Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry

Summary: Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens are artfully natural, unofficial annexes for area wildlife to the ancient architecture and artistry of the Ellora Caves.

"The Mountain of Ellora (third view)" 1803 colored aquatint by English landscape painter Thomas Daniell (1749-March 19, 1840), from drawing by Scottish artist James Wales (1747-1795); view shows Buddhist caves, which are located in the site's southern part; Plate I of three-plate series, Hindoo Excavations in the Mountain of Ellora Near Aurangabad: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens assure area wildlife of activity areas around 34 anciently, architecturally and artistically attractive caverns in the 800 to 1,600-year-old, 100-plus-cavern Ellora Caves of Maharashtra state, western peninsular India.

Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens bring together nine of the mammal species whose historical and present biogeographies traditionally brave environmental and human stresses in northern Maharashtra state. They contain animal species whose ecosystem contributions artfully consider animal and plant sustainability by casting consumed seeds elsewhere and consuming one another from need, not greed. Black-naped hare (sasa locally, Lepus ruficaudatus scientifically) diets demand different dry-season and wet-season edible species of Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens within the Ellora Caves teak forest.

Black-naped hares encounter buckthorn (Ziziphus), caperbush (Capparis) and rattlepod (Crotalaria burhia) bark, buds, germinating seeds and twigs October through May and grasses (Panicum) June through September.

Assyrian (Cordia myxa) and black (Syzygium cumini) plum, buckthorn (Ziziphus) and golden shower (Cassia fistula) trees furnish golden jackals (kolha, Canis aureus) with energizing fruit sugars.

Protein guidelines for balanced diets at all stages in life cycles get golden jackals going after birds, black-naped hares, eggs, fish, frogs, Indian gazelles and insects. Gray langur monkeys (wanar, Presbytis entellus) have bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), fern, grass, lichen, moss-heavy diets whose digested, excreted seed dispersals help Ellora Caves teak forest sustainability. They ingest birds, cones, fruits, grass blades, roots, seeds and young shoots; and invertebrates such as insect larvae, spiders and termites in Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens.

Indian gazelles (chinkara, Gazella bennetii) juggle bittersweet (Maytenus emarginata), buckthorn (Ziziphus), mesquite (Prosophis cineraria) and rattlepod (Crotalaria burhia) fruit and leaf-filled and grass (Panicum) filled diets.

Habitat niches from the Western Ghats, known locally as Sahyadri (from Sanskrit सह्याद्रि, "benevolent") Mountains, through Ellora, to the Deccan Plateau keep Indian gazelles nutritiously hydrated.

Indian palm squirrels (khadi khar, Funambulus palmarum) link with Ellora Caves teak forest sustainability and sustainable Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens through their digested, excreted seed dispersals. Their omnivorous (from Latin omnis, "all" and -vorus, "habitually eating") diets mix fruits, fungi and nuts; insect larvae; and small birds and mammals and their eggs. Carnivorous (from Latin carō, "flesh" and -vorus, "habitually eating") panthers (bibatya wagh, Panthera pardus) and tigers (wagh, P. tigris) nevertheless need moisture-rich plants every two days.

Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens within the Ellora Caves teak forest offer predatory panthers and tigers black-naped hares, golden jackals, gray langurs, spotted deer and wild boar.

Spotted deer (chital, Axis axis) pursue herbivorousness (from Latin herba, "grass" and -vorus, "habitually eating") dusk through dawn unless environment-induced, human-practiced perturbations put them on days.

Spotted deer quest figs (Ficus racemosa) January through May, Assyrian (Cordia myxa) and black (Syzygium cumini) plums May through July and grasses (Panicum) throughout the year. Wild boar (jangali suar, Sus scrofa cristatus) require crepuscular (from Latin crepusculum, "dusk, evening, twilight") hunts after sunset and, when predator populations run low, day-shift hunting. Their daily diets stress Ellora Caves teak forest fruits, fungi and nuts; small birds and mammals and their eggs; and small invertebrates such as insect larvae.

Tenuous twenty-first-century populations of nine wild mammal species in natural, unofficial Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens never threaten tourist traffic to Ellora Caves' animal, people, plant-themed artistry.

yakshi seated on her lion (left corner) under a fruit-laden mango tree; Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; May 2004: Y. Shishido, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"The Mountain of Ellora (third view)" 1803 colored aquatint by English landscape painter Thomas Daniell (1749-March 19, 1840), from drawing by Scottish artist James Wales (1747-1795); view shows Buddhist caves, which are located in the site's southern part; Plate I of three-plate series, Hindoo Excavations in the Mountain of Ellora Near Aurangabad: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas-Daniell-Mountain-of-Ellora-3.jpg

yakshi seated on her lion (left corner) under a fruit-laden mango tree; Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; May 2004: Y. Shishido, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_cave34_001.jpg

For further information:

"About Ellora Caves." Yatra > Monuments of India > Monuments in Aurangabad. Copyrighted 2019.
Available @ https://www.yatra.com/indian-monuments/aurangabad/ellora-caves

Anh-Huong, Nguyen; and Thich Nhat Hanh. 2019. Walking Meditation. Boulder CO: Sounds True.

Barrett, Douglas. "Wall Painting (Second to Sixteenth Century)." Pages 17-48. In: Douglas Barrett and Basil Gray. Paintings of India. Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by The World Publishing Company, Cleveland OH. Geneva, Switzerland: Editions d'Art Albert Skira, 1963.

Berkson, Carmel. Ellora Concept and Style. First Edition, 1992. Second Edition, 2004. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Ellora_Concept_and_Style.html?id=tH7KRNqIin4C

The British Library. "The Mountain of Ellora (first view)." The British Library > Online Gallery > Online Exhibitions > Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections.
Available @ http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000004326u00001000.html

Burgess, Jas. (James). Report on the Elura Cave Temples and the Brahmanical and Jain Caves of Western India. The Results of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Seasons' Operations of the Archaeological Survey 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80. Supplementary to the Volume on "The Cave Temples of India." London [UK]: Trübner & Co., 1883.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1544/page/n5/mode/1up

Cartwright, Mark. 8 March 2016. "Ellora Caves." Ancient History Encyclopedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.ancient.eu/article/874/ellora-caves/

"Cave 19." The Ellora Caves.
Available @ https://elloracaves.org/caves.php?cmd=search&words=&image_ID=&cave_ID=19&plan_floor=1

Cook, Sharell. Updated June 3, 2019. "Ajanta and Ellora Caves Essential Travel Guide." TripSavvy > Destinations > India > Maharashtra.
Available @ https://www.tripsavvy.com/ajanta-and-ellora-caves-travel-guide-1539340

Daniell, Thomas; and William Daniell. 1816. Oriental Scenery: One Hundred and Fifty Views of the Architecture, Antiquities, and Landscape Scenery of Hindoostan.London [England]: Published by The Authors, MDCCCXVI (1816).
Available via Wikisource @ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Oriental_Scenery

Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence. 1976. The Goddesses of India, Tibet, China and Japan. With illustrations by Anna Durdin-Robertson. Huntington Castle, Clonegal, Enniscorthy, Eire: Cesara Publications.
Available @ http://www.fellowshipofisis.com/ldr_india_tibet_china_japan.pdf

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 7 March 2019. "Ellora Caves." Encyclopædia Britannica > Geography & Travel > Historical Places. Chicago IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Available @ https://www.britannica.com/place/Ellora-Caves

"Elapura, aka: Elpāra; 6 Definition(s)." Wisdom Library.
Available @ https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/elapura

"Ellora." Exotic Journeys International > India City Details.
Available @ http://www.ejiusa.com/india_city_details/Ellora.html

"Ellora Caves." Atlas Obscura > Places > Verul, India. Copyrighted 2020.
Available @ https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ellora-caves

"Ellora Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London [United Kingdom]: W.H. Allen @ Co., Trübner & Co. E. Stanford and W. Briggs.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft

Festschrift, Dr. Prithipalsingh. 2012. "Mitragyna parvilora." Page 79. In: Rajni Gupta. (Ed.). Plant Taxonomy Past, Present, and Future. New Delhi, India: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=m9u_247PryEC

Huntington, John C.; and Dina Bangdel. "Glossary M-Y." The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art.
Available @ https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/COBGlossaryM-Y.pdf

"Interview with Shrikant Ganvir, Pune, January 2016." Sahapedia > Ellora Caves > Buddhist Caves of Ellora. Published 9 November 2016.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/buddhist-caves-of-ellora

Ions, Veronica. 1967. Indian Mythology. London UK: Paul Hamlyn Limited.

Kannal, Deepak. 25 September 2017. "A Riddle Called Ellora." Sahapedia > Overview.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/riddle-called-ellora

Lee, Eva. 17 February 2014. "Ellora Caves: Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Coexistence." Eva Lee Studio.
Available @ http://www.evaleestudio.com/2014/02/12/ellora-caves-buddhist-hindu-and-jain-coexistence/

Malandra, Geri H. 1993. Unfolding a Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora. Albany NY: State University of New York Press.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=MU44LPu3mbUC

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Gardens and Bhimbetka Sanctuary Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and-gardens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings, Ajanta Rain Gardens, Bhimbetka Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ajanta-rain.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 December 2019. "Ajanta Sanctuary Gardens: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/ajanta-sanctuary-gardens-200th.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2019. "Ajanta Herbal Gardens: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/ajanta-herbal-gardens-200th-anniversary.html

Narayana, Hari. 25 November 2012. "The Ellora Caves - An Introduction." India That Was: A Legacy Unfolded.
Available @ http://indiathatwas.com/2012/11/the-ellora-caves-an-introduction/

Owen, Lisa N. 2012. Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. Leiden, The Netherlands; and Boston MA: Brill.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC

Pereira, José. 1977. Monolithic Jinas: The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora. Delhi, Varanasi and Patna, India: Motilal Banarsidass.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Monolithic_Jinas.html?id=LMTgiygj4-oC

Poduval, Jayaram. 21 November 2018. "The Architecture of Ellora Caves." Sahapedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/the-architecture-of-ellora-caves

Rawson, Philip. "Eastern Art." Pages 256-299. In: David Piper. The Illustrated History of Art. London, England: Chancellor Press (Bounty Books), 2000.

Revire, Nicolas. 2011. "Some Reconsiderations of Pendant-Legged Buddha Images in the Dvāravatī Artistic Tradition." Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31: 37-49.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/5735422/Some_Reconsiderations_on_Pendant-Legged_Buddha_Images_in_the_Dv%C4%81ravat%C4%AB_Artistic_Tradition

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 26 November 2019. "Obituary: Walter M. Spink (Feb 16, 1928 - Nov 24, 2019)." Caves of India > Walter Spink.
Available @ https://cavesofindia.org/2019/11/26/prof-spink/

Spink, Walter M. 1967. Ajanta to Ellora. Mumbai, India: Marg Publications.

Spink, Walter M. 1967. "Ellora's Earliest Phase." Off Print of the Bulletin of the American Academy of Benares 1: 11-22.

"Tibetan + Sanskrit Words." Madhyamaka Introduction to the Middle Way > Study.
Available @ https://madhyamaka.com/study/tibetan-sanskrit/

Gerald Carr and Edward Gibson Did Last Skylab EVA Sunday, Feb. 3, 1974

Summary: Gerald Carr and Edward Gibson did the last Skylab EVA Sunday, Feb. 3, 1974, four days before permanently closing the first United States space station.

Skylab 4 mission’s Edward Gibson has just egressed the EVA (extravehicular activity) hatchway to begin EVA 4, the mission and the space station’s final EVA; frame from 16mm Maurer camera operated by Commander Gerald Carr, positioned on Skylab’s Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM); Feb. 3, 1974; NASA ID S74-17456: Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library

Gerald Carr and Edward Gibson did the last Skylab EVA Sunday, Feb. 3, 1974, as commander and scientist pilot, respectively, of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s third and final manned mission to the first United States space station.

The Skylab 4 mission began with liftoff Friday, Nov. 16, 1973, at 14:01:23 Coordinated Universal Time (9:01 a.m. Eastern Standard Time) from east central Florida’s John F. Kennedy Space Center. Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM) 118 docked at Skylab space station at 21:55:00 UTC (4:55 p.m. EST), 7 hours 53 minutes 37 seconds after liftoff.

The mission’s three-astronaut crew comprised Gerald Paul Carr (born Aug. 22, 1932), commander; Edward George Gibson (born Nov. 8, 1936), scientist pilot; and William Reid Pogue (Jan. 23, 1930-March 3, 2014), pilot. All three astronauts debuted their first spaceflights and first EVAs (extravehicular activities) via the Skylab 4 mission.

The mission’s fourth and last spacewalk began Sunday, Feb. 3, 1974, at 15:19 UTC (11:19 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time). Carr and Gibson completed EVA 4 5 hours 19 minutes later, at 20:38 UTC (4:38 p.m. EDT).

Joachim Becker and Heinz Janssen’s Spaceflights website notes that 16 tasks were assigned to EVA 4. Astronautics and Aeronautics 1973, the NASA History Office-sponsored chronology for the year, summarized the spacewalk’s highlights: “Gibson and Carr measured the atmosphere surrounding the Skylab solar instruments to evaluate the light-scattering produced when photos of the sun were taken. The astronauts also photographed the sun with an x-ray sensitive camera, retrieved film from ATM cameras, and removed a plate and piece of rubberized material from the side of the spacecraft for a study of effects of nine-month exposure to the space environment” (pages 322-323).

EVA 4 marked the last career spacewalk for Carr and Gibson. Carr participated in three successive spacewalks, EVA 2 through EVA 4, at Skylab. He performed his first spacewalk, which was the mission’s EVA 2, Christmas Day 1973, with William Pogue. EVA 2 numbered as Pogue’s second and last career spacewalk. Carr and Gibson then teamed for EVA 3, Saturday, Dec. 29, and again for EVA 4.

The Skylab 4 mission’s first spacewalk, EVA 1, took place Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 22. Gibson and Pogue shared the experience of their first career spacewalk during EVA 1. EVA 4 tallied as the third and last career spacewalks for both Carr and Gibson.

EVA 4 also numbered as the last spacewalk ever performed at Skylab. When Carr, Gibson and Pogue undocked four days 5 hours 55 minutes after the completion of EVA 4, they had left the hatch unlocked. Nevertheless, the human presence on the first United States space station ended with the Skylab 4 mission.

When the Skylab 4 crew undocked CSM 118 at 02:33:12 UTC, Friday, Feb. 8 (10:33 p.m. EDT, Thursday, Feb. 7), from Skylab’s Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), they had set major space duration records. Skylab’s only all-rookie crew had set a record of 83 days 4 hours 38 minutes 12 seconds as Skylab’s occupants. Spaceflight duration, from liftoff to splashdown, accounted for 84 days 1 hour 15 minutes 30 seconds. The Christmas Day spacewalk, EVA 2, was the longest orbital EVA, at 7 hours 1 minute. Total spacewalk time of 22 hours 24 minutes claimed the longest cumulative in-flight EVA time for a single mission.

The Skylab 4 mission made 1,214 orbits of Earth. Skylab 4 logged 55,500,000 kilometers (34,500,000 miles) as the longest distance in orbit for a manned mission.

Skylab Program Manager Leland Forrest Belew noted in Skylab, Our First Space Station (1977) that the final departure from Skylab was nostalgic. Farewells, expressed in space and on the ground, recognized the space station’s value.

As CSM 118 maneuvered away from the space station, Gibson is credited with saying, “It’s been a good home. I hate to think we’re the last guys to use it” (page 138).

From Mission Control at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, four-time space traveler Robert Laurel Crippen (born Sept. 11, 1937) requested that the departing crew “say goodbye for us. She’s been a good bird.”

The takeaways for Gerald Carr and Edward Gibson doing the last Skylab EVA Sunday, Feb. 3, 1974, are that EVA 4 marked the third and last career spacewalks for Carr and Gibson, that all three Skylab 4 mission astronauts made their spaceflight and EVA debuts via Skylab, that EVA 4 preceded the mission’s end by only four days and that, as the last manned mission to Skylab, the last Skylab 4 EVA also numbered as the last EVA at the space station.

Instrument covers atop the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) seem to wink and smile in image taken by Skylab 4 mission astronauts as they depart from Skylab space station; Feb. 8, 1974; NASA ID 7449835: Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Skylab 4 mission’s Edward Gibson has just egressed the EVA (extravehicular activity) hatchway to begin EVA 4, the mission and the space station’s final EVA; frame from 16mm Maurer camera operated by Commander Gerald Carr, positioned on Skylab’s Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM); Feb. 3, 1974; NASA ID S74-17456: Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-S74-17456.html

Instrument covers atop the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) seem to wink and smile in image taken by Skylab 4 mission astronauts as they depart from Skylab space station; Feb. 8, 1974; NASA ID 7449835: Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-7449835.html

For further information:

Becker, Joachim; and Heinz Janssen. “International Flight No. 47 Skylab 4 USA.” Spacefacts > Spaceflights > 1973 > Skylab 4.
Available @ http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/skylab-4.htm

Belew, Leland F. Skylab, Our First Space Station. Prepared by George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. NASA SP-400. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1977.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/contents.htm

Brun, Nancy L. Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1974: A Chronology. The NASA History Series. NASA SP-4019. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1977.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1974.pdf

Carney, Emily. “Ed Gibson’s Dances With the Sun: Skylab 4, 1973-1974.” National Space Society. Dec. 24, 2017.
Available @ https://space.nss.org/ed-gibsons-dances-with-the-sun-skylab-4-1973-1974/

Hitt, David; Owen Garriott; and Joe Kerwin. Homesteading Space: The Skylab Story. Featuring the In-Flight Diary of Alan Bean. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Homesteading_Space.html?id=sR5Cm_zeIekC

Library of Congress Science and Technology Division. Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1973: Chronology of Science, Technology, and Policy. Sponsored by NASA Historical Office. NASA SP-4018. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1975.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1973.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. “Arabella and Anita Spun First Space Webs in August 1973 at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/arabella-and-anita-spun-first-space.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Edward Gibson Sketched Comet Kohoutek’s Changes During Close Approach.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/edward-gibson-sketched-comet-kohouteks.html

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Public Affairs Office. “Skylab Operations Summary.” NASA/Kennedy Space Center > Space Flight Archives > Skylab > Program Overview.
Available @ https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/skylab/skylab-operations.txt

Rusnak, Kevin M. “Gerald P. Carr Oral History Interviews.” NASA Johnson Space Center History Portal > NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Oct. 25, 2000.
Available @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/CarrGP/carrgp.htm

Rusnak, Kevin M. “William R. Pogue Oral History Interviews.” NASA Johnson Space Center History Portal > NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. July 17, 2000.
Available @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/PogueWR/poguewr.htm

Shayler, David J.; and Colin Burgess. NASA’s Scientist-Astronauts. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Limited, 2007.

Porgy and Bess Is the Feb. 1, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: The Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess is the Feb. 1, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as ninth in the season’s 23 radio matinees.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s presentation of George Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess debuts American stage director James Robinson’s new production: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Sept. 10, 2019

The Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess is the Feb. 1, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) and numbering as the ninth of the season’s 23 radio matinees.

American composer and pianist George Gershwin (Sept. 26, 1898-July 11, 1937) set his musical score for Porgy and Bess to a libretto by his older brother, American lyricist Ira Gershwin (Dec. 6, 1896-Aug. 17, 1983) and American writer Edwin DuBose Heyward (Aug. 31, 1885-June 16, 1940).

The libretto’s literary source was Porgy: A Play in Four Acts by Heyward and his wife, Dorothy Kuhns Heyward (June 6, 1890-Nov. 19, 1961). The play’s premiere took place Oct. 10, 1927, at the Guild Theatre, a Broadway theatre in midtown Manhattan.

The Heywards adapted the play from Dubose Heyward’s short novel, Porgy, published in 1925 by the George H. Doran Company. Heyward based his main character upon Samuel “Goat Cart Sam” Smalls (1889-1924), a crippled African-American vegetable vendor who sold his produce in Charleston, South Carolina’s Cabbage Row.

George Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess premiered Sept. 30, 1935, at the Colonial Theatre in Boston, northeastern Massachusetts. Colonial Theatre’s location at 106 Boylston Street places it in Boston’s Theatre District, on the southern border of the Boston Common.

Porgy and Bess received its Metropolitan Opera premiere on Wednesday, Feb. 6, 1985. The opera received 16 performances in the 1984-1985 Met Opera season.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season offers 14 performances of Porgy and Bess. The season’s first performance took place Monday, Sept. 23, at 6 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). The month’s two additional performances happened Friday, Sept. 27, at 8 p.m. and Monday, Sept. 30, at 7:30 p.m.

Four performances were offered in October. The month’s performances took place Saturday, Oct. 5, at 1 p.m.; Thursday, Oct. 10, at 7:30 p.m.; Sunday, Oct. 13, at 3 p.m.; and Wednesday, Oct. 16, at 7:30 p.m.

Winter performances are scheduled for January and February. Six performances are offered in January. The month’s performances take place Wednesday, Jan. 8, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Jan. 11, at 7:30 p.m.; Wednesday, Jan. 15, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Jan. 18, at 8 p.m.; Friday, Jan. 24, at 7:30 p.m.; and Tuesday, Jan. 28, at 7:30 p.m. The opera closes with the Saturday matinee broadcast performance, Feb. 1, at 1 p.m.

Update: The Metropolitan Opera announced via Twitter Dec. 5, 2019, that three additional performances in February have been added to the 2019-2020 Met Opera season's schedule. Porgy and Bess will be performed Tuesday, Feb. 4, and Wednesday, Feb. 12, at 7:30 p.m. The opera's closing night will take place Saturday, Feb. 15, at 8 p.m.

The two-act opera has an estimated run time of 3 hours 15 minutes. Act I runs for 95 minutes. An intermission of 27 minutes follows. Act II is estimated at 69 minutes.

David Robertson conducts the 14 originally scheduled performances of Porgy and Bess. He also conducts the last two (Feb. 12, Feb. 15) of the three added performances. The American conductor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Thursday, Jan. 11, 1996, in the Metropolitan Opera’s premiere of The Makropulos Case by Czech composer Leoš Janáček (July 3, 1854-Aug. 12, 1928).

David Robertson shares the conductorship with J. David Jackson, who conducts the first (Feb. 4) of February's three added performances. The American conductor had made his Met Opera debut Thursday, Jan. 31, 2008, in the opera company's 248th performance of Hänsel und Gretel by German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (Sept. 1, 1854-Sept. 27, 1921).

Angel Blue appears in the title role as Bess in 13 of the season’s originally scheduled 14 performances. She appears in all performances except for Sunday, Oct. 13. Angel Blue also sings in February's three added performances. The American operatic soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 2, 2017, as Mimì in the opera house’s 1,306th performance of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

Elizabeth Llewellyn appears in the Sunday matinee, Oct. 13, at Bess, who loves Porgy but remains under the influence of her ex-boyfriend, Crown, and “happy dust” peddler Sportin’ Life. The British soprano’s Sunday matinee appearance marked her Metropolitan Opera debut.

Golda Schultz appears as Clara, who dies in a hurricane looking her husband, Jake the fisherman, in seven performances (Monday, Sept. 23; Friday, Sept. 27; Monday, Sept. 30; Saturday, Oct. 5; Thursday, Oct. 10; Tuesday, Jan. 28; Saturday matinee broadcast, Feb. 1). The South African soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 27, 2017, as Pamina in the opera company’s 433rd performance of Die Zauberflöte by 18th century Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791). In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Golda Schultz also performs as Sophie in Der Rosenkavalier by German composer Richard Strauss (June 11, 1864-Sept. 8, 1949).

Janai Brugger appears as Clara in seven of the originally scheduled 14 performances (Sunday, Oct. 13; Wednesday, Oct. 16; Wednesday, Jan. 8; Saturday, Jan. 11; Wednesday, Jan. 15; Saturday, Jan. 18; Friday, Jan. 24). She also sings Clara in the last two of February's three added performances. The American operatic soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 2, 2012, as Liù in the opera company’s 291st performance of Puccini’s Turandot.

Golda Schultz and Janai Brugger share Clara with Brandie Sutton, who appears in the first of February's three added performances. The American soprano's appearance as Clara Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2020, marks her Met Opera debut.

Latonia Moore appears in all of the 14 originally scheduled performances as Serena, whose husband is murdered by Bess’ ex-boyfriend, Crown. She also sings Serena in the first of February's three added performances. The American soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Saturday, March 3, 2012, in the title role in the opera company's 1,122nd performance of Aida by 19th-century Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Latonia Moore shares Serena with Karen Slack, who sings the role in the last two of February's three added performances. The American soprano had made her Met Opera debut Friday, March 17, 2006, in the title role in the opera company's 82nd performance of Verdi's Luisa Miller.

Denyce Graves appears in all of the 14 originally scheduled performances as Maria, a cookshop owner, who despises dope peddler Sportin’ Life and joins with Serena in telling Porgy that Bess has accompanied Sportin’ Life to New York. She also sings Maria in all three of February's added performances. The American mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 7, 1995, in the title role in the opera company’s 828th performance of Carmen by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875).

Frederick Ballentine appears in all of the 14 originally scheduled performances as Sportin’ Life, the dope peddler who encourages Bess’ addiction to “happy dust.” The American tenor’s appearance in the opera’s season premiere Monday, Sept. 23, marked his Metropolitan Opera debut.

Frederick Ballentine shares Sportin' Life with Chauncey Packer, who sings the role in all three of February's added performances. The American tenor had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Sep. 23, 2019, as Robbins in the new production of Porgy Bess, which numbered as the opera company's 55th performance of the Gershwins' opera.

Eric Owens appears in the title role of lovestruck Porgy in all but two (Wednesday, Jan. 8; Saturday, Jan. 11) of the 14 originally scheduled performances. He also sings Porgy in all three of February's added performances. The American operatic bass-baritone made his Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 13, 2008, as General Groves in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Doctor Atomic by contemporary American composer John Coolidge Adams (born Feb. 15, 1947).

Kevin Short sings Porgy in the Wednesday, Jan. 8, and Saturday, Jan. 11, performances. The American bass-baritone made his Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 28, 1991, as a Trojan Soldier in Mozart’s Idomeneo. During the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Kevin Short also performs as Dr. Grenvil in Verdi’s La Traviata.

Alfred Walker appears in all performances as Crown, Bess’ ex-boyfriend, whom Porgy kills. He also sings Crown in all three of February's added performances. The American bass-baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened March 16, 1998, as Grégorio in the opera company’s 294th performance of Roméo et Juliette by French composer Charles Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893).

Ryan Speedo Green appears as drowned fisherman Jake in the season’s autumn performances (September, October). The American bass-baritone made his Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 26, 2012, as a Mandarin in the opera company’s 287th performance of Puccini’s Turandot.

Donovan Singletary appears as Jake in the season’s winter performances (January, February). He also sings Jake in all three of February's added performances. The American bass-baritone made his Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 23, 2008, as a Nazarene in the opera company’s 151st performance of Strauss’ Salome.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s presentation of Porgy and Bess debuts James Robinson’s new staging. The Metropolitan Opera’s debut of Robinson’s new production also marks the American stage director’s Metropolitan Opera debut.

James Robinson’s production team comprises set designer Michael Yeargan; costume designer Catherine Zuber; lighting designer Donald Holder; and projection designer Luke Halls. Camille A. Brown is the production’s choreographer. David Leong is the production’s fight director.

The takeaway for Porgy and Bess as the Feb. 1, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that Gershwin’s American folk opera airs at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time as the ninth of 23 weekly radio broadcasts.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s many debuts in Porgy and Bess include James Robinson’s new production as well as two principal singers (Elizabeth Llewellyn as Bess; Frederick Ballentine as Sportin’ Life): The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Sept. 6, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s presentation of George Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess debuts American stage director James Robinson’s new production: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Sept. 10, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162438022515533/

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s many debuts in Porgy and Bess include James Robinson’s new production as well as two principal singers (Elizabeth Llewellyn as Bess; Frederick Ballentine as Sportin’ Life): The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Sept. 6, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162421689760533

For further information:

"Debut: J. David Jackson." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352325 Hänsel und Gretel {248} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/31/2008.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352325

"Debut: Janai Brugger." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354619 Turandot {291} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/02/2012.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354619

"Debut: Karen Slack." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351462 Luisa Miller {82} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/17/2006
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351462

“Debut: Latonia Moore.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354395 Aida {1122} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/03/2012.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354395

“Debuts: Alan Gilbert, Thomas Glenn, Eric Owens . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352614 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Doctor Atomic {1} Broadcast ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 10/13/2008.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352614

“Debuts: Alexander Soddy, Angel Blue, Duncan Rock.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356747 La Bohème {1306} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/2/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356747

“Debuts: Alfred Walker, Bertrand de Billy.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330528 Roméo et Juliette {294} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/16/1998.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330528

“Debuts: Anthony Rolfe Johnson . . . Kevin Short.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 306050 Idomeneo {32} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 09/28/1991.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=306050

"Debuts: Brandie Sutton, Christian Mark Gibbs." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357407 Porgy and Bess {69} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/04/2020.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=322060

“Debuts: Denyce Graves, Barbara Frittoli, Richard Bernstein.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 322060 Carmen {828} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/07/1995.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=322060

“Debuts: Golda Schultz, Lucas Mann.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356741 Die Zauberflöte {433} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/27/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356741

"Debuts: James Robinson, Camille A. Brown, Frederick Ballentine, Chauncey Packer, Reginald Smith, Jr., Jamez McCorkle, Grant Neale, Bobby Mittelstadt, Damien Geter, Chanįe Curtis, David Leong, Arthur Woodley, Michael Lewis, Neo Randall, Jonathan Tuzo." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357253 New Production Porgy and Bess {55} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/23/2019.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357253

“Debuts: Juha Uusitalo, Donovan Singletary.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352566 Salome {151} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/23/2008.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352566

“Debuts: Ryan Speedo Green, Oriada Islami Prifti.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354549 Turandot {287} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/26/2012.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354549

“Debuts: William Burden, David Robertson . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 322990 The Makropulos Case {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/11/1996.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=322990

Heyward, DuBose. Porgy. New York NY: George H. Doran Company, 1925.
Available @ http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/PORGY/porgfron.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season Opens Monday, Sept. 23, With Porgy and Bess.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 16, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/2019-2020-met-opera-season-opens-monday.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Fourth Week Has Gershwin, Massenet and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 7, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-fourth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Second Week Has Gershwin, Massenet, Puccini, Verdi.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 23, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/2019-2020-met-operas-second-week-has.html

Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "Breaking news --- three additional performances of The Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess have been added on February 4, 12, and 15. Tickets on sale 12/9 at 12PM ET." Twitter. Dec. 5, 2019.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOpera/status/1202640251078037504

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “With Opening Night just around the corner, the cast of Porgy and Bess recently had their first rehearsal with the incomparable Met Orchestra, conducted by David Robertson. The Gershwins’ great American opera takes the stage on Monday, September 23. Performances through February 1: bit.ly/2ZgG2rA Photo by Jonathan Tichler / Met Opera.” Facebook. Sept. 10, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162438022515533/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "With Opening Night just around the corner, the cast of Porgy and Bess recently had their first rehearsal with the incomparable Met Orchestra, conducted by David Robertson. The Gershwins’ great American opera takes the stage on Monday, September 23. Performances through February 1: bit.ly/2ZgG2rA Photo by Jonathan Tichler / Met Opera." Facebook. Sept. 10, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162438022675533/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “With the whole company buzzing with excitement for Opening Night on September 23, members of the Met Chorus hosted a special welcome for the talented ensemble of the Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess—many of whom will be appearing at the Met for the first time. Photo by Jonathan Tichler / Met Opera.” Facebook. Sept. 6, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162421689760533/

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Porgy and Bess.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 279510 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Porgy and Bess {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/6/1985.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=279510

Miles, Suzannah Smith. “The Real Porgy.” Charleston Magazine > Features. May 2014.
Available @ https://charlestonmag.com/features/the_real_porgy

“New Production: Porgy and Bess.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357253 New Production Porgy and Bess {55} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/23/2019.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357253

Salazar, Francisco. "Metropolitan Opera Adds Three Performances To ‘Porgy And Bess’." OperaWire. Dec. 5, 2019.
Available @ https://operawire.com/metropolitan-opera-adds-three-performances-to-porgy-and-bess/

Saratoga. “Samuel ‘Goat’ Smalls.” Find A Grave > Memorial 40343330. Aug. 6, 2009.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/40343330/samuel-smalls

Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay

Summary: Fungicide injections affect Dutch elm disease and internal decay in American elms, according to the February 2020 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

An American elm (Ulmus americana) destroyed by Dutch elm disease: Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Fungicide injections of American elms affect Dutch elm disease and internal density, according to an article by Nicholas J. Brazee and Robert E. Marra in the January 2020 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The article Incidence of Internal Decay in American Elms (Ulmus americana) Under Regular Fungicide Injection to Manage Dutch Elm Disease broaches beating Ophiostoma novo-ulmi fungal pathogens. Nicholas J. Brazee at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst and Robert E. Marra at Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven consider drilling-wounded root flares. Bleeding cankers, cracked bark, discolored sapwood and, maximally, one-fifth of sugar-transmitting, water-transporting trunk tissue disrupted or dead denote chemical injuries from drilling-hole, fungicide-injected, lower-bole, root-flare wounds.

Thiabendazole hypophosphate fungicides encourage basdiomycete, wood-decaying fungi; ensure ebbing natural-defense, tylosis-formation, wound-closure responses, in xylem vessels above injection sites; and exorcize wounded wood-colonizing by hyphomycete fungi.

Twenty-first-century techniques feature high-quality drill bits for fewer surrounding-tissue wounds and small-diameter, well-spaced injection sites whose internal decay electrical-resistance and sonic-wave tomography accurately, minimally invasively fathoms.

Gauging fungicide-injected long-term effects as primary goal generated additional objectives of gathering suburban and urban internal decay incidence and severity data and supporting elm disease-controlled management. PiCUS software herded sequential sonic hammer-tapped sound waves and inter-measuring-point distances into colorimetric-scaled images of brown, intact-wooded, higher and green, magenta, blue decaying-wooded lower relative velocities. Electrical-resistance tomography (ERT) interprets deviations from wood homogeneity into maps of high-resistivity, low-conductivity, maximum-density, moistureless, nondecayed, red-, orange-, yellow-imaged sound wood, brown-imaged in sonic-wave tomography (SoT).

Blue-imaged ERT judges maximum-density, moist wood, brown-imaged in SoT, as lower trunk-colonizing bacterial wetwood or as incipient internal decay from fungicide injections against Dutch elm disease.

Blue-imaged versus non-blue ERT and green-, magenta-, blue-imaged versus non-brown SoT respectively know moist, reduced-density and low-resistivity, high-conductivity, moisture-free, reduced-density wood as active decay and cavities.

Twenty-eight of 91 fungicide-injected, 35 of 119 noninjected and 63 of 210 sampled elms logged statistical similarities, not significant differences, in 31-, 29-, 30-percent decay-nondecay proportions. Breast-height and sample-height classes II, III and IV respectively manifested 75- to 100-, 100- to 125-, 125-plus-centimeter versus 100- to 125-, 125- to 150-, 150-plus-centimeter diameters. They netted inter-class, significant, statistical differences in mean percent decay between their breast-height and sample-height diameter class II and their breast-height and sample-height diameter class IV.

Most-membered decay class I, 75-plus-percent undecayed, and least-membered IV, 75-plus-percent decayed, observed 13 and 83 mean percent internal decay from fungicide injections against Dutch elm disease.

Decay classes II and III presented decay ranges of 25 to 50 and 50 to 75 percent and mean percent decay of 33 and 63 percent.

High decay incidence and severity predictably queue with fungicide-injected, large-diameter American elms even as breast-height and sample-height diameters never qualify as reliable incidence and severity predictors. Sampled trees revealed 30- and 39-percent decay incidences and mean severity in Connecticut; Massachusetts; Minnesota; New Hampshire; New York; Rhode Island; Washington, D.C.; and Quebec, Canada. Almost 50 percent of the decay-resistant, fast-growing, long-lived, sampled American elms showed maximum-density, moist heartwood suggestive of incipient decay or of decay-resistant, heartwood-sheltered, sapwood-sheltering wetwood bacteria.

Perhaps wetwood bacteria toughen American elms against internal decay from fungicide injections against Dutch elm disease by triggering low-oxygen anaerobic, no-oxygen hypoxic, wood-decaying fungi-unfriendly wood tissue.

injections of Dutch elm disease (DED) fungicide into root flares of American elm (Ulmus americana): Roland J. Stipes, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

An American elm (Ulmus americana) destroyed by Dutch elm disease: Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5037070

injections of Dutch elm disease (DED) fungicide into root flares of American elm (Ulmus americana): Roland J. Stipes, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5334063

For further information:

Brazee, Nicholas J.; and Robert E. Marra. January 2020. "Incidence of Internal Decay in American Elms (Ulmus americana) Under Regular Fungicide Injection to Manage Dutch Elm Disease." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(1): 1-11.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html