Earth and Space News

Monday, August 31, 2026

Backbone, Fishline, Kite Star Lines Awe Bishop August 2026 Sky Map

Summary: Kaiwikuamoo Backbone, Manaiakalani Fishline, Kalupeakawelo Kite Star Lines awe August 2026 Sky Map at Bishop Museum.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Which celestial object shines as the Northern Hemisphere's brightest star and guides oceanic navigators? This star also shines as the brightest star in the north-to-south spanning Hawaiian star line Iwikuamo‘o the Lizard's Backbone.
W.M. (William Myron) Keck Observatory, an astronomical observatory with two optical reflecting telescopes located near the summit of dormant shield volcano Mauna Kea, northern Hawai'i ("the Big Island"), poses trivia "Who am I?" questions, with images and clues, via Facebook, Instagram and X (formerly Twitter) to highlight celestial objects.:
W. M. Keck Observatory, via Facebook Nov. 28, 2023

Kaiwikuamoo Backbone, Manaiakalani Fishline, Kalupeakawelo Kite Star Lines awe August 2026 Sky Map, Sky Watch at Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Honolulu, Oahu island, Hawaii state.

The Akau (Hawaiian 'ākau, "[west-ensconced sun] right[-ward]") north bears first Backbone navigational star-family star-line star, Hokupaa (Polaris, from Latin Polāris, polus -āris, "pole-pertaining"; Greek πόλος, "rotation-axis"). Hokupaa (Hawaiian Hōkūpa'a, from hōkū pa'a, "star immovable") configures north-northeast of Backbone navigational star-family star-line star Nahiku (Big Dipper; Hawaiian Nāhiku, from nā hiku, "the seven"). The Hoolua (Hawaiian ho'olua, "[rain-bearing strong] north wind") northwest horizon domiciles the afore-designated second Backbone navigational star-family star-line star northwest of the third such star, Hokulea.

Hokulea (Arcturus, from Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος, from Greek ἄρκτος οὖρος, “bear guard”; Hawaiian Hōkūle’a, from Hawaiian hōkū le’a, “star clear, star glad”) embellishes the constellation Hokuiwa (Boötes).

The Komohana (Hawaiian komohana, from komo, "[rain-bearing strong] north wind") northwest features fourth Backbone navigational star-family star-line star Hikianalia (Spica, Latin Spīca, from Latin spīca, "ear-of-grain/head/spike").

Fifth Backbone star-line star Mee (Corvus, Latin corvus, "crow, raven"; Marquesan me'e, "admired/heroic/important/prominent, chant") goes southward, beyond the Kona (Hawaiian kona, "leeward") southwest. The north-housed navigational star-family star line Kaiwikuamoo (Scorpius; Hawaiian Kaiwikuamoo, from Hawaiian ka iwi kua mo'o, "the bone back [of the] lizard") heads northwestward, westward, southwestward. The Fishline (The Chief's Fishline, Hawaiian Manaiakalani, from Hawaiian māna ia ka lani, "hook fish [of] the chief") navigational star-family star line southwestwardly itinerates Koolau northeast.

Kaiwikuamoo Backbone, Manaiakalani Fishline, Kalupeakawelo Kite journey as August 2025 Sky Map, Sky Watch star lines even as navigational star-family Manaiakalani alone jubilates all its stars.

Piraetea (Deneb, Arabic ذَنَب الدَّجَاجَة, "tail[-]hen['s]"), Keoe (Vega, Arabic وَاقِع, "falling[-eagle]"), Humu (Altair, Arabic اَلنَّسْر اَلطَّائِر, "eagle[-]flying") know first, second, third places as Fishline star-line stars.

The Navigator's Summer Triangle lodges Piraetea (Hawaiian pira'etea, "white sea-swallow"), Keoe (Hawaiian keoe, "sweet-potato"), Humu (Hawaiian humu, "sea") north of Pīmoe (Sagittarius) fourth Fishline star-line star. Pīmoe (Latin Sagittārius, from Latin sagittal -ārius, "arrow-belonging"; Hawaiian pīmoe) moves about the Hema (Hawaiian hema, "[west-ensconced sun] left[-ward]") south that maintains the fifth Fishline star. Fishline star-hook Kamakaunuiamaui (Scorpius, Latin Scorpius; Greek σκορπίος, "scorpion"; Hawaiian ka makau nui a māui, "the fishhook big of [chief-]Maui") niches navigational star-line star Lehuakona (Antares).

Star-hook star Lehuakona (Greek Ἀντάρης, "Aris-rival[ing]; Hawaiian lehua kona, "[Metrosideros polymorpha 'ōhi'a-tree-]flower south") occurs amid August 2025 Sky Map, Sky Watch star lines Backbone, Fishline, Kite.

Koolau (Hawaiian ko'olau, "windward") northeastwardly presents Iwakelii (Latin Cassiopēia; Greek Κασσιέπεια/Κασσιόπεια/Κασσιόπη; Hawaiian 'Iwakeli'i, from 'iwa[-]ali'i, "great-frigatebird [Fregata minor] chief") southerlier Kalupeakawelo (Pegasus, Latin Pēgasus; Greek Πήγασος).

Pegasus ([πηγή, "spring-fed[-]fountain"]; Hawaiian ka[-]lupe[-]a[-]ka[-]welo, "the[-]kite[-]of[-]the[-]family-trait") quarters Manokalanipo (Arabic سُرَّةُ الْفَرَس, "the[-]navel of[-]the[-]horse"; Hawaiian mano[-]ka[-]la[-]nipō, "shark[-]of[-]the[-]heaven-night") and Kakuhihewa (Arabic السَاعِد, "the[-]forearm"; Hawaiian kā[-]kuhi[-]hewa, "chart[-]mistakenly") Hikina eastward. Kawelo's Kite (Pegasus' square) retains Manokalanipo, Kakuhihewa southeastwards Piilani (Arabic الجَانِب, "the[-]side"; Hawaiian pi'i[-]lani, "climbing[-]heaven[ward]") and Keawe (Arabic مَرْكَب الفَرَس, "the[-]saddle of[-]the[-]horse"; Hawaiian ke[-]awe, "the bearer"). Kukaniloko (Formalhaut, Arabic فَمُ الْحُوت, "the fish mouth"; Hawaiian kū[-]kani[-]loku, "to[-]anchor [the[-]cry from[-]within"), Kite navigational star-family star-line star south of Keawe, shines Malanai ("gentle breeze") southeastward.

Piikea (Diphda, Arabic الضِفْدَع الثَانِي, "the second frog"; Hawaiian pi'i[-]kea, "becoming[-day]light") and Nalani (Hawaiian nā[-]lani, "the[-]heavens") travel beyond August 2025 Sky Map, Sky Watch star lines.

The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum's J. (Jhamandas) Watumull Planetarium's Hawai'i's Sky Tonight for August 2026 configures the month's night sky as viewed at 10 p.m. early in the month, 9 p.m. mid-month and 8 p.m. late in the month.
Hawaiian star line Ka Lupe o Kawelo ("The Kite of Kawelo") hovers at the August 2026 Sky Map's eastern (Hikina) and northeastern (Ko'olau) horizons. Manaiakalani ("The Chief's Fishline") visibilizes near the southern (Hema) and southwestern (Kona) horizons.
Iwikuamo‘o ("The Lizard's Backbone"), when fully visible, marks a northern terminus at and a southern terminus at Hanaiakamalama ("The Southern Cross"). The vertebrate star line appears partially, without annotation, on the August 2026 Sky Map. From Ursa Minor the Little Bear constellation's Polaris (Hōkūpa'a, "fixed star"), above the northern horizon (‘Ākau), the star line ventures westward through Ursa Major the Great Bar constellation's Big Dipper asterism (Nāhiku, "the seven"), drops southwesterly to Arcturus (Hōkūle‘a, "star of gladness") in Boötes the Herdsman constellation (Hōkū-ʻiwa, "star of the frigatebird") and, reaching Virgo the Maiden constellation's Spica (Hikianalia), disappears at the southwestern (Kona) horizon.:
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, via Facebook Aug. 1, 20266

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Arcturus (α Boötis, Latinized to Alpha Boötis; abbreviated α Boo or Alpha Boo; Hawaiian: Hōkūleʻa, "star of gladness; star of joy") dazzles as the brightest star of the Northern Hemisphere. The red giant star participates in Hawaiian star line Iwikuamo‘o ("the Lizard's Backbone") and qualifies as a significant guide for Hawai'i's traditional oceanic wayfarers.:
W. M. Keck Observatory, via Facebook Nov. 29, 2023, @ https://www.facebook.com/KeckObservatory/posts/pfbid02yEW8ieCm6CeXfFKPxMpeRd6vAZLwry4KixytmjghuseUDdAjjGJKB86SUumovtanl;
W. M. Keck Observatory, via Facebook Nov. 29, 2023, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=736634611834716&set=pb.100064645515608.-2207520000

"August 2024 Sky Watch." 'Imiloa > Education & Outreach > Sky Lines & Sky Watch.
Available @ https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ae7c948d274cb3827a2db21/t/66ce59f4fffb954216ae7066/1724799477531/August+2024+Sky+Watch.png

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum @BishopMuseum. 31 May 2013. "Aloha Friday Fact! The term 'Lahaina Noon' is relatively new, actually invented in 1990 for a phenomenon long marked by cultures across the Pacific and the tropics more widely. . . ." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/BishopMuseum/photos/a.167268692109/10151654494977110/

Campbell, Kimo. (Ed.). 1997. The Kumulipo: An Hawaiian Creation Myth. Second printing. Honolulu HI: Pueo Press. First Pueo Press edition. San Francisco CA: Pueo Press, 1978. First published by Boston MA: Lee and Shepard, 1897.
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"Hawaiian Lunar Month." Hokulea > 'Ike: Knowledge and Traditions > Wayfinding: Modern Methods and Techniques of Non-Instrument Navigation, Based on Pacific Traditions > Hawaiian Voyaging Traditions > Hawaiian Lunar Month.
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Joey; and Gerrit. "Average Weather For Hilo (By Month)." Love Big Island > Menu > Regions > Hilo > Highlights > Highlights For Hilo (City And Outdoors) > Guide to Hilo: Beaches, Favorites Activities, And Day Trips > Table of contents > Weather trends > Local Weather in Hilo > monthly average weather for Hilo. Updated 16 March 2021. Copyright 2011-2023.
Available @ https://www.lovebigisland.com/hilo/average-yearly-weather/

"July 2024 Sky Watch." 'Imiloa > Education & Outreach > Sky Lines & Sky Watch.
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"June 2024 Sky Watch." 'Imiloa > Education & Outreach > Sky Lines & Sky Watch.
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Kawaharada, Dennis. “Lunar Days.” Kapi’olani Community College > Asia-Pacific Digital Library > APDL > Traditions of O’ahu. Copyright Kapi’olani Community College 2001-2004. Last Modified Last Updated 27 February 2023.
Available @ https://guides.library.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/apdl/oahu/days#:~:text=Kukahi%20(first%20Ku)%3A%20moon,to%20the%20shore%20to%20fish.

Kawaharada, Dennis. “Traditions of O'ahu: Seasons & Months.” Kapi’olani Community College > Asia-Pacific Digital Library > APDL > Traditions of O’ahu. Copyright Kapi’olani Community College 2001-2004. Last Modified Last Updated 27 February 2023.
Available @ https://guides.library.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/apdl/oahu/months

"Lāhaina Noon." Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum > Astronomy Resources.
Available @ https://www.bishopmuseum.org/planetarium/astronomy-resources/lahaina-noon/

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 August 2026. "Backbone, Fishline, Kite Star Lines Awe Bishop August 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/backbone-fishline-kite-star-lines-awe_01801861288.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 August 2026. "Galaxy and Star Lights Alighten Bishop Museum August 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/galaxy-and-star-lights-alighten-bishop.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2026. "Bishop Museum August 2026 Sky Map Absents Cygnids, Eridanids Meteors." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/bishop-museum-august-2026-sky-map.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 August 2026. "Perseids Meteor Shower Acts During Bishop Museum August 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/perseids-meteor-shower-acts-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 August 2026. "Bishop Museum August 2026 Sky Map Maybe Anticipates Cloudy Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/bishop-museum-july-2026-sky-map-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 July 2026. "Backbone and Fishhook Star Lines Awe Bishop Museum July 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/backbone-and-fishhook-star-lines-awe_0618984728.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 July 2026. "Bishop Museum July 2026 Sky Map Augurs Galaxy, Planet, Star Lights." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/bishop-museum-july-2026-sky-map-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 July 2026. "Lahaina Noon Dates, Places and Times Apply to Hawaii Skies July 2026." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/lahaina-noon-dates-places-and-times_01151626929.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 July 2026. "Moon Phases Aid Night Lights Alighting Bishop Museum July 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/moon-phases-aid-night-lights-alighting_01393615814.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 June 2026. "Bishop Museum June 2026 Sky Map Admits Kaiwikuamoo Backbone Star Line." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 June 2026. "Bishop Museum June 2026 Sky Map Avows Galaxy, Moon, Planet, Star Light." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/06/bishop-museum-june-2026-sky-map-avows.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 June 2026. "Bishop Museum June 2026 Sky Map Alightens Later on the Summer Solstice." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 June 2026. "Moon Phases Alight Hawaii Skies During Bishop Museum June 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/06/moon-phases-alight-hawaii-skies-during_069286640.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2026. "Bishop Museum March 2026 Sky Map Avows Bailer, Kite, Lizard Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/bishop-museum-march-2026-sky-map-avows.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 March 2026. "Bishop Museum March 2026 Sky Map Accepts Galaxy, Planet, Star Lights." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/bishop-museum-march-2026-sky-map.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2026. "No Spring, Vernal Equinox Affects Bishop Museum March 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/no-spring-vernal-equinox-affects-bishop.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2026. "Bishop Museum March 2026 Sky Map Airs Sky Lights During Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/bishop-museum-march-2026-sky-map-airs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 March 2026. "No Total Lunar Eclipse Affects Bishop Museum March 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/no-total-lunar-eclipse-affects-bishop.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2026. "Makalii Bailer Star Line Anchors Bishop Museum February 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/02/makalii-bailer-star-line-anchors-bishop.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2026. "Bishop Museum February 2026 Sky Map Admits Galaxy, Planet, Star Light." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/02/bishop-museum-february-2026-sky-map_01210794622.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2026. "Alpha Centaurids Are Absent from Bishop Museum February 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/02/alpha-centaurids-are-absent-from-bishop.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2026. "Bishop Museum February 2026 Sky Map Airs Sky Lights During Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/02/bishop-museum-february-2026-sky-map.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2026. "Bailer and Kite Star Lines Are on Bishop Museum January 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/01/bailer-and-kite-star-lines-are-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2026. "Galaxy, Planet, Stars Alighten Bishop Museum January 2026 Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/01/galaxy-planet-stars-alighten-bishop.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2026. Bishop Museum January 2026 Sky Map Absents Quadrantids Meteor Shower." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/01/bishop-museum-january-2026-sky-map_12.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2026. "Bishop Museum January 2026 Sky Map Addresses Full Moon as Mahealani." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/01/bishop-museum-january-2026-sky-map.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2025. "Kite Star Line Kalupeakawelo Alightens 'Imiloa December 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/12/kite-star-line-kalupeakawelo-alightens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2025. "December 2025 Bishop Sky Map, 'Imiloa Sky Chart Axe Meteor Moon Lights." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/12/december-2025-bishop-sky-map-imiloa-sky.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2025. "'Imiloa December 2025 Sky Watch Airs Hibernal Northern Winter Solstice." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/12/imiloa-december-2025-sky-watch-airs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2025. "Geminid Meteor Showers Are Active Amid 'Imiloa December 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/12/geminid-meteor-showers-are-active-amid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2025. "Cloudy Skies Perhaps Affect Hawaii December 2025 Moon Phases Over Hilo." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/12/cloudy-skies-perhaps-affect-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 November 2025. Kite Star Line Kalupeakawelo Alights 'Imiloa November 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/11/kite-star-line-kalupeakawelo-alights.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2025. "November 2025 Bishop Sky Map, 'Imiloa Sky Chart Axe Meteors, Moonlight." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/11/november-2025-bishop-sky-map-imiloa-sky.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2025. "Maunakea Observatories Add 3I/ATLAS to 'Imiloa December 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/11/maunakea-observatories-add-3iatlas-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2025. "Cloudy, Rainy Skies Over Hawaii November 2025 Moon Phases Affect Hilo." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/11/cloudy-rainy-skies-over-hawaii-november.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2025. "'Imiloa October 2025 Sky Watch Addresses Fishline and Kite Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/10/imiloa-october-2025-sky-watch-addresses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2025. "Skies Alighten 'Imiloa October 2025 Sky Watch, Bishop Museum Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/10/skies-alighten-imiloa-october-2025-sky.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2025. "Maunakea Observatory Avails Supermassive Black Hole in Messier 87." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/10/maunakea-observatory-avails.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2025. "Cloudy Skies Over Hawaii October 2025 Affect Moon Phases Over Hilo." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/10/cloudy-skies-over-hawaii-october-2025.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2025. "'Imiloa September 2025 Sky Watch Admits Backbone, Fishline, Kite Stars." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/imiloa-september-2025-sky-watch-admits_01712950595.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2025. "Sky Lights Awe 'Imiloa September 2025 Sky Watch, Bishop Museum Sky Map." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/sky-lights-awe-imiloa-september-2025.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 September 2025. "'Imiloa September 2025 Sky Watch Admits the Fall Equinox Next Monday." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/imiloa-september-2025-sky-watch-admits.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 September 2025. "Maunakea Observatory Three-Dimensionally Avails Us the Ring Nebula." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/maunakea-observatory-three.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 September 2025. "Cloudy Skies Affect Hawaii September 2025 Moon Phases Over Hilo." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/cloudy-skies-affect-hawaii-september.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2025. "Backbone, Fishline, Kite Star Lines Awe August 2025 Sky Map, Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/backbone-fishline-kite-star-lines-awe.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 August 2025. "Galaxy, Moon, Stars Alighten August 2025 Sky Map, Sky Watch Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/galaxy-moon-stars-alighten-august-2025.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2025. "As Sednoid Four, Ammonite Acts Away From 'Imiloa August 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/as-sednoid-four-ammonite-acts-away-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 August 2025. "Cloudy Skies Over Hawaii August 2025 Moon Phases Affect Cloudy Hilo." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/cloudy-skies-over-hawaii-august-2025.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2025. "'Imiloa July 2025 Sky Watch Accesses Backbone and Fishhook Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/imiloa-july-2025-sky-watch-accesses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 July 2025. "Galaxy, Meteor, Moon, Planets, Stars Awe 'Imiloa July 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/galaxy-meteor-moon-planets-stars-awe.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 July 2025. "Lahaina Noon Dates, Places and Times Apply to Hawaii Skies July 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/galaxy-meteor-moon-planets-stars-awe.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 July 2025. "Moon Phases July 2025 Alighten Hawaii Skies of Hilo Less Than Honolulu." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/moon-phases-july-2025-alighten-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2025. "‘Imiloa June 2025 Sky Watch Accesses Kaiwikuamoo Backbone Star Line." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/imiloa-june-2025-sky-watch-accesses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 June 2025. "'Imiloa June 2025 Sky Watch Admits Galaxy, Moon, Planet and Star Light." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/imiloa-june-2025-sky-watch-admits.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2025. "Keck Observatory Keck Planet Finder Avails HD 219134 Asteroseismology." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/keck-observatory-keck-planet-finder.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 June 2025. "Summer Solstice Alights Later Hawaii Skies June 2025 at Hilo, Honolulu." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/summer-solstice-alights-later-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 June 2025. "Moon Phases Alighten Hawaii Skies of Honolulu More Than Hilo June 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/moon-phases-alighten-hawaii-skies-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2025. "‘Imiloa May 2025 Sky Watch Accesses Backbone and Bailer Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/imiloa-may-2025-sky-watch-accesses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 May 2025. "'Imiloa May 2025 Sky Watch Adds Lights About Eta Aquariids, Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/imiloa-may-2025-sky-watch-adds-lights.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 May 2025. "‘Imiloa May 2025 Sky Watch Avails Us Lahaina Noon Dates, Places, Times." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/fifteen-sunny-days-over-honolulu-awe.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 May 2025. "Fifteen Sunny Days Over Honolulu Awe Moon Phases Over Hawaii May 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/fifteen-sunny-days-over-honolulu-awe.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2025. "All the Makalii Bailer Star Line Assists ‘Imiloa April 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/all-makalii-bailer-star-line-assists.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2025. "Galaxy, Moon, Planet and Star Light Aces ‘Imiloa April 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/galaxy-moon-planet-and-star-light-aces.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2025. "A Full Pink Moon, a Lyrid Meteor Shower Adorn Hawaii Skies April 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-full-pink-moon-lyrid-meteor-shower.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2025. "Cloudless Skies Thrice Accompany Moon Phases Over Hawaii April 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/cloudless-skies-thrice-accompany-moon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2025. "All the Makalii Bailer Star Line Aids ‘Imiloa March 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/all-makalii-bailer-star-line-aids.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 March 2025. "Galaxy, Moon, Planet and Star Light Awes ‘Imiloa March 2025 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/galaxy-moon-planet-and-star-light-awes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2025. "Spring Equinox Adds Longest Day, Briefest Night Over Hawaii March 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/spring-equinox-adds-longest-day.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2025. "An All-Eclipsed Full Moon Affords No Moonlight Over Hawaii March 20255." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/an-all-eclipsed-full-moon-affords-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 March 2025. "Cloudy Skies All But Once Accompany Moon Phases Over Hawaii March 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/cloudy-skies-all-but-once-accompany.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 February 2025. "Makalii Bailer More Than Kawelo's Kite Awes Hawaii Skies February 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/makalii-bailer-more-than-kawelos-kite.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2025. "Stars Amid and Around Star Lines Alighten Hilo, Hawaii February 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/stars-amid-and-around-star-lines.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 February 2025. "Mars Aligns With Six Other Planets Above Hilo, Hawaii February 2025" Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/mars-aligns-with-six-other-planets.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2025. "Moon Phases Alighten Moon-Risen Skies Above Hilo, Hawaii February 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/moon-phases-alighten-moon-risen-skies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2025. "Star Lines Awe Galaxy-, Moon-, Planet-Lit Hawaiian Skies February 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/star-lines-awe-galaxy-moon-planet-lit_27.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2025. "A Galaxy, a Moon, Planets, Stars Abide Above Hilo, Hawaii January 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/a-galaxy-moon-planets-stars-abide-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2025. "Moon Phases Alighten Moon-Risen Skies Over Hilo, Hawaii January 2025." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/moon-phases-alighten-moon-risen-skies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2024. "‘Maunakea Astronomers Ally Disrupted and Ultra-Compact Dwarf Galaxies." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/12/maunakea-astronomers-ally-disrupted-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2024. "‘Imiloa December 2024 Sky Watch Aced Hibernal Northern Winter Solstice." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/12/imiloa-december-2024-sky-watch-aced.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 December 2024. "Kawelo’s Kite Kalupeakawelo Alightens ‘Imiloa December 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/12/kawelos-kite-kalupeakawelo-alightens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2024. "‘Imiloa December 2024 Sky Watch Aces 3200 Phaethon Asteroidal Geminids." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/12/imiloa-december-2024-sky-watch-aces.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 December 2024. "‘Imiloa December 2024 Sky Watch Accommodates Four Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/12/imiloa-december-2024-sky-watch.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2024. "‘Imiloa November 2024 Sky Watch Applauds Makalii and Makahiki Arriving." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/11/imiloa-november-2024-sky-watch-applauds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 November 2024. "Leonid Meteor Shower Alights ‘Imiloa November 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/11/leonid-meteor-shower-alights-imiloa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2024. "Kawelo’s Kite Kalupeakawelo Amuses ‘Imiloa November 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/11/kawelos-kite-kalupeakawelo-amuses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 November 2024. "Six Sunny Days Appear for ‘Imiloa November 2024 Sky Watch Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/11/six-sunny-days-appear-for-imiloa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2024. "Keck Observatory Avails ‘Imiloa October 2024 Sky Watch of Porphyrion." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/10/keck-observatory-avails-imiloa-october.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2024. "Bailer, Fishline, Kite Star Lines Adorn ‘Imiloa October 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/10/death-at-sanatorium-acquaints-us-with_01214399686.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 October 2024. "‘Imiloa October 2024 Sky Watch Day Two Aced a Partial Solar Eclipse." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/10/imiloa-october-2024-sky-watch-day-two.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2024. "‘Imiloa October 2024 Sky Watch Airs Four Moon Phases, No Ancient Trio." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/10/imiloa-october-2024-sky-watch-airs-four.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 September 2024. "‘Imiloa September 2024 Sky Watch Admires Planet Saturn Dusk to Dawn." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/09/imiloa-september-2024-sky-watch-admires.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2024. "‘Imiloa September 2024 Sky Watch Admitted the Autumnal Equinox Sunday." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/09/imiloa-september-2024-sky-watch-aces.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2024. "Imiloa September 2024 Sky Watch Aces Full-Moon Penumbral Lunar Eclipse." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/09/imiloa-september-2024-sky-watch-aces.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 September 2024. "‘Imiloa September 2024 Sky Watch Airs Backbone, Fishline, Kawelo Kite Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/09/imiloa-september-2024-sky-watch-airs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 September 2024. "‘Imiloa September 2024 Sky Watch Appears Most Active Under Full Moons." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/09/imiloa-september-2024-sky-watch-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2024. "Backbone and Chief's Fishline Awe 'Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/08/backbone-and-chiefs-fishline-awe-imiloa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2024. "Mars and Jupiter Conjunction Alights ‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/08/mars-and-jupiter-conjunction-alights.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 August 2024. "Perseids Meteor Shower Maximally Alights ‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/08/perseids-meteor-shower-maximally.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 August 2024. "‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch Accepts Two Last-Quarter Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/08/imiloa-august-2024-sky-watch-accepts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2024. "Moons, Planets, Stars Are at ‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Early Morning." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/moons-planets-stars-are-at-imiloa-july.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2024. "The Backbone and The Chief’s Fishline Awe ‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/the-backbone-and-chiefs-fishline-awe.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 July 2024. "‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Assigns Lahaina Noon Dates, Places, Times." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/imiloa-july-2024-sky-watch-assigns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 July 2024. "‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Accepts Two First-Quarter Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/imiloa-july-2024-sky-watch-accepts-two.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 July 2024. "‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Adds One More To Ancient Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/imiloa-july-2024-sky-watch-adds-one.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 June 2024. "'Imiloa June 2024 Sky Watch Morning Planets, Star Cluster, Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/06/imiloa-june-2024-sky-watch-morning.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2024. "‘Imiloa June 2024 Sky Watch Moon Phases Admit Summer Solstice June 20." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/06/imiloa-june-2024-sky-watch-moon-phases.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 June 2024. "‘Imiloa June 2024 Sky Watch Addresses Backbone Star Line Kaiwikuamo’o." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/06/imiloa-june-2024-sky-watch-addresses.html

"November 2024 Sky Watch." 'Imiloa > Education & Outreach > Sky Lines & Sky Watch.
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Available @ https://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html

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Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/december-2024/

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Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/november-2024/

"Weather in Hilo in October 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/october-2024/

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Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/september-2024/

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Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/august-2024/

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Thursday, August 27, 2026

Why Are Ice Skates in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?

Summary: Why are ice skates in Seasons by the Lake: Adventures in Greenland by author Naja Lund Aparico and illustrator Alex Nees, Dial Books, March 17, 2026?

Greenlander, Greenlandic sprts such as ice skating and sled-dog racing appeal to a Greenland dog and two brothers. Ice skating appears among such ice- and snow-articulated sports as cross-country and downhill skiing, ice climbing, ice skating and snowboarding. The afore-attending trio appreciate their activities outdoors even as capital-city Nuuk ("cape") arranges for public ice-skating activities in a public rink alongside the handball-attracting Godthåbhallen stadium.
"Greenland, Nuuk Godthabhallen," image obtained Monday, Aug. 27, 2007, 14:57.:
Eggert Lárusson (Egggeo), CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Why are ice skates in Seasons by the Lake: Adventures in Greenland by author Naja Lund Aparico and illustrator Alex Nees, Dial Books for Young Readers, Penguin/Random House imprint, March 17, 2026?

The living room in fall-months September, October, November and the open-closet corner in winter-months December, January, February, March, April bear respectively cleaned and shelved ice skates. Ice skates configure afore-considered fourth fall-month and 11th winter-month pages even as they correlate with winter-month 13th and 14th pages and the authorial-Postscript second-page reverse side. Brothers Minik ("seal-oil") and Nuka ("[elder-sibling's-]same-gendered-younger-sibling") do their ice-skating over creek, puddle, stream ice even as the afore-designated ice derives from their dwelling's lakeside domicile.

The brothers' ice skates entail gray-white material atop metal-looking blades even as they enthuse over enjoying their skating experiences albeit with rusty blades that metal encourages.

Perhaps the afore-featured siblings' grandmother Aanaa or their mother fashioned ice skates from seal skin or walrus hide fitted with whale-bone pins, walrus-tusk or whale-bone frames.

Boulder stone or meteoric iron perhaps generated skate blades even as traditional blades guarded pine or spruce (Pinus, Picea spp) driftwood, walrus-tusk ivory or whale bone. The two brothers head outdoors year-round even as spring-walking, summer-fishing, fall-sledding, winter-skating sports help handle such environmental hazards as slippery ice and snow and strong-flowing waters. Perhaps they itinerate with their grandmother or their mother to Greenland capital-city Nuuk ("cape"; Kalaallisut ["Inuit-language"; kalaallit -isut] West-Greenlandic nuuk), Sermersooq municipality, south-central and eastern Greenland.

Naja Lund Aparico and Alex Nees jubilate skating Seasons by the Lake: Adventures in Greenland even as ice skates join cross-country skis, snowboards as winter-sports equipment.

The Aparico authorship, the Greenland setting and the Nees illustrations kindle a second book in the year 2027 and a third book in the year 2028.

Perhaps the afore-listed releases link as first and second sequels even as perhaps the two brothers locate to Avannaata municipality, west Greenland's Avannaata Qimussersua ("The-Great-Dog-Sled-of-the-North") championships. They perhaps manifest the two brothers even as they meander, as above, with Greenland-dog Nanoq ("polar-bear"), skates and sleds, to Nunatsinni Unammersuarneq ("Labrador-Inuit-people") Greenlandic arctic-sports championships. Perhaps Minik, Nanoq, Nuka nestle into such Nuuk neighborhoods as the Qinngorput District even as Nuuk Skatepark niches a 500-square-meter (5,381.95521-square-foot) skatepark in a school yard.

Author Naja Lund Aparico and illustrator Alex Nees observe skating Seasons by the Lake: Adventures in Greenland even as ice skates perhaps occasion Nuuk ice-rink outings.

Perhaps a Nuuk peregrination persuades Minik, Nanoq and Nuka to present themselves at the Godthåbhallen stadium ("Good-Hope-building/-hall"; Danish Godthåb hallen) with 1,000-attendee capacity and indoor construction.

The afore-quested facility quarters, after its year-1960 groundbreaking and through its year-1961 building and opening, the Greenland Handball Federation's Greenland Men's National Handball Team (Grønlands håndboldlandshold). It requires a 20- to 30-minute ride, a 30- to 40-minute walk to relocate along the 400 meters (1,312.33596 feet) between Godthåbhallen stadium and Nuuk Stadium. The latter complex shelters concert-, culture-, handball-housing Inussivik ("people-place"; Kalaallisut/West-Greenlandic inu -ssivik) and football-hosting Nuuk Stadium even as the former supplies public-serving ice-skating space outside.

Author Naja Lund Aparico and illustrator Alex Nees tie Seasons by the Lake: Adventures in Greenland to ice skates as what takes Minik, Nanoq. Nuka outdoors.

Perhaps further adventures in Greenland, as possible year-2027 and year-2028 sequels to Seasons by the Lake augur Minik, Nanoq and Nuka at an outdoor-skating arena in the Danish-kingdom capital-city Copenhagen even as such an arena avails the Greenlandic trio of outdoor skating among the trees that the Danish kingdom's autonomous, North-American, self-ruled territory avails in far fewer areas.
"Patineurs dans le parc de Frederiksberg Skaters in Frederiksberg Gardens," oil on canvas painted 1884 by French post-impressionist painter Paul Gauguin (Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin; June 7, 1848-May 8, 1903); accession number MIN 3213, collection Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum, Copenhagen (Danish: København), eastern Denmark.
Frederiksberg Gardens (Danish: Frederiksberg Have) was laid out as a palace garden north and south of Frederiksberg Palace, constructed 1699-1703 as the royal family's summer retreat for Frederik IV (Oct. 11, 1671-Oct. 12, 1730), King of Denmark and Norway (Aug. 25, 1699-Oct. 12, 1730). The palace and garden are located on Frederiksberg Bakke (Fredericksberg Hill), in south central Fredericksberg, Great Copenhagen, eastern Denmark.: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Ice skates, with the blade made of an animal bone, date to the Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE-ca. 1200 BCE) and functioned as a mode of transportation, not as an entertainment or sport. The bone was attached to the skater's shoes with a leather strap. Flattening of the bone on one side advantageously allowed for movement in all directions, unlike the backward-forward restriction of modern metal-bladed skates, as explained "Vikings / Bone Ice Skate" on the website of The Hunt Museum (Irish: Iarsmalann Hunt), located in Limerick, Munster province, Mid-West Ireland (https://www.huntmuseum.com/stories/objects-in-focus/vikings-bone-ice-skate/).
A woodcut illustration in Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (1555) by Swedish author, cartographer and Catholic clergyman Olaus Magnus (born Olof Månsson; October 1490-Aug. 1, 1557) depicts a hunter on skis (left) and two skaters with long poles (right).
Caption: "De Curſu glaciali pro Piſcibus, vti aliâs pro pallio, et cur fæpius Piſcatura inſtituitur" ["On the glacial race for fish, as elsewhere for a prize, and why fishing is instituted so often], Olai Magni Gothi Archiepiscopi Upsalensis, De Piscibus, Liber XX, cap. XVII, in Olaus Magnus, Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus [English: "History of the Northern Peoples"] (1555), page 713.
The skaters model two methods of movement, with the first skater pushing forward by centering the pole between his legs and the second poling to his left side, as explained by Syracuse, New York-born William R. Short, author, filmmaker, lecturer, independent scholar, manager of Hurstwic, LLC and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Ph.D., in "Viking-Age Ice Skates" on the Hurstwic Viking Combat Research website (https://www.hurstwic.com/history/articles/daily_living/text/ice_skates.htm).:
illustration, Public Domain Mark, AI-generated English translation, CC BY-SA 4.0 International, via Source Library @ https://sourcelibrary.org/book/699065763dc2ed39a49f155d/page/699065763dc2ed39a49f188a;
Ghent University, Public Domain Mark, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9lEAAAAcAAJ/page/n802/mode/1up;
"Vikings / Bone Ice Skates," Hunt Museum > Stories > Objects in Focus, via The Hunt Museum @ https://www.huntmuseum.com/stories/objects-in-focus/vikings-bone-ice-skate/;
William R. Short, "Viking-Age Ice Skates," Hurstwic > Resources > Daily Living in the Viking Age > Games and Sports > Ice Skating, via Hurstwic @ https://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/daily_living/text/ice_skates.htm;
Peter Fisher and Humphrey Higgens, trans., Description of the Northern Peoples (Hakluyt Society, 1996-1998):
William R. Short, "William R. Short Biographical Sketch," via William R. Short website @ http://www.williamrshort.com/text/bio.html;
Federico Formenti and Alberto E. Minetti, "The first humans travelling on ice: an energy-saving strategy?," Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 93, issue 1 (January 2008): 1–7, via Oxford Academic @ https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-abstract/93/1/1/2701366;
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Two skaters cross Mare Finonicum, propelling themselves westward with poles, toward Helsiga, Finlandia, in detail from the third earliest-known map of Nordic countries, Carta Marina (1539) by Swedish author, cartographer and Catholic clergyman Olaus Magnus (born Olof Månsson; October 1490-Aug. 1, 1557). Sixteen years later, Olaus Magnus inserted the two skaters in his discussion of fishing in Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus [English: "History of the Northern Peoples"] (1555), Liber XX, cap. XVII (page 713).: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carta_Marina.jpeg;
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Ice skating happens in Greenland's abundant icescapes. Ice skaters skate Lake Tasersuaq, behind Qaqortoq Regional Hospital (brightly illuminated building, right), Qaqortoq, Kujalleq Municipality (Danish: Syden, "The South"), Greenland's southern tip.:
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"Ord. III. ABD. G 37. Squalus. *29. MICROCEPHALUS. S. capite et pinnis parvis, dentibus parvis, compreſſis, acie lata, hamata, naribus terminalibus, pinna dorſali paulum poſt baſin pectoralium, meſsura poſt ventralium lineam perpendicularem poſita, omnibus remotiſſimis, ano pinnae caudali vicino, cauda brevi.
Habitat in mari glaciali.
Exemplum meum 13 pedes longum."
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Marriner, Derdriu. 27 August 2026. "Why Are Ice Skates in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/why-are-ice-skates-in-seasons-by-lake_01135216904.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 August 2026. "Why Are Sleds in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/why-are-sleds-in-seasons-by-lake-by_0982303192.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2026. "How, Why Are Polar Bears in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/how-why-are-polar-bears-in-seasons-by_01872435765.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 August 2026. "Why Are Soccer and Walrus in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/08/why-are-soccer-and-walrus-in-seasons-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 July 2026. "Caribou Hides and Meat Ameliorate Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/caribou-hides-and-meat-ameliorate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 July 2026. "Are Red and White Colors the Greenland Flag in Seasons by the Lake?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/are-red-and-white-colors-greenland-flag.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2026. "Arctic Char Are Appetizing in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/arctic-char-are-appetizing-in-seasons.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 July 2026. "Arctic Buttercups Avail Naja Lund Aparico Yellow Seasons by the Lake." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/arctic-buttercups-avail-naja-lund.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 July 2026. "Arctic Dandelions Avail Naja Lund Aparico Yellow Seasons by the Lake." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/07/arctic-dandelions-avail-naja-lund.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 June 2026. "Crowberries Assure Naja Lund Aparico of Appetizing Seasons by the Lake." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/06/crowberries-assure-naja-lund-aparico-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2026. "Dwarf Fireweed Assures Bright, Deep Pink and Green Seasons by the Lake." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/06/dwarf-fireweed-assures-bright-deep-pink.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2026. "White Cottongrass Announces Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/06/white-cottongrass-announces-seasons-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2026. "Arctic Hares Abide All Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/06/arctic-hares-abide-all-seasons-by-lake.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 May 2026. "Snow Buntings Aerialize, Aestheticize and Announce Seasons by the Lake." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/05/snow-buntings-aerialize-aestheticize.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 May 2026. "A Greenland Dog Assures Safe Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/05/a-greenland-dog-assures-safe-seasons-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 May 2026. "Arctic Fritillary Ages Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/05/arctic-fritillary-ages-seasons-by-lake.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 May 2026. "Where Are the Greenlanders in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/05/where-are-greenlanders-in-seasons-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 April 2026. "What Languages Are in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/04/what-languages-are-in-seasons-by-lake.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 April 2026. "What Foods Are in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico?." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/04/what-foods-are-in-seasons-by-lake-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2026. "Daily Activities Allay Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/04/daily-activities-allay-seasons-by-lake.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2026. "Green and White Colors Anchor Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/04/green-and-white-colors-anchor-seasons.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 April 2026. "Greenland Attire Appears in Seasons by the Lake by Naja Lund Aparico." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/04/greenland-attire-appears-in-seasons-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 March 2026. "Seasons by the Lake Acquaints Us With Greenland Houses, Inside and Out." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/seasons-by-lake-acquaints-us-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2026. "Naja Lund Aparico Avails Seasons by the Lake Tuesday, March 17, 2026." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/naja-lund-aparico-avails-seasons-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2026. "Greenland Twinflower as Linnaea Borealis Affirms What Linnaeus Saw." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2026/03/greenland-twinflower-as-linnaea.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 Oct 2025. "Greenland Chill and Greenland Thaw Arise in The Winds of Change." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/10/greenland-chill-and-greenland-thaw.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 Oct 2025. "Curio, Trophy, Weapon Hunts Ail Greenland Sharks in Sharks & Rays." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/10/curio-trophy-weapon-hunts-ail-greenland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 Sep 2025. "Bycatch, Overfishing, Products Industry Ail Greenland Sharks in Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/bycatch-overfishing-products-industry.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 September 2025. "Arctic Thaw Ails All Greenland in Smithsonian Ocean by Deborah Cramer." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/arctic-thaw-ails-all-greenland-in_01338646045.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 September 2025. "Arctic Chill and Arctic Thaw Affix Greenland in The Winds of Change." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/arctic-chill-and-arctic-thaw-affix.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 September 2025. "Oils Are Why Greenland Sharks Are in Greenland by Jean F. Blashfield." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/oils-are-why-greenland-sharks-are-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 August 2025. "Arctic Thaw Awaits Greenland Sharks in Ocean by Miezan van Zyl." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/arctic-thaw-awaits-greenland-sharks-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 August 2025. "Greenland Sharks Not Polar Thaw Awe The Ocean by Miranda Krestovnikoff." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/greenland-sharks-not-polar-thaw-awe.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 August 2025. "The Illustrated Atlas of Wildlife Adds Arctic Thaw to Greenland Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/the-illustrated-atlas-of-wildlife-adds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 August 2025. "Arctic Thaw Affects No Greenland Sharks in Everything About Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/arctic-thaw-affects-no-greenland-sharks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 July 2025. "Greenland Sharks Age Despite or Due to Arctic Thaw in Mission: Arctic." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/greenland-sharks-age-despite-or-due-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 July 2025. "Arctic Thaw Aggresses Greenland Sharks in The Ultimate Book of Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/arctic-thaw-aggresses-greenland-sharks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2025. "People, Not Arctic Thaw, Aggress Greenland Sharks in 100 Facts/Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/people-not-arctic-thaw-aggress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 July 2025. "Pores Aid Greenland Sharks During Climate Change in South with the Sun." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/pores-aid-greenland-sharks-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 July 2025. "Greenland Sharks Maybe Avoid Arctic Thaw as Greenland Ice Melt in Ice." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/greenland-sharks-maybe-avoid-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 June 2025. "The Secret History of Sharks Absents Arctic Thaw From Greenland Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/the-secret-history-of-sharks-absents.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 June 2025. "Arctic Thaw Aids No Overfished Greenland Sharks in Vanishing Treasures." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/arctic-thaw-aids-no-overfished.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 June 2025. "No Arctic Thaws Ax Greenland Sharks in Sharks and Other Dangerous Fish." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/no-arctic-thaws-ax-greenland-sharks-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 June 2025. "Arctic Thaw Alarms No Greenland Sharks in Fantastic Facts About Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/arctic-thaw-alarms-no-greenland-sharks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2025. "Arctic Thaw Ails No Overfished Greenland Sharks in How Old Is a Whale." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/arctic-thaw-ails-no-overfished.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2025. "Men With Chains, Hooks, Pollution Ail Greenland Sharks in Shark Drunk." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/men-with-chains-hooks-pollution-ail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 May 2025. "Overkilling Afflicts Greenland Sharks in Shark by Dr Miranda Macquitty." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/overkilling-afflicts-greenland-sharks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 May 2025. "Overfishing Affects Greenland Sharks in Shark by Dr Miranda Macquitty." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/overfishing-affects-greenland-sharks-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 May 2025. "Greenland Sharks Are in Can't Get Enough Shark Stuff by Kelly Hargrave." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/greenland-sharks-are-in-cant-get-enough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2025. "Jonathan Sheikh-Miller, Monica Tamariz Avail Tiburones Greenland Shark." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/jonathan-sheikh-miller-monica-tamariz.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2025. "George W Benz Authors Greenland Shark for Grzimek's Animal Life." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/george-w-benz-authors-greenland-shark.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2025. "Super Shark by Derek Harvey Airs Greenland Sharks Without Arctic Thaw." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/super-shark-by-derek-harvey-airs_59.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2025. "Greenland Sharks in The Shark Handbook by Dr Skomal Avoid Arctic Thaw." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/greenland-sharks-in-shark-handbook-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2025. "The Encyclopedia of Sharks by Steve Parker Applauds Greenland Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/the-encyclopedia-of-sharks-by-steve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2025. "Jennifer V Schmidt Authors Greenland Shark for World Book Volume 8: G." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/jennifer-v-schmidt-authors-greenland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2025. "Mary Pope Osborne Adds No Greenland Sharks to Narwhal on a Sunny Night." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/mary-pope-osborne-adds-no-greenland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2025. "Greenland Sharks Allure Julia and the Shark by Kiran Millwood Hargrave." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/greenland-sharks-allure-julia-and-shark.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 February 2025. "Angela's Glacier by Jordan Scott Amplifies Greenland Thaw in Underland." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/angelas-glacier-by-jordan-scott.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 February 2025. "Greenland Thaw and Nuclear Waste Appall Robert Macfarlane in Underland." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/greenland-thaw-and-nuclear-waste-appall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 February 2025. "Greenland, World Waters and Their Water World Life Affect Each Other." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/greenland-world-waters-and-their-water.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 February 2025. "Arctic Thaw Affects Arctic Circle, Arctic Ocean Island Greenland." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/arctic-thaw-affects-arctic-circle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 January 2025. "Michael J Trinklein Absents Arctic Thaw From Iceland in Lost States." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/michael-j-trinklein-absents-arctic-thaw_30.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2025. "Arctic Thaw Affects Greenland in Lost States by Michael J Trinklein." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/arctic-thaw-affects-greenland-in-lost.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 November 2015. "5 Percent Greenland Ice Sheet Loss as Zachariae Isstrom Glacier Melts." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/5-percent-greenland-ice-sheet-loss-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 July 2014. "Greenland Sleeper Shark Natural History Illustrations and Photographs." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/07/greenland-sleeper-shark-natural-history.html

McPherson, Stephanie Sammartino. 2015. Arctic Thaw: Climate Change and the Global Race for Energy Resources. Minneapolis MN: Twenty-First Century Books, division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc.

Muir, Michael. 11 August 2025. "Scientists puzzled by new phenomenon witnessed on Greenland ice sheet: 'We haven't observed anything like this before.'" MSN > Weather > The Cool Down.
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