Met Opera Opened Il Barbiere di Siviglia Nov. 23, 1883, as 11th Opera

Summary: Met Opera opened Il Barbiere di Siviglia on Friday, Nov. 23, 1883, as the 11th premiere in the first season, 1883-1884.

The Metropolitan Opera's Rosina lineage traces back to Marcella Sembrich's performance in the opera house's inaugural season (1883-1884) premiere of Rossini's Il Barbiere di Siviglia: Met Opera Guild @MetOperaGuild, via Twitter Aug. 20, 2020

Met Opera opened Il Barbiere di Siviglia on Friday, Nov. 23, 1883, as the 11th premiere in the inaugural 1883-1884 season lineup of 20 operas.

The opera buffa in due atti (comic opera in two acts) by Italian composer Gioachino Rossini (Feb. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868) received nine performances, sung in Italian, in the Metropolitan Opera's first season, 1883-1884. The Metropolitan Opera House was the venue for the Friday, Nov. 23, premiere and the first performance, Tuesday, Dec. 4. The third performance, Wednesday, Jan. 2, 1884, was held at the Boston Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. The fourth performance, Friday, Jan. 25, took place at Haverly's Theatre in Chicago, Illinois. The fifth performance, Saturday, Feb. 9, was staged at the Olympic Theater in St. Louis, Missouri. The sixth performance, Friday, Feb. 29, was held at the Academy of Music in Baltimore, Maryland. The seventh performance, Saturday, March 8, took place at the Boston Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. The Metropolitan Opera House hosted the eighth performance, Monday, March 24. The venue for the ninth, closing performance, Saturday, April 19, was the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Auguste Vianesi (Nov. 2, 1837-Nov. 4, 1908) conducted the first four and the last four performances of Il Barbiere di Siviglia. The French-naturalized, northwestern Italy-born conductor had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the first season's inaugural premiere, Faust by French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893).

Maestro Vianesi shared the conductorship with Cleofonte Campanini (Sept. 1, 1860-Dec. 19, 1919), who conducted the fifth performance, Saturday, Feb. 9. The Italian conductor had made his Met Opera debut Saturday, Nov. 3, 1883, in the second performance of the first season's fifth opera, Mignon by French composer Ambroise Thomas (Aug. 5, 1811-Feb. 12, 1896).

Giuseppe Del Puente (Jan. 30, 1841-May 25, 1900) sang the title role of Figaro in all nine performances. The Italian baritone had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Valentin in the first season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Marcella Sembrich (Feb. 15, 1858-Jan. 11, 1935) appeared in all nine performances as Rosina, who is the ward of dowry-obsessed, elderly Dr. Bartolo and who happily marries Count Almaviva in the last act. The Polish coloratura soprano had made her Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, in the title role in the inaugural season's second premiere, Lucia di Lammermoor by Italian opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848).

Roberto Stagno (Oct. 18, 1840-April 26, 1897) appeared in first three performances as Count Almaviva, who masquerades as impoverished student Lindoro to be sure that Rosina loves him for himself, not for his money. The Italian operatic tenor had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Oct. 26, 1883, in the title role, Manrico, in the season's third premiere, Il Trovatore by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Roberto Stagno shared the role with Victor Capoul and Nicola Stagi. Victor Capoul (Feb. 27, 1839-Feb. 18, 1924) sang Count Almaviva in the fourth (Friday, Jan. 25), sixth (Friday, Feb. 29), seventh (Saturday, March 8) and eighth (Monday, March 24) performances. The French operatic tenor had made his Met Opera debut Saturday, Oct. 27, 1883, in the title role in the second performance of Gounod's Faust.

Nicola Stagi sang Count Almaviva in the fifth (Saturday, Feb. 9) and ninth, closing (Saturday, April 19) performances. The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) notes that Nicola Stagi's appearance in the Il Barbiere di Siviglia's closing performance marked his last Met Opera performance. The Italian tenor had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 19, as Raimbaut in the first season's 10th premiere, Robert le Diable by German Jewish opera composer Giacomo Meyerbeer (Sept. 5, 1791-May 2, 1864).

Baldassare Corsini appeared in all nine performances as Dr. Bartolo, whose designs on his ward, Rosina, really concern Rosina's attractive dowry. He had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Wagner in the season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Giovanni Mirabella sang Don Basilio, Rosina's music teacher, in all nine performances. The MetOpera Database notes his appearance in the ninth, closing performance as Giovanni Mirabella's last Met Opera performance. The Florentine bass had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 29, 1883, as Giorgio in the opening season's fourth premiere, I Puritani by 19th century Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini (Nov. 3, 1801-Sept. 23, 1835).

Emilie Deméric-Lablache (Oct. 6, 1830-?), credited as Emily Lablache, sang Berta, Dr. Bartolo's housekeeper, in all nine performances. The French mezzo-soprano-contralto had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 5, as Flora in the opening season's sixth premiere, Verdi's La Traviata.

Ludovico Contini sang Fiorello, Count Almaviva's servant, in all nine performances. The MetOpera Database notes his appearance in the closing performance as Ludovico Contini's last Met Opera performance. He had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Wagner in the season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Amadeo Grazzi appeared in all nine performances as the Officer of the Watch, who investigates the disturbance created by Count Almaviva in his disguise as an intoxicated soldier. He had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, as Normanno in the season's second premiere, Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

Il Barbiere di Siviglia was directed by Mr. Corani (Henry De Courtney Corani, ca. 1849-May 1905) and Mr. Abbiati. The production's sets were designed by Charles Fox, Jr., William Schaeffer, Gaspar Maeder (ca. 1840-Jan. 18, 1892) and Mr. Thompson. The production's costume designers were Henry Dazian (May 3, 1854-May 4, 1937) and D. Ascoli. Il Barbiere di Siviglia's directors, set designers and costume designers had all made their Met Opera debuts Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Il Barbiere di Siviglia premiered Friday, Nov. 23, 1883, as the first season's 11th opera and as the only Rossini opera staged in the Metropolitan Opera's inaugural season, 1883-1884. Don Giovanni, by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791), succeeded Il Barbiere di Siviglia as the 12th first season premiere. Don Giovanni premiered Wednesday, Nov. 28, 1883.

The takeaways for Met Opera's premiere of Il Barbiere di Siviglia are that the opera buffa in due atti (comic opera in two acts) was staged as the 11th opera in Met Opera's inaugural season, 1883-1884; that the happy-ending opera received nine performances; and that Il Barbiere di Siviglia was the only Gioachino Rossini opera included in the inaugural season lineup of 20 operas.

After originating Rossini's Rosina in the Metropolitan Opera's inaugural season, 1883-1884, Marcella Sembrich reprised the role for nine more seasons (1898-1899, 1899-1900, 1901-1902, 1902-1903, 1903-1904, 1904-1905, 1905-1906, 1907-1908, 1909-1910): The Sembrich @TheSembrich, via Facebook Dec. 26, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The Metropolitan Opera's Rosina lineage traces back to Marcella Sembrich's performance in the opera house's inaugural season (1883-1884) premiere of Rossini's Il Barbiere di Siviglia: Met Opera Guild @MetOperaGuild, via Twitter Aug. 20, 2020, @ https://twitter.com/MetOperaGuild/status/1296483399113285634/photo/1

After originating Rossini's Rosina in the Metropolitan Opera's inaugural season, 1883-1884, Marcella Sembrich reprised the role for nine more seasons (1898-1899, 1899-1900, 1901-1902, 1902-1903, 1903-1904, 1904-1905, 1905-1906, 1907-1908, 1909-1910): The Sembrich @TheSembrich, via Facebook Dec. 26, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/TheSembrich/photos/a.2208163542582491/2587976781267830/

For further information:

“Debut: Cleofonte Campanini.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1070 Mignon {2} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/3/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1070

"Debut: Emily Lablache, Giuseppe Barberis, Malvina Cavalazzi." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1080 Metropolitan Opera Premiere La Traviata {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/5/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1080

"Debut: Giovanni Mirabella, Ida Corani." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1040 Metropolitan Opera Premiere I Puritani {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/29/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1040

"Debut: Nicola Stagi." Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Robert le Diable.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1180 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Robert le Diable {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/19/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1180

Debut: Roberto Stagno, Alwina Valleria, Zelia Trebelli." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1020 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Il Trovatore {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/26/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1020

"Debuts: Italo Campanini, Christine Nilsson, Franco Novara, Giuseppe Del Puente, Sofia Scalchi, Louise Lablache, Ludovico Contini, Auguste Vianesi, Mr. Corani, Mr. Abbiati, Charles Fox, Jr., William Schaeffer, Gaspar Maeder, Mr. Thompson, D. Ascoli, Henry Dazian." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1000 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Faust {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/22/1883. Metropolitan Opera Premiere Opening Night {1}.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1000

"Debuts: Marcella Sembrich, Giuseppe Kaschmann, Achille Augier, Amadeo Grazzi, Imogene Forti, Vincenzo Fornaris." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1010 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Lucia di Lammermoor {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/24/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1010

Marriner, Derdriu. "Il Barbiere di Siviglia Is the Jan. 28, 2017, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 23, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/il-barbiere-di-siviglia-is-jan-28-2017.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Metropolitan Opera Premiered 20 Operas During Opening Season 1883-1884." Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 14, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/metropolitan-opera-premiered-20-operas.html

Met Opera Guild @MetOperaGuild. "Today's #OperaThroughTheYears showcases the clever #Rosina from #Rossini's #IlBarbiereDiSiviglia: #MarcellaSembrich (1883) #LilyPons (1930) #ReriGrist (1966) #MarilynHorne (1982) #IsabelLeonard (2011) #CostumeDesign by Ascoli, Dazian, Berman, Zipprodt & Zuber. #BelCanto #TBT." Twitter. Aug. 20, 2020.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOperaGuild/status/1296483399113285634/photo/1

The Metropolitan Opera Guild @metropolitanoperaguild. "Don't be like Dr. Bartolo and let these girlish frills distract you from Rosina's cleverness! Today's #OperaThroughTheYears showcases the heroine from Rossini's Il Barbiere di Siviglia from the opera's Met premiere through the current production. Marcella Sembrich (1883) Lily Pons (1930) Reri Grist (1966) Marilyn Horne (1982) Isabel Leonard (2011) Costume designs by D. Ascoli, Henry Dazian, Eugene Berman, Patricia Zipprodt and Catherine Zuber. #IlBarbiereDiSiviglia #Rossini #Rosina #MarcellaSembrich #LilyPons #ReriGrist #MarilynHorne #IsabelLeonard #BelCanto #CostumeDesign #TBT." Facebook. Aug. 20, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/metropolitanoperaguild/photos/a.10150144873997754/10159000219387754/

"Metropolitan Opera Premiere Il Barbiere di Siviglia." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1200 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Il Barbiere di Siviglia {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/23/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1200

Rous, Samuel Holland. The Victrola Book of the Opera: Stories of One Hundred and Twenty Operas With Seven-Hundred Illustrations and Descriptions of Twelve-Hundred Victor Opera Records. Fourth revised edition. Camden NJ: Victor Talking Machine Company, 1917.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/victrolabookofop00vict

The Sembrich @TheSembrich. "Donate today and be a part of preserving these incredible costumes! We’re almost to our goal! Every donation & share counts! https://secure.givelively.org/donate/marcella-sembrich-memorial-association-inc/help-preserve-the-sembrich-costume-collection The costume below was worn by Madame Sembrich for her portrayal of Rosina in Rossini’s 'The Barber of Seville.'" Facebook. Dec. 26, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/TheSembrich/photos/a.2208163542582491/2587976781267830/

Reduction Pruning Utility Trees Affects CODIT and Epicormic Branches

Summary: Reduction pruning utility trees affects CODIT and epicormic branches, according to an article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for November 2020.

Location of utility line through crown of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) necessitates reduction pruning: Steven Katovich, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Reduction pruning utility trees affects CODIT, discolored wood and epicormic branches in Québec, Canada, according to co-authors Guillaume Perrette, Christian Messier and Sylvain Delagrange in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for November 2020.

The three Université du Québec-based researchers bare main-stem reduction cuts as the pruning technique to boost scaffold limb development below cutting points and beneath utility wires. Directional pruning-created “V” bilateral crowns then course 2- to 4-meter- (6.56- to 13.12-foot-) high scaffold branches away from 7- to 9-meter- (22.96- to 29.53-foot-) high wires. Directing reduction cuts, to discard main stem-dwelling parts half to two-thirds scaffold-branch diameters, just above and beyond scaffold branches drives said scaffolding back into apical dominance.

Cyclical pruning then ensures that no epicormic branches, whose emergence encourages leafy crowns and above- and below-ground energy balances, into security corridors established under power lines.

Pruning cuts into functional sapwood foster CODIT (compartmentalization of decay in trees) forming a three-walled anti-discoloration reaction zone and wall 4 as anti-decay, wound-closing protective barrier.

Greater basal areas and greater pruning intensities generate greater biomasses, lengths and numbers of epicormic branches in forest management guided the three-year study northeast of Montréal. Twenty-one ‘Prairie Spire’ and 35 ‘Patmore’ cultivars of Pennsylvania ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) harbored 0.38 to 0.46 aspect ratios of scaffold branch to parent axis diameters. American National Standards Institute-compliant hand saws imparted 4.2- to 6.6-centimeter (1.65- to 2.59-inch) low intensity- and 5- to 7.5-centimeter (1.97- to 2.95-inch) high intensity-pruned wound diameters.

Low versus high intensity reduction pruning justified 35 to 52 percent-removed versus 60 to 72 percent-removed biomass and 4 to 6- versus 10 to 15-branch retentions.

Late-summer inventories kept mean heights, lengths, numbers and volumes of deferred, proleptic epicormic and, if annual growth kindled lengths greater than scaffold lengths, immediate, sylleptic branches.

High intensity pruning logged, above pruning cuts and for the whole tree, significantly larger mean epicormic branch numbers and volumes for ‘Patmore’ and ‘Prairie Spire’ cultivars. It manifested statistically greater mean epicormic branch heights for ‘Patmore’ cultivars even as it mobilized no statistically different mean epicormic branch heights for ‘Prairie Spire’ cultivars. High intensity, low intensity, summer, late-summer, winter pruning treatments netted, two years after reduction pruning, no statistically different absolute densities and absolute volumes of epicormic branches.

Low and neither intensity respectively offered significantly greater numbers and not at all significantly different volumes of problematic epicormic branches in the 2.5-meter (8.2-foot) wire corridor.

Mean wound-closure rates from CODIT wall 4 presented no statistical differences by pruning intensity or season even as both intensities performed highest the first post-pruning summer.

High intensity pruning, leaf-fall seasonal pruning and low intensity pruning outside leaf-on seasons quicken absolute and mean numbers and volumes of non-problematic and problematic epicormic branches. The three co-authors recommend, from three-year (2015-2017) research, reduction pruning before utility trees reach utility wires, before they realize 4.5- to 5.5-meter (14.76- to 18.05-foot) heights. They suggest, for fastest wound-closure rates, summer-scheduled main-stem reduction pruning of utility trees under near-7- to 8- to 9-meter- (22.96- to 26.25- to 29.53-foot-) high wires.

Late-summer and winter months triggered statistically lower rates from CODIT wall 4 even as summer pruning utility trees perhaps thwarted microorganisms and oxygen threatening pruning wounds.

Hypoxylon canker (Hypoxylon mammatum) on trunk of an aspen (Populus tremuloides) displays the disease's characteristically mottled, black-and-white checkerboarding of the tree's bark: William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Location of utility line through crown of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) necessitates reduction pruning: Steven Katovich, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United Sttes, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5505620

epicormic branch growth after pruning of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica): Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5033094

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Avert Adverse Events." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2020. "Root-Stem Transition Zones Aim Loading Forces Through Roots and Soils." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/root-stem-transition-zones-aim-loading.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Are Country-Specific." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2020. "Sensitivity Analyses Admit Ecosystem Disservice and Ecosystem Service." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/sensitivity-analyses-admit-ecosystem.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2020. "Lignotubers Assure Arboricultural Management of Lignotuberous Shoots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/lignotubers-assure-arboricultural.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2020. "Included Bark Ages Safely With Fused, Entwining Natural Braces ." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/included-bark-ages-safely-with-fused.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2020. "Canker Identification and Canker Management Apply to Landscape Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/canker-identification-and-canker.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Perrette, Guillaume; Sylvain Delagrange; and Christian Messier. November 2020. "Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines: The Influence of Intensity and Season of Pruning on Epicormic Branch Growth and Wound Compartmentalization." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(6): 432-449.

Black-Shouldered Spinyleg Dragonfly: Small Head, Long-Spined Long Legs

Summary: North American black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly habitats get green eyes, small heads, long-spined legs, striped thoraxes and triangle-marked abdomens.

black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly (Dromogomphus spinosus); Pope County, west central Arkansas; Saturday, June 14, 2008, 12:15:42: Eric Haley, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Common

North American black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly habitats abound in gravel-, rock, sand-, water-friendly cultivation and naturalism in distribution ranges from Nova Scotia through Texas, Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alberta, Ontario and Maine.

Black-shouldered spinylegs bear their common name for dark-striped shoulders and long-spined hind thighs and the scientific name Dromogomphus spinosus (running [crossbow arrow-like] bolt [with] spined [thighs]). Scientific committee consensus in the Dragonfly Society of the Americas, whose 35th Bulletin of American Odonatology checklists Canada's odonates, coordinate common names and scientific committee consensus. Descriptions in 1854 by Michel Edmond de Selys Longchamps (May 25, 1813-Dec. 11, 1900), whose 77-year maintained diary entries were published in 2008, dominate scientific designations.

Black-shouldered spinyleg life cycles expect clean or degraded, slow- to swift-flowing lakes, oxbows, ponds, rivers and streams with gravelly margins and muddy, rocky or sandy bottoms.

April through November function as earliest to latest flight seasons even though June through August furnish wildlife mapping opportunities throughout black-shouldered spinyleg coastal and inland niches.

Black-shouldered spinylegs always gaze toward water whenever they go out mid-mornings for mates, perches and prey on pool, riffle or shore rocks, soil and woody vegetation. They hold their abdomens above their heads when hovering 3 feet (0.91 meter) above currents and toward the midday sun when obelisking for body temperature control. Their sallier percher itineraries involve fast, irregular, large, racetrack-like, smooth, wide patrols through dense forest cover, slow landings with legs extended and shady forest edge perches.

Ants, assassin flies, biting midges, ducks, falcons, fish, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, spiders, turtles and water beetles and mites jeopardize North American black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly habitats.

Immature, wedge-shaped black-shouldered spinylegs keep gravelly, muddy, rocky and sandy water bottom- and waterside sediment-kind yellow colors even though adults know green eyes and black-and-yellow bodies.

Incomplete metamorphosis links round eggs loosened regularly from female abdomens into 2- to 3-foot (0.61- to 0.91-meter) stretches of water, larvae, naiads or nymphs and tenerals. Acidic water-intolerant, pollution-tolerant, multi-molting, nonflying larvae metamorphose into shiny-winged, tender-bodied, weak-flying tenerals that mature, mate above and amid the treetops and manipulate eggs into ovipositing sites. Aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms nourish common clubtail members of the Gomphidae dragonfly family.

North American black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly habitats offer northward to southward, season-coldest temperatures from minus 45 to 25 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 42.11 to minus 3.88 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote black-shouldered spinylegs.

Small yellow heads; black crowns; green foreheads; barely clubbed, egg-thickened abdomens; egg-filled ovipositors; two black spines; two claspers qualify as adult female black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly hallmarks. Dainty-headed, green-eyed, yellow-faced adult males reveal black-striped green-yellow thoraxes; long legs with long-spined hind thighs; dusky-edged wings; clubbed, slender, yellow-lined, yellow triangle-patterned abdomens; and three claspers. Adults show off 2.12- to 2.64-inch (54- to 67-millimeter) head-body lengths, 1.65- to 1.77-inch (42- to 45-millimeter) abdomens and 1.34- to 1.42-inch (34- to 36-millimeter) hindwings.

Black-striped green-yellow thoraxes, dusky-edged wings, long-spined long legs, slender yellow triangle-marked abdomens tell dainty-headed black-shouldered spinylegs from other odonates in North American black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly habitats.

female black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly (Dromogomphus spinosus); Potomac River at Riverbend Park, Fairfax County, Northern Virginia: Walter Sanford @Geodialist, via Twitter Aug. 17, 2016

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly (Dromogomphus spinosus); Pope County, west central Arkansas; Saturday, June 14, 2008, 12:15:42: Eric Haley, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dromogomphus_spinosus.jpg; pondhawk, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/38686613@N08/4747914782

female black-shouldered spinyleg dragonfly (Dromogomphus spinosus); Potomac River at Riverbend Park, Fairfax County, Northern Virginia: Walter Sanford @Geodialist, via Twitter Aug. 17, 2016, @ https://twitter.com/Geodialist/status/765835907115003904

For further information:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Dromogomphus spinosus Selys, 1854: 21 - Black-shouldered Spinyleg." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Anisoptera Selys, 1854 - Dragonflies > Gomphidae (Clubtails) > Dromogomphus Selys, 1854 (Spinylegs).
Available @ http://www.aquaticinsects.org/sp/Odonata/sp_oom.html

Caulier-Mathy, N.; and Haesenne-Peremans, N. 2008. Une vie au fil des jours. Journal d'un notable politicien et naturaliste, Michel-Edmond de Selys-Longchamps (1823-1900), 2 vols, Académie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles.

"Dromogomphus spinosus." James Cook University-Medusa: The Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies > Anisoptera > Gomphidae > Dromogomphus.
Available via James Cook University-Medusa @ https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/Dragonflies/openset/displaySpecies.php?spid=1128

Paulson, Dennis. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides, 2011.

Paulson, Dennis R.; and Dunkle, Sidney W. 2016. A Checklist of North American Odonata Including English Name, Etymology, Type Locality, and Distribution. Originally published as Occasional Paper No. 56, Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound, June 1999; completely revised March 2009; updated February 2011, February 2012 and October 2016. 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2016 editions published by Jim Johnson.
Available @ https://www.odonatacentral.org/docs/NA_Odonata_Checklist.pdf

Sélys-Longchamps, M.Edm. (Michel Edmond) de. "Synopsis des Gomphines: 51. Dromogomphus spinosus, De Selys." Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, tome XXI (Série 1), IIme partie, no. 7: 59. Bruxelles (Brussels), Belgium: M. Hayez, 1854
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39438411
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112112254658?urlappend=%3Bseq=71

"The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map." The National Gardening Association > Gardening Tools > Learning Library USDA Hardiness Zone > USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
Available @ https://garden.org/nga/zipzone/2012/

Walter Sanford ‏@Geodialist. "More Black-shouldered Spinyleg dragonflies." Twitter. Aug. 17, 2016.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Geodialist/status/765835907115003904

Ellora Jain Cave 30 Applies Hindu Mythology to Meditative Asceticism

Summary: Ellora Jain Cave 30, as the Chhota Kailasa cave temple, archives Hindu mythology for admirers of adorational meditative asceticism in Maharashtra, India.

exterior view of Ellora Jain Cave 30; Thursday, Jan. 26, 2017, 14:01:09: François Zeller from Montreal, Canada, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Common

Ellora Jain Cave 30, under the appellation Chhota Kailasa in Maharashtra state, western peninsular India, appeals to ardent admirers of adorational meditational asceticism; ancient cave temples; and architectural, artistic, sculptured Hindu mythology.

Perhaps Hindu itinerant artisans and monks built 1,170- to 1,220-year-old Ellora Jain Cave 30 and Ellora Jain Caves 31 through 33 between 800 and 850 C.E. Perhaps they constructed Ellora Jain Cave 30 and Ellora Jain Cave 32, called Indrasabha (from Sanskrit इन्द्रसभा, "[lightning, thunder god] Indra's court"), as celebratory Hindu caverns. They drew for Ellora Jain Cave 30 and Ellora Jain Cave 32 upon the Ellora Hindu Cave 16 cavern temple design and upon the deity Indra.

Ellora Hindu Cave 16 and Ellora Jain Cave 30, entitled as Chhota Kailasa (from Sanskrit चोट, "textile" and कैलास, "crystal"), embrace Mount Kailasa of Hindu mythology.

Hindu itinerant artisans and monks fashioned Ellora Hindu Cave 16 as the Kailasa cave temple for the faithful followers of the deity Shiva (from Sanskrit शिव, "auspicious").

Veronica Ions, in Indian Mythology, for Paul Hamlyn of London, England, in 1979, groups mountain ranges as gauging godly strength or generating demonic or godly missiles. The Himalayan (from Sanskrit हिम, "winter" and अलय, "residence") mountain system holds Mount Kailasa as the heavenly home that houses Shiva, who never hinders collateral harm. Karttikeya (from Sanskrit कार्त्तिकेय, "Pleiades") initiated a mountain makeover by impelling his lance against Mount Kailasa and by installing the Krauncha Pass between the split mountainsides.

Rakshasa (from Sanskrit राक्षस, "demon") King Ravana (from Sanskrit रवण, "screaming") of Lanka in ancient Ceylon and the storm god Indra joined in on Kailasa makeovers.

Mount Kailasa keeps a mountain pass but neither tops nor wings because of the respective furies of war god Karttikeya, King Ravana and storm god Indra.

Indra far more than Shiva links with Ellora Jain Caves 30 through 34 and lives on Mount Meru (from Sanskrit मेरु, "central"), not on Mount Kailasa. One main Jain sect maintains that wealth god Kubera (from Sanskrit कुबेर, "bad-limbed") made off with enlightened Mahavira's (from Sanskrit महावीर, "warrior") clothes. The other main Jain sect notes Indra as divine bodyguard to 24th Tirthankara Mahavira (599/539?-527/467? B.C.E.) and divine supplier of a soul-liberating white robe against nudity.

The Digambara (from Sanskrit दिगम्बर, "unclothed"), not the Swetambara (from Sanskrit श्वेत, "white" and अम्बर, "cloth"), Jain sect operated Ellora Jain Cave 30.

Ellora Hindu Cave 6 and Ellora Jain Cave 30 respectively promoted Shiva Mahadeva (from Sanskrit मह, "great" and देव, "deity") and, despite a Hindu start, Indra.

Ellora Jain Cave 30 queues up two reliefs larger than life-sized of crowned, dancing Indra, one with eight ornamented arms and another with 12 ornamented arms. It reveals King Samvarana, husband of the nymph Tapati, son-in-law of the sun god Surya and the handmaiden Chhaya and co-parent of Kuru of the Mahabharata. Kuru served as common ancestor to the Kaurava and the Pandava clans whose struggle the hermit Vyana's Mahabharata (from Sanskrit मह, "great" and भरट, "potter") stores.

Hindu mythology reliefs, Kailasa temple architecture and Tirthankara reliefs tell of first Hindu, then Jain itinerant artisan monks turning four excavations into Ellora Jain Cave 30.

interior view of Ellora Jain Cave 30; Friday, Sep. 21, 2018, 00:08: Vengolis, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

exterior view of Ellora Jain Cave 30; Thursday, Jan. 26, 2017, 14:01:09: François Zeller from Montreal, Canada, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jaïn_temple_-_Ellora_(Maharastra,_India)_(33649580886).jpg; François Zeller (François Zeller), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/franzeller/33649580886/

interior view of Ellora Jain Cave 30; Friday, Sep. 21, 2018, 00:08: Vengolis, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves_0567.jpg

For further information:

"About Ellora Caves." Yatra > Monuments of India > Monuments in Aurangabad. Copyrighted 2019.
Available @ https://www.yatra.com/indian-monuments/aurangabad/ellora-caves

Ajay Kulkarni @kulkey2015. 8 May 2019. "Ellora Caves, 6-8th cent, India a world heritage Always a different experience to witness the symphony of art, architecture, nature brought together by Summer high contrast light. Built during early kalachuries, rashtrakutas and Buddhist period. My recent visit to cave 19." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/kulkey2015/status/1125979081911128064

Anh-Huong, Nguyen; and Thich Nhat Hanh. 2019. Walking Meditation. Boulder CO: Sounds True.

Barrett, Douglas. "Wall Painting (Second to Sixteenth Century)." Pages 17-48. In: Douglas Barrett and Basil Gray. Paintings of India. Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by The World Publishing Company, Cleveland OH. Geneva, Switzerland: Editions d'Art Albert Skira, 1963.

Berkson, Carmel. Ellora Concept and Style. First Edition, 1992. Second Edition, 2004. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 20 November 2020. "Ellora Jain Caves 30 to 34 Appear More Hindu and Jain Than Buddhist." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-jain-caves-30-to-34-appear-more.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 12 Arranges Heaven Above and Hell Below Meru." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/ellora-buddhist-cave-12-arranges-heaven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 11 Answers to the Name Do Taal and to Vajrapani." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/ellora-buddhist-cave-11-answers-to-name.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 October 2020. "Ashtamahabhaya Tara Averts Ellora Buddhist Cave 9 Adversity." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ashtamahabhaya-tara-averts-ellora.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 10 Allowed Meditators, Nicknames and Stayovers." Earth and Space News. Friday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-10-allowed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 8 Perhaps Assuages All Poisons Through Mahamayuri." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-8-perhaps-assuages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 7 Appears Ample, Not Accomplished or Adorned as 8." Earth and Space News. Friday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-7-appears-ample.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 4 Adds Soapberry Seeds as Buddhist Prayer Beads." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-4-adds-soapberry.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 3 Arranges Eight Perils for Bodhisattva Padmapani." Earth and Space News. Friday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-3-arranges-eight.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 September 2020. "Vidyadhara Demigods Assure Ellora Buddhist Cave 2 of Joyful Goodness." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/vidyadhara-demigods-assure-ellora.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 1 Ages Attractively as a Cavern Temple Monastery." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-1-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 5 Adds the Most Area to Ellora Buddhist Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-5-adds-most-area.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 August 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 6 Augurs Auspiciousness With its Makara Torana." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-buddhist-cave-6-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 August 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Caves Abound With Ancient Aspects of Tantric Buddhism." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-buddhist-caves-abound-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 August 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 16 Appears as Mount Kailasa But Appeals to Saraswati." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-hindu-cave-16-appears-as-mount.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 August 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 15 a Lion, a Name and Demon King Hiranyakasipu." Earth and Space News. Friday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-hindu-cave-15-admits-lion-name.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 14 Adds up to a King, a Name and Demonic Adventures." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-14-adds-up-to-king.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 13 Perhaps Acted as Abode of Ganesha and Wayfarers." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-13-perhaps-acted-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 25 Artisans Adorned Its Ceiling With Sun God Surya." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-25-artisans-adorned.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 24 Aids Artists, Scientists Analyzing Water Features." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-24-aids-artists.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 23 Accepts Shiva as Fertility God and as Trimurti." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-23-accepts-shiva-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 22 Allows a Fertility Bull and a Fertility God." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-22-allows-fertility.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 18 Appeals to Hearth and Sacrificial Fire God Agni." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-18-appeals-to-hearth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 17 Appreciates Gandharva Celestial Spirits and Shiva." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-17-appreciates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 26 Perhaps Asks for Auspicious Aid to Traders." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Availabled @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-26-perhaps-asks-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 20 Adds the Last Adventure of Buffalo Demon Mahisha." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-20-adds-last.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 21 Acclaims Shiva and Alludes to Jumna and Krishna." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-21-acclaims-shiva-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 29 Assumes That Parvati and Shiva Adore One Another." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-29-assumes-that.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 19 Appears Third Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-19-appears-third-most.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 27 Appears Second Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-27-appears-second.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 28 Accesses Waterfall Rainbows Over Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-hindu-cave-28-accesses-waterfall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Arranged as Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Cave Temples." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-caves-are-arranged-as-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2020. "Are Indian Ring-Necked Rose-Ringed Parakeets Still at Ellora Caves?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/are-indian-ring-necked-rose-ringed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2020. "Indian Three-Striped Palm Squirrels Augur the Hindu Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/indian-three-striped-palm-squirrels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Accept Walking Meditations Advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-accept-walking-meditations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Ally With Ajanta Caves and Thich Nhat Hanh in Indra's Net." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-ally-with-ajanta-caves-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Painted, Sculpted Temples Like and Unlike Ajanta Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-are-painted-sculpted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2020. "Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ailing-ellora-caves-are-among.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2020. "Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/schneiders-leaf-nosed-bats-are-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves? Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html

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