Sunday, March 31, 2019

Puerto Rican Emerald Hummingbirds and Puerto Rican Statehood


Summary: The Puerto Rico Admission Act of 2019 advances Puerto Rican statehood and, by extension, Puerto Rican emerald hummingbirds as United States wildlife.


female Puerto Rican emerald hummingbird (Chlorostilbon maugaeus), illustrated by French naturalist and illustrator Jean Baptiste Audebert (March 2, 1759-Dec. 5, 1800); J.B. Audebert and L.J.P. Vieillot's Oiseaux Dorés (Histoire Naturelle) (1802), tome premier, Planche XXXVIII, opposite page 96: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

The Puerto Rico Admission Act of 2019 abolishes the 120-year colonial status of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and, by extension, of Puerto Rican emerald hummingbirds, and advances automatic Puerto Rican statehood.
The Puerto Rico Admission Act of 2019, introduced March 28, 2019, by Florida Democratic Representative Darren Soto, bears Puerto Rico 51st statehood without conditions or referendums. It conveys economic benefits and voting rights upon the Caribbean island's citizens and celebration of Caribbean island fauna and flora into United States state-by-state wildlife guidebooks. Hummingbirds dwell in the Americas, with Allen's, Anna's, black-chinned, blue-throated, broad-billed, broad-tailed, buff-bellied, Calliope, Costa's, Lucifer, magnificent, ruby-throated, rufous, violet-crowned and white-eared discerned as North American.
Authoritative publications such as those by the American Museum of Natural History enter berylline hummingbirds from Mexico for summer encounters in southeastern Arizona and western Texas.

Puerto Rican coquí tree frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui), hibiscus (Thespesia grandiflora), silk-cotton trees (Ceiba pentandra) and stripe-headed tanagers (Spindalis zena) sometimes function as emblematic, quintessential, symbolic icons.
Puerto Rican statehood to a Caribbean island within the North American continental shelf gives the United States another of the 320-plus-specied crown jewels of the air. Four-plus-year life cycles herald mating seasons February through May and 14- to 16-day incubations of two non-glossy, smooth, white 0.52- by 0.32-plus-inch (13- by 8-millimeter) eggs. Altricial, naked hatchlings inhabit cup-like, fern-scale and lichen, plant down- and wild cotton-lined, 1-plus-inch (2.54-plus-centimeter) outer-diameter, 1-plus-inch- (2.54-plus-centimeter-) high, 0.75-plus-inch (1.91-plus-centimeter) inner-diameter, 1-plus-inch- (2.54-plus-centimeter-) deep nests.
Mother-tended Puerto Rican emerald hummingbirds juggle gray undersides and dark upper-sides when they journey as 20- to 22-day-old fledglings from mother-built, mother-maintained nests to independent nesting.

Mature females know 2.95- to 3.35-inch (7.5- to 8.5-centimeter) head-tail lengths, 3.94- to 4.33-inch (10- to 11-centimeter) wingspans and 0.12- to 0.13-ounce (3.4- to 3.8-gram) weights.
Black-billed, gray-throated juveniles and mature females log gray-green crowns and foreheads; grass-green upper-parts and upper-tail coverts; gray undersides; tails less forked than males; and blue-brown-green-white steering-feathers. Mature males manifest 3.35- to 3.74-inch (8.5- to 9.5-centimeter) head-tail lengths, 4.33- to 4.72-inch (11- to 12-centimeter) wingspans and 0.12- to 0.13-ounce (3.4- to 3.8-gram) weights. They net dark, short, straight bills; dark upper and dark-tipped red lower mandibles; glossy-green crowns and foreheads; iridescent blue-green throats; and black-green upper-parts and upper-tail coverts.
Blue-tailed mature males, observed by Jean Audebert (March 2, 1759-Dec. 5, 1800) and Louis Vieillot (May 10, 1748-Aug. 24, 1830), obtain glossy-green underparts and under-tail coverts.

Puerto Rico's Chlorostilbon maugaeus (from Greek χλωρός, "green" and στίλβω, "gleaming," for René Maugé, 1761?-Feb. 21, 1802) performs backward, downward, forward, upward 50-beat per second flights.
Puerto Rican emerald hummingbirds quicken to coastal, coffee plantation, forest and woodland habitats in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands at sea-level through 2,624.67-foot (800-meter) altitudes. They require air- or branch-borne insects; arachnids; and bromeliad (Hohenbergia, Vriesea), coral-tree (Erythrina), false-petunia (Ruellia), ginger-lily (Hedychium), orchid (Dilomilis, Epidendrum), pitch-apple (Clusia) and water-willow (Justicia) nectars. Their strong tic notes sound at various speeds, until they stop on high-pitched, rapid buzzes and trills, from 3.28- to 19.68-foot- (1- to 6-meter-) tall shrubs.
Puerto Rican statehood touches Puerto Rican emerald hummingbirds, zumbadorcitos boriqueños de la reserva de la biosfera de Guánica (Puerto Rican hummers of the Guánica Biosphere Reserve).

male Puerto Rican emerald hummingbird (Chlorostilbon maugaeus), illustrated by French naturalist and illustrator Jean Baptiste Audebert (March 2, 1759-Dec. 5, 1800); J.B. Audebert and L.J.P. Vieillot's Oiseaux Dorés (Histoire Naturelle) (1802), tome premier, Planche XXXVII, opposite page 93: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
female Puerto Rican emerald hummingbird (Chlorostilbon maugaeus), illustrated by French naturalist and illustrator Jean Baptiste Audebert (March 2, 1759-Dec. 5, 1800); J.B. Audebert and L.J.P. Vieillot's Oiseaux Dorés (Histoire Naturelle) (1802), tome premier, Planche XXXVIII, opposite page 96: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35131961
male Puerto Rican emerald hummingbird (Chlorostilbon maugaeus), illustrated by French naturalist and illustrator Jean Baptiste Audebert (March 2, 1759-Dec. 5, 1800); J.B. Audebert and L.J.P. Vieillot's Oiseaux Dorés (Histoire Naturelle) (1802), tome premier, Planche XXXVII, opposite page 93: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35131956

For further information:
Audebert, J.B.; and L.J.P. Vieillot. 1802. "L'Oiseau-mouche maugé femelle. Planche XXXVIII." Histoire Naturelle et Générale des Colibris, Oiseaux-Mouches, Jacamars et Promerops: Oiseaux Dorés, ou à Reflets Métalliques, tome premier: 96. Paris, France: Desray, An XI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35131960
Audebert, J.B.; and L.J.P. Vieillot. 1802. "L'Oiseau-mouche maugé femelle. Pl. 58." Histoire Naturelle et Générale des Colibris, Oiseaux-Mouches, Jacamars et Promerops: Oiseaux Dorés, ou à Reflets Métalliques, tome premier: opposite page 96. Paris, France: Desray, An XI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35131961
Audebert, J.B.; and L.J.P. Vieillot. 1802. "L'Oiseau-mouche maugé mâle." Histoire Naturelle et Générale des Colibris, Oiseaux-Mouches, Jacamars et Promerops: Oiseaux Dorés, ou à Reflets Métalliques, tome premier: 93-95. Paris, France: Desray, An XI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35131957
Audebert, J.B.; and L.J.P. Vieillot. 1802. "L'Oiseau-mouche maugé mâle. Pl. 57." Histoire Naturelle et Générale des Colibris, Oiseaux-Mouches, Jacamars et Promerops: Oiseaux Dorés, ou à Reflets Métalliques, tome premier: opposite page 93. Paris, France: Desray, An XI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35131956
Baicich, Paul J.; and Colin J.O. Harrison. 2015. Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. Princeton Field Guides. Second edition. Princeton NJ; and Woodstock, Oxfordshire, UK: Princeton University Press.
"Guanica." United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization > Natural Sciences > Environment > Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development > Biosphere Reserves > 292 sites in 37 countries in Europe and North America > United States of America.
Available @ http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=USA+35&mode=all
Jativa, Daniel. 28 March 2019. "Bipartisan Pair Introduces Puerto Rico Statehood Bill in Congress." Washington Examiner > News.
Available @ https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/bipartisan-group-introduced-puerto-rico-statehood-bill-in-congress
Schuchman, Karl-L. "Puerto Rican Emerald Chlorotilbon maugaeus." In: Michael Hutchins, Jerome A. Jackson, Walter J. Bock and Donna Olendorf, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 9, Birds II: 464. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2002.
Vuilleumier, François, editor-in-chief; and Paul Sweet, consultant. American Museum of Natural History Birds of North America. Revised edition. New York NY: DK Publishing, 2016.



Saturday, March 30, 2019

Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes


Summary: An article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry March 2019 assesses balancing benefits of roadside trees against risk of streetscape tree crashes.


an extreme example of a streetscape tree crash: BBC News (UK) @BBCNews via Twitter Dec. 16, 2018

An article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry March 2019 associates the risk of streetscape tree crashes with the "probability of an event occurring and the consequence of the event should it occur."
Co-authors Ethan Allen, George Fitzpatrick, Andrew Koeser, Michael Olexa and Jeffery Van Treese II broach appealing, pleasing, stress-reducing, value-added tree-lined roadsides when target-struck by tree failure. Streetscape trees correlate socio-economically with output state expenditure and value-added capital consumption, income, indirect business tax and wage impacts and with fixed-object crashes in run-off-road accidents. Roadway conditions, design and geometry and vehicle weight determine the relative risk of streetscape tree crashes, whether roadside trees dispense hazardous tree failures or roadway definitions.
Guardrail leading ends, streetscape trees and utility poles enhance probabilities of fatal injuries in fixed-object crashes even as constrained, enclosed, smaller streetscapes encourage less risky driving.

Fixed-object crash severity fetches no injuries; minor bruises, lacerations and scrapes; major disabilities and incapacitations, including fractures and severed limbs; or fatal injuries within 30 days.
The article Frequency and Severity of Tree and Other Fixed Object Crashes in Florida, 2006-2013, gauged streetscape tree crashes at 14.6 percent of 323,581 single-vehicle crashes. Rural and urban settings respectively harbored streetscape tree crashes as the second and third commonest crash types, as 15 and 14.2 percent of their crashes, 2006-2013. Predictor variables of daylight, dark, dark with lighting and dawn/dusk identified streetscape tree crashes as respectively 10, 8.2, 23.1 and 9.8 percent of 323,581 single-vehicle crashes.
Streetscape tree crashes juggled respective frequencies of 14.29, 9.48, 6.8, 4.48 and 3.73 percent in single-vehicle crashes in severe crosswind, low-visibility, clear, rainy and cloudy weathers.

Severity analysis by no, minor, severe and fatal injuries knew respective frequencies of 46.6, 40.8, 10.8 and 1.7 percent of 7,341 total streetscape tree crashes, 2006-2013.
Of barrier, ditch, fence, no-fixed-object, pole, rollover, sign, structure, tree and water single-vehicle crashes, signs and structures logged far less severe levels than streetscape tree crashes. Rollovers manifest likelihoods of increased severity levels 1.5 times that of streetscape tree crashes and model 6.1 and 14.72 percent of rural and urban single-vehicle crashes. Narrow clear zones and lane widths on high-speed rural and low-speed urban roadways and large-zoned, wide-laned urban roadways net respectively high-frequency and low-frequency streetscape tree crashes.
Planters, trees and low-speed wide lanes respectively occasion fewer mid-block and urban run-off-roadway, greater rural run-off-roadway and, with increased driveway and pole density, greater single-vehicle crashes.

Streetscape tree crashes presented 1.5 and 3.5 percent of 3,033,048 crashes and of road fatalities recorded by the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles.
The eight-year period queued up 94 yearly deaths in tree-related crashes and 15,464,241 licensed Florida drivers, for a 1:164,513 risk of harm in streetscape tree crashes. The National Safety Council and the Quantitative Tree Risk Assessment reveal respective risks at 1:9,008 and 1:1,000,000 for all United States motor vehicles and in arboriculture. National Safety Council statistics show 17-year spikes by 6,113 and 15,080 in deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses where excessive tree removal signifies lost tree canopies.
One Florida Atlantic University and four University of Florida researchers tether risk of streetscape tree crashes versus benefit to removing high-risk, low-value, not low-risk, high-value, trees.

A streetscape tree crash damages both the tree and the vehicle; Karrinyup Road, Stirling, West Australia, western Australia; March 27, 2012: perthhdproductions, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
an extreme example of a streetscape tree crash: BBC News (UK) @BBCNews via Twitter Dec. 16, 2018, @ https://twitter.com/BBCNews/status/1074263371007037440
A streetscape tree crash damages both the tree and the vehicle; Karrinyup Road, Stirling, West Australia, western Australia; March 27, 2012: perthhdproductions, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/perthhdproductions/7471223692/

For further information:
BBC News (UK) @BBCNews 16 December 2018. "Shrewsbury crash leaves car vertical in tree." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/BBCNews/status/1074263371007037440
Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.
Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.
Injury Facts. 2017 Edition. Itasca IL: National Safety Council.
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Friday, March 29, 2019

Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings


Summary: Perhaps walking meditations from Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh best articulate Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year.


Vietnamese peace activisit Thich Nhat Hanh has familiarized the world with the ancient Buddhist tradition of meditative walking, a practice encouraged by Ajanta Caves' circumambulatory architecture; photo by Paul Davis: Thich Nhat Hanh gems via Facebook July 29, 2017

Perhaps the most amenable, authentic acquaintance with the Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year of European access arises in the walking meditations of Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh.
The walking meditations of Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh brings balanced breathing, Buddha half-smiles and mindfulness of the moment together in natural, private, public places. Balanced, belly, diaphragmatic breathing correlates with cultivating a continuous half-smile, air coming into the body coming back out, congruently counted steps and conscious contemplation of surroundings. Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh declares that "Your half-smile will bring calm and delight to your steps and your breath, and help sustain your attention."
The Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year of European access in Maharashtra state, central-west India, exhibit the Buddha's (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") half-smile.

Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures figure Sakyan Crown Prince Siddhartha Gautama (from Sanskrit सिद्धार्थ, "successful" and गोतम, "light [dispels] darkness"), with enlightenment, as Gautama Buddha.
Buddha sitting, Buddha standing and Buddha supine respectively give right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration; a walking meditation; and his last breath. Handing his horse Kanthaka to his charioteer Channa heralded six- and 45-year walking meditations as 29- to 35-year-old enlightenment-seeking Siddhartha and 35- to 80-year-old Gautama Buddha. Fifty-one-year walking meditations impelled Siddhartha Gautama from the Koliya, Malla, Marya and Sakya kingdoms southward into the Magadha kingdom and westward into Kalama, Kashi and Koshala.
Enlightenment seekers journey, like Maharashtra monks 1,600 to 2,300 years ago, through conscious, mindful contemplation in the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings.

Buddha's apranihita (from Sanskrit अप्रणिहित, "wishlessness") kindles Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh knowing "we do not put anything ahead of ourselves and run after it."
Walking meditations from Thich Nhat Hanh around Ajanta cave wall paintings laud Buddha "Looking deeply at life as it is in the very here and now." They motivate 1,300- to 1,600-year-old and 2,000- to 2,300-year-old modeling pradakshina (from Sanskrit प्रदक्षिणा, "to the right-turning") aisles and vihara (from Sanskrit विहार, "walking [hall]") caves. Chaitya (from Sanskrit चैत्य, "funeral mound, pedestal, pile") aisles and vihara dormitories nurtured walking meditations around Buddha in 550 bodhisattiva (from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व, "enlightened existence") reincarnations.
European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year still offer stone floors where "Your feet touch the Earth. The path is your dear friend."

That "The air is cleanest in the early morning and late evening" prompts Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh performing walking meditations in or near nature.
Semi-cultivated and wild nature respectively qualify as environmental contexts for walking meditations in Thich Nhat Hanh's Plum Village, Thénac, Dordogne, southwestern France, and Ajanta, central-west India. Thich Nhat Hanh recommends walkers "Visualize a tiger walking slowly, and you will find that your steps become as majestic as the steps of a tiger." Ajanta cave wall paintings, bats, boar, deer, gazelles, hares, jackals, jungle-fowl, langurs, leopards, pea-fowl, squirrels and tigers shared the Waghora (from Sanskrit व्याघ्र, "tiger") River bend.
Walking meditations around the Ajanta cave wall paintings and with Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh testify to Buddha's last words, "Strive earnestly to attain perfection."

Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh describes Boddhisattva Padampapani, the Buddhist embodiment of compassion, as bringing "forth a universe of art" by "Holding gracefully a lotus in his hand" ("Padapani" in Call Me By My True Names: The Collected Poems of Thich Nhat Hanh [1999]); half-smile of Bodhisattva Padmapani ("one who holds the lotus") in Ajanta Cave 1; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, central-west India; March 8, 2017: Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand (Anandajoti Bhikkhu), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh has familiarized the world with the ancient Buddhist tradition of meditative walking, a practice encouraged by Ajanta Caves' circumambulatory architecture; photo by Paul Davis: Thich Nhat Hanh gems via Facebook July 29, 2017, @ https://www.facebook.com/319228401438031/photos/a.319236131437258.87388.319228401438031/1867221496638706/
Vietnamese peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh describes Boddhisattva Padampapani, the Buddhist embodiment of compassion, as bringing "forth a universe of art" by "Holding gracefully a lotus in his hand" ("Padapani" in Call Me By My True Names: The Collected Poems of Thich Nhat Hanh [1999]); half-smile of Bodhisattva Padmapani ("one who holds the lotus") in Ajanta Cave 1; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, central-west India; March 8, 2017: Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand (Anandajoti Bhikkhu), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:022_Cave_1,_Padmapani_(33896247830).jpg

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