Satellites on Lunar Northeast Near Side

Summary: Julius Caesar Crater parents 10 satellites in the highlands between Mare Tranquillitatis and Mare Vaporum on the lunar northeast near side.

Julius Caesar Crater parents 10 satellites in the highlands bordering Mare Serenitatis, Mare Tranquillitatis and Mare Vaporum in the lunar near side's northeastern quadrant.

The low latitude northern hemisphere-sited Julius Caesar Crater system lies in the highland region between the northwestern shores of Mare Tranquillitatis ("Sea of Tranquility") and Mare Vaporum ("Sea of Vapors"). Its location also places the craterous system in the highland region that intervenes between Mare Vaporum and Mare Serenitatis ("Sea of Serenity"), northern neighbor of Mare Tranquillitatis.

Julius Caesar Crater is centered at 9.17 degrees north latitude, 15.21 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 10.56 degrees north and 7.77 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater records easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 16.63 degrees east and 13.80 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar Crater has a diameter of 84.72 kilometers.

Mare Serenitatis is centered at 27.29 degrees north latitude, 18.36 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes for the northern hemisphere-sited lunar mare (Latin: mare, "sea"; plural, maria, "seas") touch 37.81 degrees north and 16.13 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere occupant'seasternmost and westernmost longitudes tap 29.92 degrees east and 6.59 degrees east, respectively. Mare Serenitatis has a diameter of 674.28 kilometers.

Mare Tranquillitatis is centered at 8.35 degrees north latitude, 30.83 degrees east longitude. The equator-straddling lunar mare establishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 19.37 degrees north and minus 4.05 degrees south, respectively. The eastern hemisphere-sited dark, basaltic plain obtains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 45.49 degrees east and 16.92 degrees east, respectively. Mare Tranquillitatis has a diameter of 875.75 kilometers.

Mare Vaporum is centered at 13.20 degrees north latitude, 4.09 degrees east longitude. The northern hemisphere-sited low latitude basaltic plain marks its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 16.91 degrees north and 9.39 degrees north, respectively. The prime meridian straddler tags its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 8.73 degrees east and minus 0.41 degrees west, respectively. Mare Vaporum's diameter measures 242.46 kilometers.

The Julius Caesar Crater system's 10 satellites trace an arc on and around their parent that separates their parent's northeastern, northern, northwestern, western, southwestern and southern perimeters from neighboring named crater systems. Satellite Q logs the farthest and northernmost distances from its parent. Satellite F rates as the system's northwesternmost and westernmost positions. Satellite D garners the system's southeasternmost position.

Julius Caesar A is positioned on its parent's southwestern, terraced wall. Its is centered at 7.66 degrees north latitude, 14.45 degrees east longitude. It obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 7.89 degrees north and 7.43 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 14.68 degrees east and 14.22 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar A has a diameter of 13.75 kilometers.

Julius Caesar B nestles on its parent's northwestern, terraced wall. It is centered at 9.76 degrees north latitude, 13.94 degrees east longitude. It posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 9.87 degrees north and 9.65 degrees north, respectively. It sets its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 14.05 degrees east and 13.82 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar B has a diminutive diameter of 6.72 kilometers.

Julius Caesar C lies to the southeast of satellite A. Satellite C fringes its parent's southwestern wall in terrain described as "low rounded banks" (page 56) by British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) in his description of Julius Caesar Crater in his Victorian era lunar guide, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895.

Julius Caesar C is centered at 7.30 degrees north latitude, 15.34 degrees east longitude. It limits its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 7.38 degrees north and 7.21 degrees north, respectively. It defines its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 15.42 degrees east and 15.26 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar C has a diminutive diameter of 4.97 kilometers.

Julius Caesar D lies to the southeast of satellite C. The Julius Caesar Crater system's southeasternmost point is centered at 7.19 degrees north latitude, 16.51 degrees east longitude. It realizes northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 7.26 degrees north and 7.11 degrees north, respectively. It observes easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 16.58 degrees east and 16.43 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar D's diminutive diameter measures 4.54 kilometers.

Julius Caesar F's occupancy of the terrain on its parent's northern outskirts distances it from the Julius Caesar Crater system's parental clusters. It is centered at 11.64 degrees north latitude, 12.96 degrees east longitude. Satellite F fixes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 12.05 degrees north and 11.23 degrees north, respectively. It maintains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 13.30 degrees east and 12.63 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar F's diameter measures 25.06 kilometers.

Julius Caesar G's position on its parent's northeastern wall opposes satellite B's habitation on the northwestern wall. Satellite G is centered at 10.16 degrees north latitude, 15.75 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch to 10.49 degrees north and 9.83 degrees north, respectively. It places its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 16.09 degrees east and 15.41 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar G's diameter measures 20.15 kilometers.

Julius Caesar H resides on its parent's western wall, to the southwest of satellites B and J. Satellite H is centered at 8.77 degrees north latitude, 13.58 degrees east longitude. It establishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 8.83 degrees north and 8.72 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes end at 13.63 degrees east and 13.52 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar H has a diminutive diameter of 3.48 kilometers.

Julius Caesar J is situated on its parent's western wall, to the southwest of satellite B and to the northeast of satellite H. Satellite J is centered at 9.31 degrees north latitude, 13.68 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are located at 9.36 degrees north and 9.26 degrees north, respectively. It achieves easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 13.73 degrees east and 13.63 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar J's diminutive diameter of 3.12 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Julius Caesar Crater system's 10 satellites.

Julius Caesar P lies the closest of the Julius Caesar Crater system's three northern exterior satellites (F, P, Q) to its parent. Satellite P is centered at 11.17 degrees north latitude, 14.15 degrees east longitude. It finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 11.77 degrees north and 10.58 degrees north, respectively. It acknowledges easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 14.76 degrees east and 13.54 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar P's diameter of 36.13 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Julius Caesar Crater system's 10 satellites.

Julius Caesar Q is positioned to the north of satellite P and to the northeast of satellite F. Satellite Q is centered at 12.99 degrees north latitude, 13.95 degrees east longitude. The Julius Caesar Crater system's northernmost member records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 13.46 degrees north and 12.52 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 14.43 degrees east and 13.46 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar Q's diameter spans 28.57 kilometers.

The Julius Caesar Crater system eponymizes first century BCE Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12, 100 BCE-March 15, 44 BCE). The system's parental crater received official approval of its name in 1935. Adoption of the system's 10 named satellites occurred in 2006.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Julius Caesar Crater system in lunar Julius Caesar Quadrangle; Elliot C. Morris and Don E. Wilhelms, Geologic Map of the Julius Caesar Quadrangle of the Moon; IMAP 510 (I-510), LAC-60 (1967), Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center: via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i510; via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0510/plate-1.pdf; via USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Astropedia @ https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Moon/Geology/year-1960/Moon-Geologic-Map-of-the-Julius-Caesar-Quadrangle; via USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Astropedia @ https://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/download/Moon/Geology/year-1960/Moon-Geologic-Map-of-the-Julius-Caesar-Quadrangle.pdf

Elliot C. Morris and Don E. Wilhelms, Geologic Map of the Julius Caesar Quadrangle of the Moon; IMAP 510 (I-510), LAC-60 (1967), Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center: via USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Astropedia @ https://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/download/Moon/Geology/year-1960/Moon-Geologic-Map-of-the-Julius-Caesar-Quadrangle.pdf; via USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Astropedia @ https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Moon/Geology/year-1960/Moon-Geologic-Map-of-the-Julius-Caesar-Quadrangle

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 60 shows the Julius Caesar Crater system's parent and 10 satellites; (bottom left corner) Hevelius Crater with satellites A, B, E and J; (right center) Hevelius D: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Lunar/lac_60_wac.pdf; via via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2859

For further information:

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “JULIUS CAESAR.--A large incomplete formation of irregular shape. The wall on the E. is much terraced, and forms a flat 'S' curve. The summit ridge is especially bright, and has a conspicuous little crater upon it. On the W. is a number of narrow longitudinal valleys trending from N. to S., included by a wide valley which constitutes the boundary on this side. The border on the S. consists of a number of low rounded banks, those immediately E. of Sosigenes being traversed by several shallow valleys, which look as if they had been shaped by alluvial action. There is a brilliant little hill at the end of one of these valleys, a few miles E. of Sosigenes. The floor of Julius Caesar is uneven in tone, becoming gradually duskier from S. to N., the northern end ranking among the darkest areas on the lunar surface. There are at least three large circular swellings in the interior. A long low mound, with two or three depressions upon it, bounds the wide valley on the E. side.” Page 56. The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: First Quadrant West Longitude 20° to 0°, pages 54-66. London [England]: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/56/mode/1up

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Julius Caesar.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2859

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Julius Caesar A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10242

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Julius Caesar B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10243

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Julius Caesar C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10244

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Julius Caesar D.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
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Tuesday, March 28, 2023

A Northern Lighthouse Inadvertently Admits Adverse Traffic in Whiteout

Summary: A northern lighthouse inadvertently admits adverse traffic in Whiteout, anglicized from Andkör, fifth thriller in Ragnar Jónasson’s Dark Iceland sextet.

Ártúnsbrekka ("bear's hillside"?) aid Ásta (“affection, love [or] heathen god”?) Káradóttir’s (“curly-haired, obstinate [or] reluctant [one’s] daughter”) when she attempted to arrive timely, December 18, from her basement apartment in Höfuðborgarsvæðið (Romanized Höfudborgarsvaedid, Greater Reykjavík (“smoky bay”), “The Capital Region”), at the Kálfshamarsvík ("calf rock-face bay") family house of Reykjavík ("smoky bay") businessman Reynir (“rowan [Sorbus spp]”) Ákason (“father’s son”) in upper northwest Iceland; June 20, 2011, image of extension of Vesturland Highway in Ártúnsbrekka (hill east of Elliðaár River), only place in Reykjavik with 80 kilometer speed limit: Helgi Halldórsson from Reykjavík, Iceland, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

A northern lighthouse inadvertently admits adverse traffic in Whiteout, anglicized from Andkör, fifth thriller in the Dark Iceland sextet about Siglufjörður (Romanized Siglufjördur) Detective Inspector Ari Thór Arason by author Ragnar Jónasson.

The fifth thriller besieges the basalt-columned, beautiful Kálfshamarsvík cove in upper northwest Iceland with murderous, psychologically abusive and suicidal behaviors over the course of 25-plus years. It conducts Ari (“eagle”) Thór (“thunder”) Arason (“eagle’s son”) from Siglufjördur (“sailing fjord”) to Blönduós (“mixed[-water] river mouth”) with girlfriend Kristín (“Christ-bearer”) from Akureyri (“sandbank field”). It likewise dispatches Tómas (“twin”), Detective Superintendent of the Serious Crimes Division, from Höfuðborgarsvæðið (Romanized Höfudborgarsvaedid, Greater Reykjavík (“smoky bay”), “The Capital Region” literally), to Blönduós.

Hanna (“mercy”) and Mummi (“protection, thought”?) enter and exit Blönduós Hotel, Kálfshamarsvíti (“calf rock-face bay lighthouse”) and the Reynir (“rowan [Sorbus spp]”) Ákason (“father’s son”) house.

Forensicists Hanna and Mummi find physical evidence in houseguest Ásta (“affection, love [or] heathen god”?) Káradóttir’s (“curly-haired, obstinate [or] reluctant [one’s] daughter”) attic bedroom and Kálfshamarsvíti.

Ásta gets from her Ránargata (“robbery street”) basement apartment to the attic apartment that Reynir’s father Áki (“father”) gave her father, Kári, as Kálfshamarsvíti lighthouse keeper. The 68-square-meter (731.95-square-foot) west Reykjavík apartment housed her after her father handed her over to her (paternal?) aunt even as a psychiatric ward housed him prehumously. It is in the old west, where Ari Thór once inhabited before itinerating to Siglufjördur and where he still is an Öldugata (“century street”) apartment owner.

Their lives never join until first Ásta and then Ari Thór journey to the cove-perched, multi-level house near the northern lighthouse in Whiteout, anglicized as Andkör.

Reynir never knows Ari Thór, Reykjavíkingur like his accountant father and violinist mother and like Reynir and parents Áki and Emilía (“competitive, eager, rivalrous [or] friendly”?).

Reykjavík likewise lodged Sölvi (“one-room house sanctuary”) Árnason (“eagle fireplace’s son”) as doctor and Sölvi Sölvason’s father and Thóra (“thunder”) Óskarsdóttir (“enemy’s daughter”) as college student. Thóra migrates back to the Kálfshamarsvík house, where she manages as housekeeper whom Reynir moves from the first-level to the basement apartment after his father’s death. She nestles into housekeeping niches as daughter of the lighthouse keeper after Kári and the housekeeper after her mother and as sister of property caretaker Óscar.

An obstinate rock-climbing injury that occasionally oppresses knee mobility obstructs Óscar Óskarsson operating 24/7 as Kálfshamarsvík keeper of the northern lighthouse in Whiteout, anglicized from Andkör.

Perhaps Arnór (“eagle thunder”) Heidarsson (“bright army’s son”), husband of the area wealthy heiress Thórhalla (“thunder rock, slate [or] stone”), prepares as lighthouse keeper after Óskar.

Heidar, Arnór’s father and subsequent father-in-law to Thórhalla, quartered his family on Kálfshamarsvík land proximitous to Reynir’s family home and 10 minutes from Hof (“shrine”) church. Arnór, Óskar, Reynir and Thóra remember Ásta’s mother Sæunn (Romanized Saeunn, “sea wave”) and sister Tinna (“flint”) and summer-camper Sara (“princess”) Stefánsdóttir (“garland[-bearer’s] daughter”) roaming Kálfshamarsvík. Somewhat scary skids and slides on the Thverárfjall (“intersecting mountain”) road from Sauðárkrókur (Romanized Saudárkrókur, “sheep river-hook”) to Blönduós stop Kristín from seeing Kálfshamarsvík and Kálfshamarsvíti.

The northern lighthouse in Whiteout, anglicized from Andkör, never tempts Tómas’ Siglufjördur successor, Herjólfur Herjólfsson (“army wolf’s son”), or Sara Margrét (“pearl”) Thrastardóttir (“thrush army’s daughter”).

Skagi ("peninsula") roads allow Ari (“eagle”) Thór (“thunder”) Arason (“eagle’s son”) and Kristín (“Christ-bearer”) to arrive auspiciously on time at Blönduós (“mixed[-water] river mouth”) Hotel. They are able to amble into the Blönduós (“mixed[-water] estuary") Co-op even as they availed themselves of the Siglufjörður (Romanized Siglufjördur, "mast, sailing fjord") Co-op. Kristín asked herself questions about her great-grandparents and their daughter before her arrival in upper northwest Iceland. Skagi roads to and from Sauðárkrókur (Romanized Saudárkrókur, “sheep river-hook”) attract her to the appropriate people and places for genealogical answers; June 24, 2007, panorama image of Blönduós, northern Iceland: TommyBee, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

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Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2022. "Thorsteinn Jónsson Advises All Are Astray in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/thorsteinn-jonsson-advises-all-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2022. "Abandoned Areas Are Awful for New Hires in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/abandoned-areas-are-awful-for-new-hires.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2022. "Active Tunnels Adjust to Awful Weather in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/active-tunnels-adjust-to-awful-weather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2022. "Snjóblinda, Anglicized Snowblind, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/snjoblinda-anglicized-snowblind.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2022. "Indian Rice Affirms Area Affluence in Snjóblinda, Anglicized Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/indian-rice-affirms-area-affluence-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2022. "Kjarval Adorns a Retired Diplomat’s Walls in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/kjarval-adorns-retired-diplomats-walls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2022. "Gunnlaugur Blöndal Art Assuages Sailors in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/gunnlaugur-blondal-art-assuages-sailors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2022. "House and Job for Two Years Are Alluring in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/house-and-job-for-two-years-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2022. "Locals and Tourists Adore Fish and Theatre in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/locals-and-tourists-adore-fish-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-archives.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2022. "Ham and Ptarmigan Are Christmas Meats in Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/ham-and-ptarmigan-are-christmas-meats.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Acquaints Us With Davíd Stefánsson." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Alludes to Thorsteinn Th. Thorsteinsson." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-alludes-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2022. "Five Deaths Affect 16 Lives in Thorpid, Anglicized The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/five-deaths-affect-16-lives-in-thorpid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2022. "Ring Road Accesses Northeast Iceland for Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/ring-road-accesses-northeast-iceland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Appends Party of Two." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-appends.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2022. "Icelandic Rock Ptarmigans Avoid Blizzards and Hunters in Outside." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/icelandic-rock-ptarmigans-avoid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2022. "Veröld Accepted Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti, Anglicized Outside." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/verold-accepted-icelandic-standalone.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2022. "Victoria Cribb Anglicizes Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti Into Outside." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/victoria-cribb-anglicizes-icelandic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2022. "Four Friends and One Enemy Are Indoors in Outside, Anglicized from Úti." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/four-friends-and-one-enemy-are-indoors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2022. "Adverse Weather Afflicts East Iceland in Outside, Anglicized From Úti." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/adverse-weather-afflicts-east-iceland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Appends The Silence of the Falling Snow." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-anglicized-mist-appends-silence.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2022. "Mistur, as The Mist, Appends Christmas Apples by Katrín Guðjónsdóttir." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-as-mist-appends-christmas-apples.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-anglicized-mist-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2022. "Hulda Ate Icelandic Food Christmas Eve in Mistur, Anglicized The Mist." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/hulda-ate-icelandic-food-christmas-eve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Acknowledges Halldór Laxness at Christmas." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-mist-acknowledges.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Acquaints Us With Olaf Olafsson." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-as-mist-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2022. "Accidental and Violent Deaths Aggrieve Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/accidental-and-violent-deaths-aggrieve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Angles Ring Road Along Coastal Iceland." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-as-mist-angles-ring.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-island-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Allows Icelandic Cuisine Takeout Pizza." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-island-allows.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized as The Island, Acquaints Us With Bessastadir." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-as-island-acquaints.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized as The Island, Asks What Einar Benediktsson Avers." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-as-island-asks-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2022. "Seven Deaths Afflict One Detective in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/seven-deaths-afflict-one-detective-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2022. "Fjords and Isles Are Accessible in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/fjords-and-isles-are-accessible-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized The Darkness, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/dimma-anglicized-darkness-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2022. "Icelandic Cuisine Americanizes Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/icelandic-cuisine-americanizes-dimma.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness, Accesses Bishop Jón Vídalín For Us." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/dimma-anglicized-as-darkness-accesses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness, Acquaints Us With Tomás Gudmundsson." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/dimma-anglicized-as-darkness-acquaints.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2022. "Not All Are Accounted For in Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/not-all-are-accounted-for-in-dimma.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2022. "Driving and Walking Tours Acquit Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/driving-and-walking-tours-acquit-dimma.html

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