Earth and Space News: d'Arrest Crater Phobos

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Wednesday, November 27, 2024

Moon Crater D'Arrest Honors German-Danish Astronomer Heinrich D'Arrest

Summary: Lunar near side D'Arrest Crater honors 19th-century French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer and comet and galaxy discoverer Heinrich Louis D'Arrest.

Apollo 15 image of bright-rayed Dionysius Crater (center), with Cayley Crater (center right edge) and broken-rimmed D'Arrest Crater (above right, between Dionysius and Cayley), NASA ID AS15-M-2559; "[[Apollo 15]] oblique mapping camera image rotated and cropped in Gimp to show Dionysius crater and surrounding terrain," uploaded 2013-09-13 04:29: James Stuby (JStuby), Public Domain, CC0 1.0 DEED CC0 1.0 Universal, via Wikimedia Commons

Lunar near side D'Arrest Crater honors Heinrich Louis D'Arrest, a 19th-century French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer whose achievements include comet and galaxy discoveries.

D'Arrest Crater occupies the northeastern quadrant on the lunar near side. The low northern latitude impact crater reposes near the moon's prime meridian, which marks zero degrees longitude on the lunar disc, and the equator.

D'Arrest Crater is centered at 2.26 degrees north latitude, 14.60 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater records northmost and southmost latitudes of 2.75 degrees north and 1.78 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere inhabitant registers eastmost and westmost longitudes of 15.09 degrees east and 14.11 degrees east, respectively. D'Arrest Crater's diameter measures 29.67 kilometers.

D'Arrest Crater inhabits the lava-flooded terrain near the southwestern edges of Mare Tranquillitatis. Nearby, Statio Tranquillitatis (Tranquility Base), the site of the landing of Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle, on Sunday, July 20, 1969, at approximately 20:17:40 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), numbers among the landmarks located within the Sea of Tranquility's southern extent.

Mare Tranquillitatis is centered at 8.35 degrees north latitude, 30.83 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes for the lunar mare (Latin: mare, "sea"; plural, maria, "seas") stretch from 19.37 degrees north to minus 4.05 degrees south, respectively. The dark, basaltic plain's easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend from 45.49 degrees east to 16.92 degrees east, respectively. The Sea of Tranquility's diameter spans 875.75 kilometers.

Statio Tranquillitatis (Latin: statio; plural: stationes; "a standing, a position, a post") is centered at 0.67 degrees north latitude, 23.47 degrees east longitude. The Apollo 11 site has a diameter of 0.01 kilometers.

Dionysius Crater resides on the western edge of Mare Tranquillitatis, northwest of Statio Tranquillitatis and east of D'Arrest Crater. Dionysius Crater is centered at. 2.77 degrees north latitude, 17.29 degrees east longitude. The lunar northern hemisphere-sited crater marks its northmost and southmost latitudes at 3.06 degrees north and 2.49 degrees north, respectively. The lunar eastern hemisphere resident establishes its eastmost and westmost longitudes at 17.58 degrees east and 17.01 degrees east, respectively. The high-albedo (Latin: albedo; plural: albedines; "whiteness") crater's diameter measures 17.25 kilometers.

Cayley, De Morgan and Whewell craters group to the northwest of Dionysius Crater and to the north of D'Arrest Crater. Cayley and De Morgan craters are positioned to the north-northeast of D'Arrest Crater. Whewell Crater is sited to the northwest of D'Arrest Crater.

Cayley Crater is centered at 3.94 degrees north latitude, 15.09 degrees east longitude. The lunar northern hemisphere-sited crater posts northmost and southmost latitudes of 4.17 degrees north and 3.70 degrees north, respectively. The lunar eastern hemisphere occupant obtains eastmost and westmost longitudes of 15.32 degrees east and 14.85 degrees east, respectively. Cayley Crater's diameter measures 14.20 kilometers.

De Morgan Crater is centered at 3.31 degrees north latitude, 14.89 degrees east longitude. The lunar northern hemisphere-sited crater finds its northmost and southmost latitudes at 3.47 degrees north and 3.15 degrees north, respectively. The lunar eastern hemisphere dweller's eastmost and westmost longitudes occur at 15.05 degrees east and 14.73 degrees east, respectively. De Morgan Crater has a diameter of 9.68 kilometers.

Whewell Crater is centered at 4.16 degrees north latitude, 13.73 degrees east longitude. The lunar northern hemisphere-sited crater achieves its northmost and southmost latitudes at 4.38 degrees north and 3.95 degrees north, respectively. The lunar eastern hemisphere-habitant lists its eastmost and westmost longitudes as 13.95 degrees east and 13.52 degrees east, respectively. Whewell Crater's diameter measures 13.05 kilometers.

D'Arrest Crater memorializes French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (Aug. 13, 1822-June 14, 1875). His astronomical achievements include comet and galaxy discoveries. He discovered periodic comet 6P/d'Arrest (d'Arrest's Comet; Comet d'Arrest) on Saturday, June 28, 1851, at the Leipzig Observatory (Sternwarte Leipzig) in Leipzig, Saxony state, east central Germany. He is credited with six more comet discoveries, according to "List of Comet Designations and Names," published on Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS) website for the International Comet Quarterly (ICQ). Heinrich D'Arrest also is credited with the discovery of 342 NGC (New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters, first published in 1888) objects, according to the entry, "d’Arrest, Heinrich Louis," by Estonian astronomer Mihkel Jõeveer (Aug. 3, 1937-June 6, 2006) in Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, published in 2014.

The International Astronomical Union approved D'Arrest as the lunar impact crater's name in 1935. Approval was granted during the organization's Vth (5th) General Assembly, held Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17, in Paris, France.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 60 presents the D'Arrest Crater system's parent and four satellites (lower left), with D'Arrest M satellite's shape outlined with dotted oval; image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU; Date of Last Nomenclature Update July 26, 2017: via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Lunar/lac_60_wac.pdf (image URL); https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1695 (feature URL)

undated portrait of 19th-century French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer Heinrich Louis D'Arrest by Danish photographer Bertel Christian Budtz Müller (Dec. 26, 1837-Dec. 30, 1884); Royal Library (Danish: Det Kongelige Bibliotek), Copenhagen, northeastern Denmark: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_Louis_d'Arrest_by_Budtz_Müller.jpg; Public Domain, via GetArchive @ https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/media/heinrich-louis-darrest-by-budtz-muller-41e725

For further information:

Adams, J.C. (John Couch). "Address Delivered by the President, Professor Adams, on presenting the Gold Medal of the Society to Professor Heinrich D'Arrest." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 35, issue 4 (February 1875): 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/35.4.265.
Available via Oxford Academic @ https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/35/4/265/1192168

Bussey, Ben; and Paul Spudis. The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. Revised and updated edition. First published 2004. Cambridge UK; Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Available via Dokumen.PUB @ https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/the-clementine-atlas-of-the-moon-9780521141017-052114101x.html

Dreyer, J. (John Louis Emil). "Heinrich Louis d'Arrest." Pages 1-14. Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft, II. Jahrgang (1876).
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/vierteljahrsschr1112astr/page/n8/mode/1up

Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. "Comet Names and Designations." Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS) International Comet Quarterly (ICQ) > List of Comet Designations and Names.
Available via Harvard University EPS ICQ @ http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/names1.html

Hellweg, J.F., Captain. "The Naval Observatory's New Telescope." Proceedings Vol. 61/1/383. January 1935.
Available @ https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1935/january/naval-observatorys-new-telescope

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1695

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8546

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8547

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest M.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8548

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest R.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mars System > Phobos. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8549

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Dionysius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mars System > Phobos. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1542

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

Joeveer, Mihkel. "d’Arrest, Heinrich Louis." Springer Link > Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers: pages 515-516. First Online: 24 December 2016.
Available @ https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_326

Krajnović, Davor. "Chapter 6: "'That star is not on the map': The German side of the discovery." Pages 185-244. In: William E. Sheehan, editor-in-chief; and Trudy E. Bell, C. Kennett, R. Smith, eds., Neptune: From Grand Discovery to a World Revealed. Essays on the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of John Couch Adams. Historical & Cultural Astronomy (HCA) series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021.
Available via ArXiv @ https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2108/2108.06305.pdf

Kronk, Gary W. "6P/d'Arrest." Cometography > Kronk Catalog of Periodic Comets > Periodic Comets: Comets Observed More Than Once: Periodic Comets 1P to 50P > Periodic Comets 1P to 50P: Designation: 6P d'Arrest.
Available @ http://cometography.com/pcomets/006p.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Nine Craters Honor Phobos Finder's Wife and Eight Mars Scientists." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 20, 2024.
Available @

The Moon Wiki. “D'Arrest.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > D Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/D'Arrest

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > T Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Cayley (Moon) Named after Arthur Cayley -- British astronomer, mathematician (1821-1895)." We Name the Stars > Moon > Feature Type: Crater > Features Associated With Crater: Crater Cayley.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/1093

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "D'Arrest (Moon) Named after Heinrich Louis D'Arrest -- German astronomer (1822-1875)." We Name the Stars > Moon > Feature Type: Crater > Features Associated With Crater: Crater D'Arrest.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/1695

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "De Morgan (Moon) Named after Augustus Morgan -- British mathematician (1806-1871).." We Name the Stars > Moon > Feature Type: Crater > Features Associated With Crater: Crater De Morgan.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/1443

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Mare Tranquillitatis (Moon) 'Sea of Tranquility.'" We Name the Stars > Moon > Feature Type: Mare > Features Associated With Mare: Mare Tranquillitatis.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/3691

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Whewell (Moon) Named after William Whewell -- British philosopher (1794-1866)." We Name the Stars > Moon > Feature Type: Crater > Features Associated With Crater: Crater Whewell.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/6533

Sheehan, William E., editor-in-chief; and Trudy E. Bell; C. Kennett; R. Smith, eds. Neptune: From Grand Discovery to a World Revealed. Essays on the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of John Couch Adams. Historical & Cultural Astronomy (HCA) series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021.
Available via Springer Link @ https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-54218-4

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V B Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/
Available via The Moon Wiki @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_Transactions_V

van der Hucht, Karel, ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XXVI B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008. Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Wood, Chuck. "How Deep Is That Hole?" LPOD Lunar Photo of the Day. Dec. 11, 2006.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20110516210220/http://www.lpod.org/?m=20061211
Available via LPOD @ http://www2.lpod.org/wiki/December_11,_2006

Wednesday, November 20, 2024

Nine Craters Honor Phobos Finder's Wife and Eight Mars Scientists

Summary: Nine Phobian craters honor the Phobos finder and his first wife and Mars scientists D'Arrest, Opik, Roche, Sharpless, Shklovsky, Todd and Wendell.

albumen silver print photograph of Asaph Hall by American photographer Mathew B. Brady (1823?-Jan. 15, 1896), dated 1880, approximately three years after Hall's 1877 discoveries of Martian natural satellites Deimos and Phobos; National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC: CC0 Public Domain, via NPG SI

Nine Phobian craters honor Phobos finder Asaph Hall and his first wife, Angeline, and Mars-interested scientists Heinrich d'Arrest, Ernst Öpik, Édouard Roche, Bevan Sharpless, Iosif Shklovsky, David Todd and Oliver Wendell.

Hall Crater honors American astronomer Asaph Hall (Oct. 15, 1829-Nov. 22, 1917). In 1973 the IAU approved Hall as the crater's name. The astronomical name-approving nonprofit organization's XVth (25th) General Assembly was held in 1973 from Tuesday, Aug. 21, to Thursday, Aug. 30, in Sydney, New South Wales, southeastern Australia.

Hall Crater is centered at minus 80.00 degrees south latitude, 210.00 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater records northmost and southmost latitudes of minus 64.00 degrees south and minus 84.00 degrees south, respectively. It registers eastmost and westmost longitudes of 140.00 degrees west and 280.00 degrees west, respectively. Hall Crater's diameter measures 5.40 kilometers.

During his tenure as Professor of Mathematics, 1862-1891, at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington DC, Asaph Hall discovered the two natural satellites that orbit Mars. His discovery of Deimos occurred on Sunday, Aug. 12, 1877. He discovered Phobos on Saturday, Aug. 18, 1877.

Stickney Crater honors American mathematician Chloe Angeline Stickney (Nov. 1, 1830-July 3, 1892), Asaph Hall's first wife. The IAU officially adopted Stickney as the crater's name in 1973.

Stickney Crater is centered at 1.00 degrees north latitude, 49.00 degrees west longitude. Equator-straddling Stickney Crater extends almost equally into the Phobian northern and southern hemispheres, with northmost and southmost latitudes at 22.00 degrees north and minus 20.00 degrees south, respectively. It achieves eastmost and westmost longitudes of 28.00 degrees west and 70.00 degrees west, respectively. Stickney's diameter of 9.00 kilometers qualifies it as the largest crater on Phobos.

D'Arrest Crater memorializes French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (Aug. 13, 1822-June 14, 1875). The IAU granted approval of D'Arrest as the crater's name in 1973.

D'Arrest Crater is centered at minus 39.00 degrees south latitude, 179.00 degrees west longitude. The southern hemisphere crater's northmost and southmost latitudes occur at minus 34.00 degrees south and minus 44.00 degrees south, respectively. It finds its eastmost and westmost longitudes at 174.00 degrees west and 184.00 degrees west, respectively. D'Arrest Crater has a diameter of 2.10 kilometers.

Öpik Crater is named after Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist Ernst Julius Öpik (Oct. 22 [Old Style O.S. Oct. 10] 1893-Sep. 10, 1985). Adoption of Öpik as the crater's name took place Thursday, July 28, 2011.

Öpik Crater is centered at minus 7.00 degrees south latitude, 297.00 degrees west longitude. The southern hemisphere crater marks its northmost and southmost latitudes at minus 2.00 degrees south and minus 12.00 degrees south, respectively. It obtains eastmost and westmost longitudes of 292.00 degrees west and 302.00 degrees west, respectively. Öpik Crater has a diameter of 2.00 kilometers.

Roche Crater commemorates French astronomer, celestial mechanics specialist, mathematician and meteorologist Édouard Albert Roche (Oct. 17, 1820-April 27, 1883). Roche Crater received IAU approval in 1973.

American astronomer and U.S. Naval Observatory Junior Astronomer (Jan. 16, 1929-Jan. 1, 1949) Bevan Percival Sharpless (Aug. 2, 1904-Oct. 28, 1950) discerned the decaying orbit of Phobos from observations of the Martian system's inner satellite made in 1939 and 1941 via the U.S. Naval Observatory's 40-inch telescope, which had been installed in 1934; coinvented by American optician and telescope maker George Willis Ritchey (Dec. 31, 1864-Nov. 4, 1945) and French astronomer and inventor Henri Jacques Chrétien (Feb. 1, 1879-Feb. 6, 1956), the still-in-use Ritchey-Chrétien telescope was relocated in 1955, due to light pollution in Washington DC, to the U.S. Naval Observatory's Flagstaff Station: P. Shankland, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Roche Crater is centered at 53.00 degrees north latitude, 183.00 degrees west longitude. The northern hemisphere crater posts northmost and southmost latitudes of 60.00 degrees north and 46.00 degrees north, respectively. It defines its eastmost and westmost longitudes at 172.00 degrees west and 194.00 degrees west, respectively. Roche Crater's diameter measures 2.30 kilometers.

Sharpless Crater namesakes American astronomer Bevan Percival Sharpless (Aug. 2, 1904-Oct. 28, 1950). The IAU officially adopted Sharpless as the crater's name in 1973.

Sharpless Crater is centered at minus 27.50 degrees south latitude, 154.00 degrees west longitude. The southern hemisphere crater establishes northmost and southmost latitudes at minus 23.00 degrees south and minus 32.00 degrees south, respectively. Its eastmost and westmost longitudes run from 149.00 degrees west to 159.00 degrees west, respectively. Sharpless Crater has a diameter of 1.80 kilometers.

Shklovsky Crater is named after Jewish Ukrainian radio astronomer and theoretical astrophysicist Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky (July 1, 1916-March 3, 1985). Shklovsky Crater received IAU approval on Thursday, July 28, 2011.

Shklovsky Crater is centered at 24.00 degrees north latitude, 248.00 degrees west longitude. The northern hemisphere crater reveals northmost and southmost latitudes of 29.00 degrees north and 19.00 degrees north, respectively. Its eastmost and westmost longitudes are reported at 242.00 degrees west and 254.00 degrees west, respectively. Shklovsky Crater's diameter measures 2.00 kilometers.

Todd Crater remembers David Peck Todd (March 19, 1855-June 1, 1939), American astronomer and producer of complete set of photographs of the 1882 transit of Venus. The IAU officially adopted Todd as the crater's name in 1973.

Todd Crater is centered at minus 9.00 degrees south latitude, 153.00 degrees west longitude. The southern hemisphere crater perimeterizes its northmost and southmost latitudes at minus 3.00 degrees south and minus 15.00 degrees south, respectively. Its eastmost and westmost longitudes reach 147.00 degrees west and 159.00 degrees west, respectively. Todd Crater has a diameter of 2.60 kilometers.

Wendell Crater recognizes Oliver Clinton Wendell (May 7, 1845-Nov. 5, 1912), American astronomer and photometric measurer of the satellites of Jupiter, the satellites of Mars and variable stars. The IAU approved Wendell as the crater's name in 1973.

Wendell Crater is centered at minus 1.00 degrees south latitude, 132 degrees west longitude. The equator-straddling crater extends its northmost and southmost latitudes at 3.00 degrees north and minus 5.00 degrees south, respectively. Its eastmost and westmost longitudes touch 128.00 degrees west and 136.00 degrees west, respectively. Wendell Crater's diameter measures 1.70 kilometers.

Two approval dates exist for the nine Phobian craters named for Mars-interested scientists. Craters D'Arrest, Hall, Roche, Sharpless, Stickney, Todd and Wendell comprise the group of seven approved in 1973 during the IAU's XVth General Assembly. Craters Öpik and Shklovsky share Thursday, July 28, 2011, as their adoption date.

Observations of the satellites of Mars were made by American astronomer and fourth Harvard College Observatory (HCO) Director (1877-1919) Edward Charles Pickering (July 19, 1846-Feb. 3, 1919) and Harvard College Observatory Assistant (1879; Assistant Professor, 1898-1912) Oliver Clinton Wendell (May 7, 1845-Nov. 5, 1912) via a photometer attached to the 15-inch equatorial telescope, installed in 1847, in Harvard College Observatory, as described by Pickering in "Photometric observations of the satellites of Mars, made at the Harvard College Observatory, 1881-1882," published in Astronomische Nachrichten, No. 2437 (pages 193-196), in 1882; "The Cambridge U.S. Equatoreal," Plate II, "B.F. Nutting, del. Lith. of A. Sonrel, Cambridge, Mass., A. Sonrel on stone," drawn by Boston, Massachusetts-based American artist Benjamin Franklin Nutting (ca. 1803-1887) (delineavit, "B.F. Nutting drew"), lithograph by Boston, Massachusetts-based Swiss-American engraver, photographer and scientific illustrator Antoine Sorel (1804-1879): Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Boussinesq, J. (Joseph Valentin). "Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. Édouard Roche, professeur à la Faculté des sciences de Montpellier, correspondant de l'Institut, membre associé de la Société des sciences de Lille." Pages 17-35. Mémoires de aa Société des Sciences de l'agriculture et des Arts de Lille. 4e série. -- Tome XIV. Lille: L. Quarré, Libraire, 1885.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58117762/f19.image.r

Contopoulos, G. (George); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XV B Proceedings of the 15th General Assembly and Extraordinary General Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 24-30, 1973. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1974.
Available via IAU @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/
Available via The Moon Wiki @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_Transactions_XVB

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mars System > Phobos. Last updated Nov 29, 2006 7:45 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1696

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hall.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Nov 29, 2006 7:47 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2328

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Öpik.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mars System > Phobos. Last updated Jul 28, 2011 8:08 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14865

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Roche.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Nov 29, 2006 7:48 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5167

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Sharpless.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Nov 29, 2006 7:50 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5474

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Shklovsky.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mars System > Phobos. Last updated Jul 28, 2011 8:11 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14866

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Stickney.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Nov 29, 2006 7:51 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5707

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Todd.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mars System > Phobos. Last updated Nov 29, 2006 7:52 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6042

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wendell.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Nov 29, 2006 7:53 AM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6518

Marriner, Derdriu. "Eight Phobian Craters Are Named for Characters in Gulliver's Travels." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 6, 2024.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. "Gravity May Reshape Innermost Martian Moonlet Phobos Into Rocky Ring." Earth and Space News. Tuesday, Nov. 24, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/gravity-may-reshape-innermost-martian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Johannes Kepler and Gulliver Places Name Phobian Plain, Region, Ridge." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 30, 2024.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. "Martian Satellite Deimos Has Two Craters Named Swift and Voltaire." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 23, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/10/martian-satellite-deimos-has-two.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Imaged Phobos Orbiting Mars May 12, 2016." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 20, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/nasas-hubble-space-telescope-imaged.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Stickney Crater Honors Phobos Discoverer Asaph Hall’s First Wife." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 3, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/stickney-crater-honors-phobos.html

Mason, Brian D. "U.S. Naval Observatory's great refractor turns 150 years old." Astronomy February 2023 issue > Science. Published Feb. 7, 2023.
Available @ https://www.astronomy.com/science/u-s-naval-observatorys-great-refractor-turns-150-years-old/

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "D'Arrest (Phobos) Named after Heinrich L. D'Arrest -- German/Danish astronomer (1822-1875)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater D'Arrest.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/1696

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Hall (Phobos) Named after Asaph Hall -- American astronomer, discoverer of Phobos and Deimos (1829-1907)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Hall.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/2328

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Öpik (Phobos) Ernst J., Estonian astronomer (1893-1985)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Öpik.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/14865

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Roche (Phobos) Named after Edouard Roche -- French astronomer (1820-1883)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Roche.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/5167

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Sharpless (Phobos) Named after Bevan P. Sharpless -- American astronomer (1904-1950)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Sharpless.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/5474

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Shklovsky (Phobos) Iosif S., Soviet astronomer (1916-1985)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Shklovsky.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/14866

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Stickney (Phobos) Named after Angeline Stickney -- wife of American astronomer A. Hall (1830-1892)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Stickney.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/5707

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Todd (Phobos) Named after David Todd -- American astronomer (1855-1939)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Todd.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/6042

Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Wendell (Phobos) Named after Oliver C. Wendell -- American astronomer (1845-1912)." We Name the Stars > Phobos > Feature Type: All Features > Features Associated With Phobos: Crater Wendell.
Available via We Name the Stars @ https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/6518

Pickering, Edward C. (Charles). "Oliver Clinton Wendell." Popular Astronomy, vol. XXI, no. 21; whole number 201 (January 1913): 24-25.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913PA.....21...24P/abstract
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1913PA.....21...24P
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913PA.....21...24P

Pickering, Edward C. (Charles). "Photometric Observations of the Satellites of Mars, made at the Harvard Observatory, 1881-1882." Astronomische Nachrichten, Hundert und zweiter Band [vol. 102], issue 113, no. 2437 (1882): 193-196.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1882AN....102..193P
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1882AN....102..193P
Available via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101045556667&seq=323
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101045556667?urlappend=%3Bseq=323%3Bownerid=27021597769246436-375

Sharpless, Bevan P. "Secular Accelerations in the Longitudes of the Satellites of Mars." The Astronomical Journal, vol. 51, number 7 (November 1945 -- No. 1155): 185-186.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945AJ.....51..185S/abstract
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/AJ.../0051//0000185.000.html
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1945AJ.....51..185S

Winsor, Justin, ed. "Oliver Clinton Wendell . . . . 3. Photometric observations of the satellites of Mars, 1881-1882. [E.C. Pickering and O.C. Wendell, observers.] Astronomische Nachrichten, cii. 198." Page 59. Bibliographical Contributions: A List of the Publications of Harvard University and Its Officers, With the Chief Publications on the University, 1880-1885, no. 21. Cambridge MA: Issued by The Library of Harvard University, 1886.
Available via Google Books Read for Free @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bibliographical_Contributions/dtE-AAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=oliver+clinton+wendell+astronomer+mars&pg=PA59