Earth and Space News: Apollo 8 Magelhaens Crater

Showing posts with label Apollo 8 Magelhaens Crater. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 17, 2014

Apollo 8 Imaged Goclenius Crater During December 1968 Lunar Orbits

Summary: Apollo 8 imaged Goclenius Crater during December 1968 lunar orbits performed by the first three humans to journey to another astronomical body.

Apollo 8 imaged Goclenius Crater during December 1968 lunar orbits performed by the first human-crewed mission to travel to another astronomical body.

Apollo 8 launched as the first human lunar-orbiting mission. Liftoff occurred Saturday, Dec. 21, 1968, from the John F. Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) Launch Pad 39-A at 12:51:00 Greenwich Mean Time/Coordinated Universal Time (7:51 a.m. Eastern Standard Time).

Mission objectives included photographing lunar features. The Apollo 8 black-and-white photograph of Goclenius captures the crater’s grouping with Colombo Crater, the Magelhaens system and Gutenberg satellite D.

Goclenius Crater occupies the lunar near side’s fourth, or southeastern quadrant. In his Atlas of the Universe, English amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Moore (March 4, 1923-Dec. 9, 2012) characterized this quadrant as mainly composed of highlands (2005: page 60).

Goclenius is located along the western edge of the southern extent of Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity). Another dark lava plain, Mare Nectaris (Sea of Nectar), lies to the crater’s west-southwest.

Goclenius is centered at minus 10.05 degrees south latitude, 45.03 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 9.17 degrees south and minus 10.93 degrees south, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 46.24 degrees east and 43.83 degrees east, respectively. The lunar impact crater’s diameter measures 73.04 kilometers.

The IAU approved Goclenius as the crater’s official name in 1935. Its name dates back to 1651, with the publication of Giovanni Battista Riccioli’s monumental Almagestum Novum (New Almagest). The Italian Jesuit astronomer (April 17, 1598-June 25, 1671) assigned the Latinized name of German polymathic physician Rudolf Göckel (Aug. 22, 1572-March 3, 1621) to the near side crater.

Magelhaens, Magelhaens A and Gutenberg D trail diagonally to the south-southwest of Goclenius. Magelhaens A is attached to its parent crater’s southeastern rim. Gutenberg D lies to the northwest of Magelhaens.

Magelhaens is centered at minus 11.98 degrees south latitude, 44.07 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes register at minus 11.36 degrees south and minus 12.59 degrees south, respectively. The lunar impact crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 44.7 degrees east and 43.45 degrees east, respectively. Magelhaens claims a diameter of 37.2 kilometers.

Magelhaens A is centered at minus 12.73 degrees south latitude, 44.99 degrees east longitude. The satellite obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 12.25 degrees south and minus 13.22 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 45.49 degrees east and 44.5 degrees east, respectively. The satellite’s diameter measures 29.35 kilometers.

German astronomer and selenographer Johann Heinrich von Mädler (May 29, 1794-March 14, 1874) is credited with naming Magelhaens after Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan; ca. 1480-Apil 27, 1521). The IAU approved Magelhaens in 1935. Magelhaens A’s approval date was 2006.

Gutenberg D is centered at minus 10.99 degrees south latitude, 42.84 degrees east longitude. The satellite’s marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 10.66 degrees south and minus 11.32 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes register at 43.17 degrees east and 42.5 degrees east, respectively. Gutenberg satellite D has a diameter of 20.07 kilometers.

Gutenberg D is named after German inventor Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (ca. 1390/1400-Feb. 3, 1468). The satellite’s name received IAU approval in 2006. Approval of Gutenberg as its parent crater’s name had been given in 1935.

Colombo A is centered at minus 14.18 degrees south latitude, 44.46 degrees east longitude. The satellite obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 13.5 degrees south and minus 14.85 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 45.16 degrees east and 43.77 degrees east, respectively. A’s diameter measures 40.78 kilometers.

Colombo’s namesake is Spanish explorer Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus; ca. Aug. 26/Oct. 31, 1451-May 20, 1506). The satellite’s parent received IAU name approval in 1935. Satellite A’s name was approved in 2006.

The takeaway for Apollo 8’s image of Goclenius Crater during December 1968 lunar orbits is that the mission’s black-and-white photograph clearly captures the grouping of Goclenius with Magelhaens Crater and satellites Colombo A, Gutenberg D and Magelhaens A.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 79 shows grouping of Goclenius Crater with Magelhaens Crater, Magelhaens satellite A, Gutenberg satellite D and Colombo satellite A; scale 1:1,000,000; Mercator Projection: United States Air Force (USAF) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) via USGS/Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

view of Goclenius Crater (foreground); Magelhaens A, Magelhaens and Gutenberg D (second row); Colombo A (third row; upper right); long-focal length lens photograph taken Dec. 24, 1968, by Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) William Alison Anders from Apollo 8 spacecraft; NASA ID AS08-13-2225: Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-as08-13-2225;
NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA does not maintain a copyright, via Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth @ https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=AS08&roll=13&frame=2225

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Goclenius.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 129. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/129

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8365

International Astronomical Union. “Goclenius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2198

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg D.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9616

International Astronomical Union. “Magelhaens.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3578

International Astronomical Union. “Magelhaens A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/11040

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Fecunditatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3673

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Nectaris.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3683

Kluger, Jeffrey. Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon. New York NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2017.

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Flight Was Only, Second and Third Flight for Anders, Borman and Lovell.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 28, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/apollo-8-was-only-second-and-third.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Imaged Joliot Crater During December 1968 Lunar Orbits.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 25, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/apollo-8-imaged-joliot-crater-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Imaged Lomonosov Crater During December 1968 Lunar Orbits.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 18, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/apollo-8-imaged-lomonosov-crater-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Imaged Taruntius Satellites During December 1968 Lunar Orbits.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 26, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/apollo-8-imaged-taruntius-satellites.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Proved Manned Space Flight Network’s Lunar Reach.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/apollo-8-proved-manned-space-flight.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Crewed Lunar Orbiting Mission Apollo 8 Launched Dec. 21, 1968.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/first-crewed-lunar-orbiting-mission.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Colombo Crater Parents 10 Satellites in Southeastern Lunar Near Side.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/colombo-crater-parents-10-satellites-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Goclenius Crater Parents Two Satellites in Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 10, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/goclenius-crater-parents-two-satellites.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Gutenberg Crater Parents Nine Satellites on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 26, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/gutenberg-crater-parents-nine.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Magelhaens Crater Parents One Satellite on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/magelhaens-crater-parents-one-satellite.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Taruntius Crater Parents 15 Satellites on Northwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 4, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/taruntius-crater-parents-15-satellites.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

NASA JSC Web Team. “Apollo: 1963-1972.” NASA JSC (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center) History Portal. Updated July 16, 2010.
Available @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/apollo.htm

NASA JSC Web. “Mission Transcripts: Apollo 8.” NASA JSC (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center) History Portal. Updated July 16, 2010.
Available @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/mission_trans/apollo8.htm

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, comp. Analysis of Apollo 8 Photography and Visual Observations. NASA SP-201. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Technology Utilization Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1969.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700005062.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Mission Report. Prepared by Mission Evaluation Team. MSC-PA-R-69-1. Houston TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center, February 1969.
Available via NASA History-Apollo Flight Journal @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Mission (AS-503) Post Launch Mission Operation Report No. 1. Prepared by Apollo Program Office-MAO. Report No. M-932-68-08. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Manned Space Flight, Feb. 10, 1969.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-postlaunch-rep.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Press Kit. Release no. 68-208. Dec. 15, 1968. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1969.
Available via NASA History-Apollo Flight Journal @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-presskit.pdf
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/specials/apollo50th/pdf/A08_PressKit.pdf
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription (Goss Net 1). Prepared for Data Logistics Office Test Division Apollo Spacecraft Program Office. Houston TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center, December 1968.
Available via Johnson Space Center (JSC) History Portal @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/mission_trans/AS08_TEC.PDF

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Technical Crew Debriefing. Prepared by Mission Operations Branch Flight Crew Support Division. Houston TX: Manned Spacecraft Center, Jan. 2, 1969.
Part 1 (pages i-70): Available via ibiblio @ https://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/Documents/Apollo8-TechnicalDebriefing-Martin-1.pdf
Part 2 (pages 71-149): Available via ibiblio @ https://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/Documents/Apollo8-TechnicalDebriefing-Martin-1.pdf

Orloff, Richard W. “Apollo 8 The Second Mission: Testing the CSM in Lunar Orbit.” Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference: 31-50. NASA History Series. NASA SP 4029. Washington DC: NASA Headquarters Office of Policy and Plans, 2000.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf

Ricciolo, Ioanne Baptista. “Rodulphus Goclenius.” Almagestum Novum Astronomiam Veterem Novamque Complectens Observationibus Aliorum, et Propriis Novisque Theorematibus, ac Tabulis Promotam, tomus primus: XLIV. In tres tomos. Bononiae: Ex Typographia Haeredis Victorij Benatij, MDCLI (1651).
Available via ETH-Bibliothek Zürich’s e-rara.ch @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/pageview/140243

U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

Williams, David R.; and E. (Edwin) Bell II, cur. “Apollo 10.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center > NMC (NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Master Catalog) > Spacecraft. Version 5.1.0, July 10, 2019.
Available @ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-043A

Woods, W. David; and Frank O’Brien. “Apollo 8 Photography Index.” NASA History > Apollo Flight Journal > The Apollo 8 Flight Journal.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/a08-photoindex.html

Woods, W. David; and Frank O’Brien. “Apollo 8 Documents.” NASA History > Apollo Flight Journal > The Apollo 8 Flight Journal.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/index.html

Zimmerman, Robert. Genesis: The Story of Apollo 8: The First Manned Flight to Another World. New York NY: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1998.

Wednesday, December 3, 2014

Magelhaens Crater Parents One Satellite on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis

Summary: Magelhaens Crater parents one satellite on southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), an equator-straddling lava plain on the moon’s near side.

Detail shows row of Magelhaens, Magelhaens A and Gutenberg D in grouping with Goclenius (above) and Colombo A (below); D.P. Elston’s Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle (1972): Dept. of Interior-US Geological Survey/NASA/USAF ACIC, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Magelhaens Crater parents one satellite on southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), a dark, equator-straddling lava plain occupying the lunar near side’s eastern hemisphere.

Magelhaens Crater’s eroded rim forms a rough circle around the interior floor. British Victorian selenographer Thomas Gwyn Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) described the southern hemisphere crater as presenting “. . . a bright and somewhat irregular though continuous border” (page 130) in his book of lunar observations, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895. A small central mountain rises from the dark, flat floor. The interior’s lava-flooded darkness matches the dark coloration of the nearby lunar mare’s (Latin: “sea”) dark, basaltic plains.

Primary crater Magelhaens is centred at minus 11.98 degrees south latitude, 44.07 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes spread from minus 11.36 degrees south to minus 12.59 degrees south, respectively. The lunar impact crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes stretch from 44.7 degrees east to 43.45 degrees east, respectively. Magelhaens has a diameter of 37.2 kilometers.

Magelhaens closely parents its solitary satellite. Magelhaens A is attached to its parent’s southeastern rim.

Elger noted A’s possession of a central hill on its floor. A’s light floor contrasts with its parent’s darkened floor. A craterlet rests on Magelhaens A’s northeastern rim.

The observational team of German banker and amateur astronomer Wilhelm Wolff Beer (Jan. 4, 1797-March 27, 1850) and German astronomer and selenographer Johann Heinrich von Mädler (May 29, 1794-March 14, 1874) likened Magelhaens A to Vendelinus D, “die beide gegen das Mare Foecunditatis abstürzen” (“both of which crash against Mare Foecunditatis”), in their detailed lunar geography, Der Mond (1837, page 370 §411). Lying southeast of Magelhaens A, Vendelinus D edges the southeastern Mare Fecunditatis. D numbers among 15 Vendelinus secondary craters that received official Vendelinus satellite designations in 2006.

Magelhaens A is center at minus 12.73 degrees south latitude, 44.99 degrees east longitude. The satellite’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 12.25 degrees and minus 13.22 degrees south, respectively. A obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 45.49 degrees east and 44.5 degrees east, respectively. With a diameter of 29.35 kilometers, satellite A approximates 80 percent of its parent’s size.

The lunar Magelhaens Crater system honors Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan; ca. 1480-Apil 27, 1521). Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Mädler are credited with the first cartographic designation of Magelhaens and Magelhaens A. Mädler and his patron identified the lunar southern hemisphere’s crater-conjoined satellite system as Magelhaens on quadrant IV of Mappa Selenographica, their complete map of the lunar near side, published in 1834.

Magelhaens and Magelhaens A form a northwest-to-southeast aligned row with the parent’s northwestern neighbor, Gutenberg D, along Mare Fecunditatis. The trio forms a distinctive grouping with Goclenius Crater and Colombo A. Located in Mare Fecunditatis, Goclenius lies to the northeast of the trio. An intruder into its parent’s northwestern rim, Colombo A hunkers near Magelhaens A, to the north-northwest.

NASA astronaut (born Oct. 17, 1933) William Alison Anders captured the grouping in memorable photographs taken as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) for the Apollo 8 mission. Apollo 8 launched Saturday, Dec. 21, 1968, as the first human lunar-orbiting mission. Commander Frank Frederick Borman II (born March 14, 1928), Command Module Pilot (CMP) James Arthur Lovell Jr. (born March 25, 1928) and LMP Anders made 10 lunar orbits before their end-of-mission splashdown Friday, Dec. 27, in the North Pacific Ocean.

The takeaways for Magelhaens Crater’s parentage of one satellite on the southwestern Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity) are that Magelhaens A is attached to its parent’s southeastern rim and that, at 29.35 kilometers, the satellite’s diameter equates to almost 80 percent of its parent’s 37.2-kilometer diameter.

Detail of Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Mädler’s lunar map (1834), quadrant IV, shows (lower-center right) row formed by Magelhaens, Magelhaens A and Gutenberg D in grouping with Goclenius (below) and Colombo A (above): Public Domain Mark 1.0, via Digital SLUB (Saxon State and University Library) Dresden

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Beer, Guilelmo; et Joanne Henrico Mädler. “IV.” Mappa Selenographica: totam Lunae hemisphaeram visibilem complectens Observationibus propriis secundum projectionem orthographicam. Quatuor Sectionibus constructa et delineata. Berolini [Berlin, Germany]: Apud Simon Schropp & Soc., MDCCCXXXIV (1834).
Available via Digital SLUB (Saxon State and University Library) Dresden @ https://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/?id=5363&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=57760&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=9

Beer, Wilhelm; and Joh. (Johannes) Heinrich Mädler. “Rinnebirgsgruppe des Colombo, Cook under Magelhaens. §.410. §.411.” Der Mond nach seinen kosmischen und individuellen Verhältnissen; oder, Allgemeine vergleichende Selenographie: 370. Mit besondrer Bezichung auf die von den Verfassern berausgegebens Mappa Selenographica. Berlin, Germany: Simon Schropp & Comp., 1837.
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara.ch @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/wihibe/content/pageview/7346707
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dermondallegein00midlgoog/page/n394
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_hO_mAAAAMAAJ/page/n395

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Magelhaens.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 130. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/130

Elston, Donald P. “Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-714 (LAC-79). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i714

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

Hodges, Carroll Ann. “Geologic Map of the Langrenus Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-739 (LAC-80). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1973.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i739

International Astronomical Union. “Vendelinus.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6346

Kluger, Jeffrey. Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon. New York NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2017.

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Gutenberg Crater Parents Nine Satellites on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 26, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/gutenberg-crater-parents-nine.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Stuart-Alexander, Desiree E.; and Rowland W. Tabor. “Geologic Map of the Fracastorius Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-720 (LAC-97). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i720