Cone-Beaked, Dark-Crested and Throated South American Yellow Cardinals

Summary: Cone-beaked, dark-crested and throated, grayish female, olivey male South American yellow cardinals sing sweetly in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.

yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata); Iberá Wetlands (Esteros del Iberá), central to north central Corrientes, northeastern Argentina; Monday, Nov. 3, 2008: Ron Knight (sussexbirder), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

South American yellow cardinals appear natively in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay and are unrelated to red northern cardinals of Canada through Mexico and the latter's alternate-, rare-colored North American yellow cardinals.

South American yellow cardinals bear their common name because of yellow-bellied females and yellow-bodied males even though they belong to the Thraupidae finch and tanager family. They claim the genus and species scientific name Gubernatrix cristata for "female ruler (who is) crested" since the red northern cardinal-like crest counts among core characteristics. Scientific designations defer to descriptions in 1817 by Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot (May 10, 1748-Aug. 24, 1830), one of the first ornithologists to study plumage changes.

South American yellow cardinal life cycles expect open savannahs, scrublands, shrublands, steppes and swamps with dense foliage, grassy, mossy ground cover, lichen-covered trunks and thorny branches.

September through November function as nesting months for South American yellow cardinals even when the Passeriformes perching bird family member forms hybrid couples with common diuca-finches.

Females gather bark, leaves and twigs into cup-like, 2- to 3-inch- (5.08- to 7.62-centimeter-) tall nests with 4-inch (10.16-centimeter) outer diameters within three to nine days. One- to 15-foot- (0.31- to 4.57-meter-) high branches or forks hold the grass-, lichen-, moss-, pine needle-, rootlet-, stem-lined, one-time nest with 3-inch (7.62-centimeter) inner diameters. One- to two-brooded females incubate two to five black-freckled, black-streaked blue-green, green-white, 0.9- to 1.1-inch (2.28- to 2.79-centimeter) by 0.7- to 0.8-inch (1.78- to 2.03-centimeter) eggs.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature judges South American yellow cardinals jeopardized by caged-bird trading and cattle pasture-developing, eucalyptus plantation-operating, firewood-supplying, furniture-making and timber-cutting agro-industry.

South American yellow cardinals know paired and solitary ground-foraging, shrub- and tree-perching life cycles within large, non-breeding flocks at 2,296.59 feet (700 meters) above sea level.

Eleven- to 13-day incubations lead to fast-growing hatchlings with closed eyes and clumsy, downy-gray, sparse-tufted bodies that look buff, gray-brown and gray-white as seven- to 14-day-olds. One- to seven-day-old hatchlings and seven- to 14-day-old nestlings move just within their birth nests until maintaining nearby perches as 14-day-olds and managing independence as 35-day-olds. South American yellow cardinals need beetles, butterflies, centipedes, cicadas, crickets, flies, fruits, grains, katydids, leafhoppers, moths, seeds, spiders and worms in fields, hedges, thickets and yards.

Male South American yellow cardinals observe foraging and guard duties during nesting months and territorial defenses against intruders year-round in Argentine national parks and natural reserves.

South American yellow cardinals prefer beans, blackberry, buckwheat, cactus, common storksbill, corn, grape, grasses, maple, mulberry, pine, red-cedar, roses, sedge, spruce, sunflowers, tortuous mesquite and vomitbush.

Black crests and throats, conical beaks, gray-yellow chests and sides, pale yellow bellies and white facial stripes qualify as adult South American yellow cardinal female hallmarks. Males reveal black crests and throats, black-, center-striped yellow tails, black-streaked green-yellow backs and wings, bright bellies, eyebrows and moustache stripes, conical beaks and olive-yellow bodies. Adult South American yellow cardinals sing a melodic song that selects four to five wert, wrée-cheeu, swéet?, wrée-cheeu, sweet? whistles and that sounds melodic and sweet.

South American yellow cardinals travel near fellow finches and tanagers even though they transmit North American yellow cardinal looks with black crests and without black masks.

female and two male yellow cardinals (Gubernatrix cristata), also known as green cardinals for their extensive green coloring, by English zoological artist and lepidopterist F.W. (Frederick William) Frohawk (July 16, 1861-Dec. 10, 1946); "The hen bird is illustrated from a beautiful living example in the author's collection."; A.G. Butler's Foreign Finches in Captivity (1899), between pages 64 and 65: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata); Iberá Wetlands (Esteros del Iberá), central to north central Corrientes, northeastern Argentina; Monday, Nov. 3, 2008: Ron Knight (sussexbirder), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/sussexbirder/8077671400/

female and two male yellow cardinals (Gubernatrix cristata), also known as green cardinals for their extensive green coloring, by English zoological artist and lepidopterist F.W. (Frederick William) Frohawk (July 16, 1861-Dec. 10, 1946); "The hen bird is illustrated from a beautiful living example in the author's collection."; A.G. Butler's Foreign Finches in Captivity (1899), between pages 64 and 65: University of California Libraries, Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/foreignfinchesin00butlrich#page/n107/mode/1up

For further information:

Butler, Arthur G. (Gardiner). 1899. "The Green Cardinal, Gubernatrix cristata Vieill." Foreign Finches in Captivity: 64-68. Second edition. Illustrated by F.W. Frohawk. Hull and London, England: Brumby and Clarke, Limited.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17195845
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/foreignfinchesin00butlrich#page/64/mode/1up

"Características del cardenal amarillo." Cardenalamarillo.org > El cardenal amarillo.
Available @ http://www.cardenalamarillo.org.ar/index.php/el-cardenal-amarillo/caracteristicas-biologicas

Narosky, Tito; and Darío Yzurieta. 2011. Birds of Argentina & Uruguay: A Field Guide / Guía para la identificación de las aves de Argentina-Uruguay. Buenos Aires Argentina: Zagier & Urruty.

Paynter, Raymond A., Jr.; and Robert W. Storer. 1970. "Gubernatrix cristata." Check-List of Birds of the World, vol. XIII: 210. Cambridge MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1970.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483445
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds131970pete#page/210/mode/1up

Peña, Martín de la ; and Maurice Rumboll. 2001. Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Illustrated Checklists.

Peterson, Alan P., M.D. "Gubernatrix cristata (Vieillot) 1817." Zoonomen: Zoological Nomenclature Resource > Birds of the World -- Current Valid Scientific Avian Names > Passeriformes > Emberizidae > Gubernatrix
Available @ http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pass.html

Ridgely, Robert S.; and Guy Tudor. 2009. Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America: The Passerines. Austin TX: University of Texas Press, Mildred Wyatt-World Series in Ornithology.

Ross, Gordon. 1916. "Chapter XIII Forestry: spruce." Argentina and Uruguay: 280. New York NY: The Macmillan Company.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=LfABAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA280&lpg=PA280&dq
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/argentinauruguay00ross#page/280/mode/1up
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/56186/56186-h/56186-h.htm#CHAPTER_XIII

Temminck, C.J. (Coenraad Jacob); and le Baron Meiffren Laugier de Chartrouse. 1838. Nouveau Recueil de Planches Coloriées d'Oiseaux, Pour Servir de Suite et de Complément aux Planches Enluminées de Buffon, Édition In-Folio et In-4 de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1770. D'après les Dessins de MM. Huet et Prêtre, Peintres Attachés au Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. III: pages 223-224, Planches 63-64 MDCCCXXXVIII.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36704964
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/Nouveaurecueild3Temm#page/63/mode/1up

van Perlo, Ber. 2015. Birds of South America: Passerines. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Illustrated Checklists.

Vieillot, Louis Pierre. 1817. "Le Gros-bec à huppe jaune, Coccothraustes cristata, Vieill." Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Appliquée aux Arts, à l'Agriculture, à l'Économie Rurale et Domestique, à la Médecine, etc. Tome XIII: 531. Paris, France: Chez Deterville, MDCCCXVII.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18057677

"Yellow Cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata)." Arkive > Species > Birds.
Available @ https://www.arkive.org/yellow-cardinal/gubernatrix-cristata/

Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono

Summary: Do non-native grapes and lemons suit Hawaii and Hawaiian shave ice images and take-outs in Hawaii Five-0 2010 Season One's seventh episode Nov. 1, 2010?

'akala Hawaiian raspberry (Rubus hawaiensis); Pu'u Kole, Mauna Kea, Hawaii; July 23, 2004: Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Hawaiian shave ice images and take-outs attract appreciative audiences in the Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode Ho'apono: Accept Nov. 1, 2010, even if perhaps all syrups are non-Hawaiian additions.

Director James Whitmore Jr. and writers Jim Galasso, Alex Kurtzman, Peter M. Lenkov and Roberto Orci blend backsliding, broken lives into the first season's seventh episode. The Hawaii Five-0 task force, continued from the 1968-1980 series created by Leonard Freeman (Oct. 31, 1920-Jan. 20, 1974), considers crimes against a wife and mother. Task force commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) decides to discuss the death with Graham Wilson (Adam Beach), whom the Honolulu Police Department deems a deranged wife-killer.

Officer Kono Kalakaua (Grace Park) eats Kamekona Tupuola's (Taylor Wily) shave ice with Lily Wilson (Mackenzie Foy) to encourage expression of eyewitness evidence and trauma-suppressed emotions.

Purple-tongued follow-ups to filling up on grape Hawaiian shave ice fascinate Kono even as Lily finishes the red-syruped half furnished with her father's favorite lemon-yellow half.

Sweet-tart 'ākala on 6- to 10-foot (1.83- to 3.05-meter) shrubs with 50- to 100-inch (1,270- to 2,540-millimeter) annual rainfall and 'ōhelo Hawaiian blueberries generate native-fruited ice. 'Ākala Hawaiian raspberries have 0.11- to 0.13-inch- (2.68- to 3.24-millimeter-) long, 0.07- to 0.08-inch- (1.71- to 2.17-millimeter-) wide, 0.04- to 0.05-inch- (1.12- to 1.36-millimeter-) high seeds. Propagating 'ākala, identified in 1854 by Asa Gray (Nov. 18, 1810-Jan. 30, 1888), involves wildlife ingesting and issuing elsewhere 0.00009- to 0.00014-ounce (2.54- to 3.94-milligram) seeds.

Native-fruited Hawaiian shave ice images and take-outs juggle purple-syruped 'ākalakala Hawaiian blackberries; purple-, red-, yellow-syruped 'ākala Hawaiian raspberries and 'ōhelo Hawaiian blueberries; red-syruped 'ūlei Hawaiian strawberries.

Such Hawaiian endemics as nēnē Hawaiian geese, 'ōma'ō Hawaiian thrush and 'ō'ū Hawaiian honeycreepers know as favorite foods 'ākala Hawaiian raspberry gold-brown seeds and multi-colored fruits.

Hawaiian islands-only 'i'iwi scarlet honeycreepers locate April through July flower nectars before 1.58-inch- (4-centimeter-) long, 0.98-inch- (2.5-centimeter-) wide fruits on gold-brown, non-rambling canes June through August. 'Ākala Hawaiian raspberries manage namesake pink, sometimes rose or white, one- to three-clustered, 1- to 1.5-inch- (25.4- to 38.1-millimeter-) diameter flowers on inch- (25.4-millimeter-) long stalks. 'Ākala Hawaiian raspberries, named Rubus hawaiensis (Hawaiian blackberry, bramble, raspberry), net flat, oval-lobed, six- to eight-lined calyxes with petal-length, sharp-tapered tips and semi-bristly, semi-prickly short tubes.

Hawaiian shave ice images and take-outs offer sweet, tart syrups from 'ākala Hawaiian raspberry habitats at 2,000- to 10,000-plus-foot (609.6- to 3,048-meter) altitudes above sea level.

'Ākala Hawaiian raspberries possess fruit-forming, hairy receptacles; many pistils and stamens; oval, purple to red, showy petals; smooth carpels with gland-tipped ovary bristles and slender styles.

Five-plus-year 'ākala life cycles queue up fuzzy, oval or pointed, three-clustered, tooth-edged, veined compound leaves with leaf-like stipules (from Latin stipula, "hay stalk, straw") stalked basally. Side and 0.5- to 0.66-inch- (12.7- to 17.02-millimeter-) stalked middle leaflets reach 1.5- to 2-inch (38.1- to 50.8-millimeter) and 2.5- to 3-inch (63.5- to 76.2-millimeter) lengths. The Rosaceae family member survives with hornworts, liverworts and mosses under koa acacia-dominated, 'ōhi'a myrtle-filled 32.81- to 82.02-foot (10- to 25-meter) forest, shrubland and woodland canopies.

Hawaiian shave ice images and take-outs turn Kono purple-tongued and tender Graham's yellow syrup with purple-blackberried ākalakala and purple- and yellow-raspberried and blueberried 'ākala and 'ōhelo.

(left to right) Alex O'Loughlin (Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett), Scott Caan (Detective Danny "Danno" Williams) and Daniel Dae Kim (Detective Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly) at food truck entrepreneur Kamakona Tupuola's (Taylor Wily) Wailoa Shave Ice cart during CBS TV's first season of Hawaii Five-0: Daniel Dae Kim @ Daniel Dae Kim, via Facebook Oct. 30, 2010

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

'akala Hawaiian raspberry (Rubus hawaiensis); Pu'u Kole, Mauna Kea, Hawaii; July 23, 2004: Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_040723-0303_Rubus_hawaiensis.jpg; Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 4.0 International, via Starr Environmental @ http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24621403051; Forest and Kim Starr (Starr Environmental) CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/24621403051/

(left to right) Alex O'Loughlin (Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett), Scott Caan (Detective Danny "Danno" Williams) and Daniel Dae Kim (Detective Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly) at food truck entrepreneur Kamakona Tupuola's (Taylor Wily) Wailoa Shave Ice cart during CBS TV's first season of Hawaii Five-0: Daniel Dae Kim @ Daniel Dae Kim, via Facebook Oct. 30, 2010, @ https://www.facebook.com/136577846385452/photos/a.141030425940194/152229161486987/

For further information:

Baldwin, Paul H. May-June 1947. "Foods of the Hawaiian Goose." The Condor 49(3): 108-120.
Available via SORA (Searchable Ornithological Research Archive) @ https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v049n03/p0108-p0120.pdf

Daniel Dae Kim @ Facebook. 4 October 2010. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/136577846385452/photos/a.141030425940194/146501178726452/

Daniel Dae Kim @ Facebook. 30 October 2010. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/136577846385452/photos/a.141030425940194/152229141486989/

Daniel Dae Kim @ Facebook. 30 October 2010. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/136577846385452/photos/a.141030425940194/152229161486987/

Gray, Asa. 1854. "12. Rubus Hawaiensis, Sp. Nov. (Tab. 56)." United States Exploring Expedition. During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Volume XV. Botany. Phanerogamia, Part 1: 504-505. Philadelphia PA: C. Sherman.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40382252
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6cuA_2Zcbb4C/page/n515

"Haleakala Plants (continued)." National Park Service > Park History > Hawai'i Volcanoes & Haleakala National Parks > Hawaii Nature Notes: The Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park and the Hawaii Natural History Association > June 1959.
Available @ https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol6-59l.htm

"Ho'apono: Accept." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount, Nov. 1, 2010.

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Rubus hawaiensis." Native Plants Hawaii.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Rubus_hawaiensis

Wianecki, Shannon. May-June 2008. "We Give You the Raspberry." Maui Nō Ka 'Oi' Magazine > Archive.
Available @ https://mauimagazine.net/we-give-you-the-raspberry/

Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu

Summary: Hawaiian wild boars would have witnessed shots at a surfer were they not killed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Season One's sixth episode Ko'olauloa Oct. 25, 2010.

wild boar (Sus sofra); Maui, Hawaii; Monday, Dec. 17, 2007, 10:18:35: drazz: drazz, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Kapu hunting areas that accommodate an accomplished assassin in the Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode Ko'olauloa: North Shore of O'ahu Oct. 25, 2010, abound with ambushed Hawaiian wild boars.

Director Matt Earl Beesley and writers Carol Barbee, Kyle Harimoto, Alex Kurtzman, Peter M. Lenkov and Roberto Orci broach boar-killing shooters in Season One's sixth episode. The Hawaii Five-0 task force, from the 1968-1980 series created by Leonard Freeman (Oct. 31, 1920-Jan. 20, 1974), culls a corpse from O'ahu's north shore surfers. Detective Chin Ho Kelly (Daniel Dae Kim) describes the shooter's Pūpūkea ridgeline base as "This whole area is a hunting ground. It's crawling with wild boar."

Kelly explains the Kapu as "Part lifeguard, part unofficial security force for the North Shore. Like protectors for the island" to Detective Danny Williams (Scott Caan).

Hawaiian wild boars flourish as Suidae (from Latin sūs, "hog" and -idae, "appearance") family members on Hawai'i, Kaho'olawe, Kaua'i, Maui, Moloka'i, Ni'ihau and O'ahu, not Lāna'i.

Hawaiian wild boars, hogs, pigs and swines, also grouped as feral whether captivity or domesticity goes respectively after or before wildness, optimally get 10-plus-year life cycles. Physically and sexually mature 18-plus-month-old females have two- to three-day oestrus (from Greek οἶστρος, oîstros, "frenzy") within 21-day oestrous (reproductive) cycles and 112- to 120-day gestations. Hawaiian wild boars, identified in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778), incline toward four to 14 21.16- to 35.27-ounce (600- to 1,000-gram) piglets.

Hawaiian wild boars juggle three- to four-month suckling durations for spring-born piglets, vulnerable with one canine and one milk incisor per jaw half and without underfur.

Hawaiian wild piglets from November through January breeding and March through May farrowing seasons keep neonatal coats and lactation schedules the first three to four months.

Two-week-olds leave grassy, leafy, twiggy nests for mother-led morning and afternoon forays for carrion, crops, fruits, grasses, invertebrates, mollusks, nuts, roots, seeds, soil, tubers and vertebrates. Wild piglets manifest brown to rust-brown fur with pale-banded backs and flanks and, as eight-month-olds, mature brown, downy fur under coarse-bristled, long-haired black, gray, white coats. Wild boars, scientifically named Sus scrofa ("hog sow"), net permanent teeth as one- to two-year-olds and maximum 100-member, 148.26- to 4,9542.11-acre (60- to 2,000-hectare) home territories.

Mature Hawaiian wild boars observe 24.86-mile (40-kilometer) hourly speeds; 59.06-plus-inch (150-plus-centimeter) jumps; 77.16- to 771.62-pound (35- to 350-kilogram) weights; 21.65- to 43.31-inch (55- to 110-centimeter) lengths.

Hawaiian wild boars possess broad, long ears; deep-set, small eyes; big heads; humped upper backs; muscled, short, thick necks and trunks; short, thin legs; underdeveloped hindquarters.

Hoofed membership in the Artiodactyla (from ἄρτιος, ártios, "even" and δάκτυλος, dáktylos, "finger/toe") even-toed order qualifies Hawaiian wild boars for equal weight-bearing third and fourth toes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature relegates wild boars to least concern status despite fragmented, lost, polluted broadleaf forest, cropland, grassland, rainforest and woodland habitats. Evergreen, mixed, oak, reed, tropical forests, jungles and woodlands sustain Hawaiian wild hogs at humid, moist 2.29- to 5,323.49-foot (0.7- to 1,622.6-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Fresh-meat and trophy hunters for Hawaiian lū'au food-filled, fun festivities and money-motivated assasins trouble Hawaiian wild boars more than degraded, lost habitats above lond, windward Ko'olauloa.

The surfing community joins the Hawaii Five-0 special task force team at Waimea Bay in a ceremony honoring Ian Adams (Mark Cunningham), H50 Officer Kono Kalakaua's (Grace Park) former pro-surfing team leader, in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0, season 1, episode 6, Ko'olauloa ("North Shore of Oahu"): Daniel Dae Kim @ Daniel Dae Kim, via Facebook Oct. 30, 2010

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

wild boar (Sus sofra); Maui, Hawaii; Monday, Dec. 17, 2007, 10:18:35: drazz, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/cluefree/2447764426/

The surfing community joins the Hawaii Five-0 special task force team at Waimea Bay in a ceremony honoring Ian Adams (Mark Cunningham), H50 Officer Kono Kalakaua's (Grace Park) former pro-surfing team leader, in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0, season 1, episode 6, Ko'olauloa ("North Shore of Oahu"): Daniel Dae Kim @ Daniel Dae Kim, via Facebook Oct. 30, 2010, @ https://www.facebook.com/136577846385452/photos/a.141030425940194/152229034820333/

For further information:

Daniel Dae Kim @ Facebook. 30 October 2010. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/136577846385452/photos/a.141030425940194/152229034820333/

"Ko'olauloa: North Shore of O'ahu." Hawaii Five-0: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 25, 2010.

Linnaei, Caroli (Carl Linnaeus). 1758. "16. Sus. scrofa. 1." Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Tomus I, Editio Decima, Reformata: 49. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726946

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

Powell, David M. "Eurasian Wild Pig: Sus scrofa." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, eds. Grzimek's Animal Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 15, Mammals IV: 288. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale

Summary: Edible endemic Hawaiian seaweed limu lipoa ease Waikiki Bay ends to an executed hostage in Hawaii Five-0 2010's Nalowale: Forgotten/Missing Oct. 18, 2010.

Kamehameha Schools science teacher Minnie Reed identified limu lipoa as one of at least five limu varieties usually necessitating gathering by "a party in a boat" because of their growth "far out on the coral reefs or on exposed rocks in the surf"; cleaning and preparing limu, Hawaiian seaweed, in Minnie Reed, "The Economic Seaweeds of Hawaii and Their Food Value," Annual report of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station for 1906 (1907), Figure 2, opposite page 64: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Limu lipoa Hawaiian seaweed appears alongside dark coral, atop pale sand and beneath a Waikiki Bay mermaid in the Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode Nalowale: Forgotten/Missing Oct. 18, 2010.

Director Brad Turner and writers Alex Kurtzman, Peter M. Lenkov, J.R. Orci, Roberto Orci and David Wolkove bring a body port side of an Atlantis submarine. The 2010 first season's fifth episode, continuing the 1968-1980 series by Leonard Freeman (Oct. 31, 1920-Jan. 20, 1974), commences with Atlantis submarine tours beneath Waikiki Bay. Atlantis submarine announcers declare, "The Limu Lipoa is actually a type of seaweed. In fact the waters of Waikiki feature over 200 species of marine plants."

William Edwin Safford (Dec. 14, 1859-Jan. 10, 1926) explored seaweeds under his Descriptive Catalogue of Plants in Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume IX.

Safford research from 1905 found, "In Hawaii many seaweeds are used as articles of food. The favorite of the Hawaiians is the limu-lipoa (Dictyopteris plagiogramma Montagne)."

Limu lipoa ("seaweed from the deep") Hawaiian seaweed, albeit grouped with the Dictyotaceae (from Greek δίκτυον, díkton, "net" and -āceae, "resembling") brown algae family, greens onshore. Straight-standing limu lipoa stipes (stems) have maximum 5.91- to 12.59-inch (15- to 32-centimeter) heights from cone- or irregular-shaped stalks that hold them fast to rocky beds. The edible endemic limu lipoa, identified scientifically in 1837 by Camille Pierre François Camille Montagne (Feb. 15, 1784-Dec. 5, 1866), includes one to three-plus blade-like fronds.

Black- to yellow-brown, dichotomous (two-branched, from Greek διχότομος, dikhótomos, "cut in half"), flat or twisted, sunlight-absorbing, thin fronds juggle jutting midribs with flat or ruffled margins.

Limu lipoa fronds keep fine veinlets in repeating V-like patterns from near their midribs all the way through their margins, whose lower parts know age-induced abrasions.

Limu lipoa fronds sometimes line dark-haired tufts up, irregularly or single-rowed, in non-repeating patterns along each side of the lower and upper surfaces of their midribs. Both sides of limu lipoa fronds maintain asexual spore-making, 0.0035- to 0.0047-inch (90- to 120-micrometer) diameter sporangia (from Greek σπορά, sporá, "seed" and ἀγγεῖον, angeîon, "vessel"). Limu lipoa sporangia nestle into isolated niches or oval sori (from Greek σωρός, sōrós, "heap") on the lower, both lower and upper or solely upper surfaces.

Mature limu lipoa Hawaiian seaweed, outlined scientifically in 1905 by Anna Vickers (June 28, 1852-Aug. 1, 1906), observes spreading sporangia, thickened midribs and worn-away frond margins.

Limu lipoa proliferates epiphytically (from Greek ἐπί, epí, "atop" and φυτόν, phutón, "plant") or in dense beds from low intertidal habitat niches through 262.47-plus-foot (80-plus-meter) depths.

Sargassum (from Portuguese sargaço, "gulfweed") species, fellow Phaeophyceae (from Greek φαιός, phaiós, "gray" and φῦκος, phúkos, "seaweed") brown algae class members, qualify as limu lipoa epiphyte-friendly. Limu lipoa, recognized scientifically as Dictyopteris plagiogramma, renders spicy, underwater seaweed bed-like aromas and flavors to traditional fresh or preserved, salted Hawaiian fish, meat and stews. The Safford research stated, "This is even celebrated in the songs of the natives, who describe the breath of their maidens as perfumed with the limu-lipoa."

Limu lipoa from nitrate-, phosphate-, salt-, silicate-teeming waters between 76.67 and 79.64 degrees  Fahrenheit (24.82 and 26.47 degrees Celsius) likely traditionalizes Hawaii Five-0 task force get-togethers.

A red-headed boy sees Nemo and a "mermaid" during an underwater tour of Waikiki, filmed aboard Atlantis Adventures Hawaii's submarine, in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0, season 1, episode 5, Nalowale ("Forgotten/Missing"): Atlantis Adventures Hawaii @AtlantisHawaii, via Facebook Sept. 22, 2010

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Kamehameha Schools science teacher Minnie Reed identified limu lipoa as one of at least five limu varieties usually necessitating gathering by "a party in a boat" because of their growth "far out on the coral reefs or on exposed rocks in the surf"; cleaning and preparing limu, Hawaiian seaweed, in Minnie Reed, "The Economic Seaweeds of Hawaii and Their Food Value," Annual report of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station for 1906 (1907), Figure 2, opposite page 64: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/annualreport1906hawa/page/n74

A red-headed boy sees Nemo and a "mermaid" during an underwater tour of Waikiki, filmed aboard Atlantis Adventures Hawaii's submarine, in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0, season 1, episode 5, Nalowale ("Forgotten/Missing"): Atlantis Adventures Hawaii @AtlantisHawaii, via Facebook Sept. 22, 2010, @ https://www.facebook.com/AtlantisHawaii/photos/a.149021185136161/149024585135821/

For further information:

Abbott, Isabella Aiona. 1984. Limu: An Ethnobotanical Study of Some Hawaiian Seaweeds. Kaua'i HI: National Tropical Botanical Garden.

Atlantis Adventures Hawaii @AtlantisHawaii. 22 September 2010. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/AtlantisHawaii/photos/a.149021185136161/149024585135821/

"Edible Limu...Gifts from the Sea: Ka uluwehi o ke kai." Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii, Botany Department, 2002.
Available @ http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/publications/ediblelimu/

MacCaughey, Vaughan. October 1916. "The Seaweeds of Hawaii." American Journal of Botany, vol. III, no. 8: 474-479. Lancaster PA: Published in cooperation with The Botanical Society of America by The Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47257896

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

Montagne, Camille. 1837. "25. Haliseris plagiogramma (Montag.mss.)." Page 356. In: "Centurie de Plantes Cellulaires Exotiques Nouvelles." Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Seconde Série. Tome Huitième -- Botanique: 345-370. Paris, France: Crochard et Cie.
Available via AlgaeBase @ http://img.algaebase.org/pdf/562E28D3055fb35CBAMQM2FBBA3C/17943.pdf
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36216750

"Nalowale: Forgotten/Missing." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount, Oct. 18, 2010.

Reed, Minnie. 9 September 1907. The Economic Seaweeds of Hawaii and Their Food Value. Annual Report of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station for 1906. Issued Sept. 9, 1907. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38538282
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/annualreport1906hawa/page/61
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cu31924000636989/

Safford, William Edwin. 1905. "Algae. . . .limu lipoa (Dictyopteris plagiogramma)." The Useful Plants of the Island of Guam With an Introductory Account of the Physical Features and Natural History of the Island, of the Character and History of Its People, and of Their Agriculture. Contributions From the United States National Herbarium, volume IX: 178. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1905.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40590186

Vickers, A. (Anna). 1905. "70. Dictyopteris Plagiogramma Montagne." Page 58. In: Liste des Algues Marines de la Barbade." Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Neuvième Série. Botanique, tome I, no. 1: 45-64. Paris, France: Masson et Cie.
Available via AlgaeBase @ http://img.algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF113f9322571HGS2B344E7/7536.pdf
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4521641

Wianecki, Shannon. March-April 2010. "The Lure of Limu." Maui Nō Ka 'Oi Magazine > Archive.
Available @ https://mauimagazine.net/the-lure-of-limu/

Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes

Summary: Hawaiian cranberry and Hawaiian blueberry botanical illustrations and images are next-best to native fruit pancakes on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Oct. 11, 2010.

Hawaiian blueberries (Vaccinium reticulatum); Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area, eastern Maui; Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2005, 14:55:34: Forest and Kim Starr (Starr Environmental), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Hawaiian cranberry and Hawaiian blueberry botanical illustrations and images argue for native fruits in blueberry pancakes in the Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural television series episode Lanakila: Victory Oct. 11, 2010.

Director Alex Zakrzewski and writers Alex Kurtzman, Peter M. Lenkov and Roberto Orci brandish mental and physical cleverness to outwit fugitives in Season One's fourth episode. The Hawaii Five-0 2010 task force, continued from the 1968-1980 series by Leonard Freeman (Oct. 31, 1920-Jan. 20, 1974), consider Halawa Correctional Facility casualties in Honolulu. Detective Danny Williams (Scott Caan) dumbfounds waitress Sofia Archuleta (Natalie Garcia Fryman) with the order, "First, Walton Dawkins, but then I would love some blueberry pancakes."

Danny expects sit-down pancakes from an employed Sofia who exposes Dawkins's (Balthazar Getty) endgame or to-go if she ends up jailed because a triple murderer escapes.

The Cyanococcus (from the Greek κυάνεος, kuáneos, "blue-green" and κόκκος, kókkos, "seed") section of the Vaccinium bilberry, blueberry, cranberry, huckleberry, lingonberry genus furnishes North America's blueberries.

Myrtillus (from Greek μύρτος, múrtos, "myrtle") section bilberries, blueberries and huckleberries get Hawaii-grown 'ōhelo (Vaccinium dentatum), 'ōhelo 'ai (Vaccinium reticulatum) and 'ōhelo kau la'au (Vaccinium calycinum). Each fleshy, 0.2- to 0.50-inch (6.35- to 12.7-millimeter) diameter 'ōhelo 'ai (edible pink berry) has 50 to 200 0.019- to 0.039-inch- (0.5- to 1.0-millimeter-) long seeds. Paler, lower ranges and large-diameter, red- to tan-brown elliptical, round or triangular shapes respectively indicate non-viability and, for cool-night, sunlit, warm-day germination within 12 months, viability.

Hawaiian cranberry and Hawaiian blueberry botanical illustrations and images juggle black, blue-purple, orange-yellow, pink, red, red-purple, yellow, yellow-green 3.15- to 5.51-inch (8- to 14-centimeter) diameter berries.

'Ōhelo 'ai, known scientifically as Vaccinium reticulatum (from Greek ὑάκινθος, huákinthos, "purple" or Latin vaccīnus, "regarding cows" and rēticulātum, "net-like"), keep June through September fruiting schedules.

Seed-dispersing Hawaiian geese (Branta sandvicensis) live off the Ericaceae (from the Greek ἐρείκη, ereíkē, "heath" and Latin -āceae, "resembling") family member's sweet ripe, tart young berries. Bell-shaped, clustered, drooping, pink, red or yellow, self-fertile, waxy 0.32- to 0.47-inch- (8- to 12-millimeter-) long flowers manage year-round blooms, most markedly from April through September. 'Ōhelo 'ai, named scientifically in 1817 by James Edward Smith (Dec. 2, 1759-March 17, 1828), net 1-inch- (2.54-centimeter-) long, straight, upward-swelling stalks; hairy styles; 10 stamens.

Hawaiian cranberry and Hawaiian blueberry botanical illustrations observe four- to five-sepaled downy, oblong, ribbed calyxes; five-petaled, semi-hairy, urn-like, 0.32- to 0.47-inch- (8- to 12-millimeter-) long corollas.

Entire or toothed, hairy or smooth-surfaced, oval to wedge-shaped, red-patched, spiral-arranged, veined 0.39- to 1.18-inch- (1- to 3-centimeter-) long and wide leaves project blue-, gray-, yellow-greens.

'Ōhelo 'ai queue up 0.33- to 7-foot (0.1- to 2-meter) heights atop root-like, stem-shaped rhizomes at 2,099- to 12,139.11-foot (640- to 3,700-meter) altitudes above sea level. They require dry seasons and some cloud cover and drying winds above disturbed, exposed alpine and subalpine shrublands, ash dunes, lava flows and volcanic cinder beds. They survive on zero to 50- or 100-inch (1,270- or 2,540-millimeter) annual rainfall and temperatures between 68 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (20 and 30 degrees Celsius).

Hawaiian cranberry and Hawaiian blueberry botanical illustrations and images as art and 'ōhelo 'ai as food and ornamental plants turn Danny into a native blueberry-loving local.

Kaka'ako Waterfront Park, located south of downtown Honolulu, is one of the filming locations in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 1 episode 4, Lanakila (Victory); Monday, May 17, 2010, 16:15: Daniel Ramirez from Honolulu, USA, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Hawaiian blueberries (Vaccinium reticulatum); Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area, eastern Maui; Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2005, 14:55:34: Forest and Kim Starr (Starr Environmental), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/24817857975/; Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 4.0 International, via Starr Environmental @ http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24817857975

Kaka'ako Waterfront Park, located south of downtown Honolulu, is one of the filming locations in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 1 episode 4, Lanakila (Victory); Monday, May 17, 2010, 16:15: Daniel Ramirez from Honolulu, USA, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kakaako_Waterfront_Park_hilltop_20100517.jpg; Daniel Ramirez (jdnx), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/danramarch/4668358193/

For further information:

Baldwin, Paul H. May-June 1947. "Foods of the Hawaiian Goose." The Condor 49(3): 108-120.
Available via SORA (Searchable Ornithological Research Archive) @ https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v049n03/p0108-p0120.pdf

Kawaa, Luana. 24 August 2009. "Lanakila." Morning Mana'o.
Available via Journal Storage @ http://morningmanao.blogspot.com/2009/08/lanakila.html

"Lanakila: Victory." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount, Oct. 11, 2010.

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Ohelo: Vaccinium reticulatum -- Heath Family (Ericaceae)." Hawaii Nature Notes IV(1).
Available @ http://www.npshistory.com/nature_notes/havo/vol4-1e.htm

"'Ōhelo (Food Service Building)." University of Hawai'i > Kapi'olani Community College > Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20100610002201/http://old.kcc.hawaii.edu/campus/tour/plants/pohelo.htm

"Recovery of Vegetation." Hawai'i Volcanoes: Invasion and Recovery of Vegetation after a Volcanic Eruption in Hawaii NPS Scientific Monograph No. 5, Chapter 6.
Available @ https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/science/5/chap6.htm

Smith, James Edward. 1817. "30. V. reticulatum." In: Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, vol. XXXVI: 520. London, England: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38734305

"Vaccinium reticulatum." College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa > Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database.
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/vac-reti.htm

"Vaccinium reticulatum." Native Plants Hawaii.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Vaccinium_reticulatum

"Vaccinium reticulatum Sm." Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Available @ http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/bridges/bigisland/species/vacret.htm

Zee, Francis; Amy Strauss; and Claire Arakawa. 2008. "Propagation and Cultivation of 'Ōhelo." Fruits and Nuts F&N-13. Manoa, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-13.pdf

Zee, Francis; Randall T. Hamasaki; Stuart T. Nakamoto; Lisa Keith; Kim Hummer; Barbara Reed; and Andrew Kawabata. April 2010. "Producing Potted Ornamental 'Ōhelo." Ornamentals and Flowers OF-50. Manoa, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/OF-50.pdf

Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?

Summary: Do non-native fruits like pineapples belong in Hawaii and on pizza in the Hawaii Five-0 2010 first season's third episode Oct. 4, 2010?

pizza with pineapple; Boston's North End Pizza Bakery, Oahu; Sunday, Feb. 22, 2009, 12:07: Janine (nina.jsc) from Mililani, Hawaii, United States, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Non-native pineapples act as agro-industrial appropriators of native cropland and, in the Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode Respect the Land Oct. 4, 2010, as cultural appropriators of pizza ingredients.

Director Paul A. Edwards and writers Carol Barbee, Kyle Harimoto, Alex Kurtzman, Peter M. Lenkov and Roberto Orci broach the 'ōlelo a'o ("advice") Malama ka 'aina. They continue Detective Danny Williams (Scott Caan) as one of four critical characters from the 1968-1980 series created by Leonard Freeman (Oct. 31, 1920-Jan. 20, 1974). Their first season's third episode divulges Danny's Italian descent with, "Pizza is mozz[arella], sauce and dough. If you wanna put pepperoni on your slice, that's fine."

Danny then establishes that, "But ham out, fruit out, okay? I don't care where we are. Pizza and pineapple do not belong in the same airspace."

The Bromeliaceae family member, from Olof Bromelius (May 2, 1639-Feb. 5, 1707), flourishes among native flora of Brazilian and Paraguayan frontiers and as naturalized Hawaiian flora.

Pineapples grow by collars, crowns, seeds, shoots, slips and suckers since Spanish-speaking conquerors gathered pineapples from Guadeloupe in 1493 into Hawaii and the Philippines before 1550. Del Monte, Dole Food Company and Maui Pineapple Company harvested plantation pineapples from fruiting cylindrical stems; removed, replanted basal suckers; removed or retained trunk side shoots. Bats, bees, beetles and hummingbirds natively initiate six-month fruiting seasons for pineapple trees, identified scientifically in 1917 by Elmer Drew Merrill (Oct. 15, 1876-Feb. 25, 1956).

Pineapple agro-industrialists juggle brown-coated, curve-sided, flat-sided, wildlife-pollinated, 0.12- to 0.19-inch- (3- to 5-millimeter-) long, 0.039- to 0.079-inch- (1- to 2-millimeter-) wide seeds into plantation breeding programs.

Pineapple plants, known scientifically as Ananas comosus (from the Old Tupi nanas, "excellent fruit" and Latin comōsus, "tufted [fruit stem]"), keep hand-pollinated, not wildlife-pollinated, plantation schedules.

Club-shaped 9.84- to 19.68-inch (25- to 50-centimeter) stems link 0.79- to 1.97-inch- (2- to 5-centimeter-) wide bases and 1.96- to 3.15-inch- (5- to 8-centimeter-) wide tops. They manage 5.07-pound (2.3-kilogram) yellow-fleshed, yellow-peeled fruits from the merged bracts, cortexes, ovaries and sepals of 5.91-inch- (15-centimeter-) long spike-like inflorescences maintained in violet-tipped, white-based trios. They net 70-plus hairy, 0.98- to 3.28-foot- (30- to 100-centimeter-) long spiral-nestled leaves and 3.28- to 6.56-foot- (1- to 2-meter-) wide, 2.79-foot- (0.85-meter-) deep adventitious roots.

Pineapple foliage, whose stomata (pores) obtain atmospheric carbon dioxide nightly for daily photosynthesis, and pineapple fruits offer bromelain and calcium oxalate-occasioned abraded buccal (mouth) protein tissue.

Soil pHs of 4.5 to 6.5 friable (crumbly) to 23.62-plus-inch (60-plus-centimeter) depths for three-plus-year lifespans produce 3.28- to 6.56-foot (1- to 2-meter) tall and wide pineapples.

Temperatures between 68 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (20 and 30 degrees Celsius) at 1,200- to 3,500-foot (365.76- to 1,066.8-meter) altitudes above sea level qualify as pineapple-friendly. They require cool nights at 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius), day-long sun, relative humidity at 85 to 95 percent and 23.62-inch (60-millimeter), well-distributed rainfall minimums. Ants, mealybugs, mites, scales, symphelids and thrips; bacterial and pink diseases; black, butt, fruitlet core, heart and root rots; nematodes; yellow spot viruses stress plantation pineapples.

Danny undoubtedly thinks of native 'akala (raspberry), hala (tourist pineapple), 'ohelo (huckleberry) and 'ohi'a tai (mountain apple) as treacherous as non-native pineapples to truly Italian pizzas.

(left to right) Scott Caan, CBS TV executive Nina Tassler (center) and Alex O'Loughlin (right) at CBS UpFront, Damrosch Park, Lincoln Center, New York; May 19, 2010: Hawaii Five-0 @Hawaii Five0CBS, via Facebook May 20, 2010

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

pizza with pineapple; Boston's North End Pizza Bakery, Oahu; Sunday, Feb. 22, 2009, 12:07: Janine (nina.jsc) from Mililani, Hawaii, United States, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pizza_with_pineapple.jpg

(left to right) Scott Caan, CBS TV executive Nina Tassler (center) and Alex O'Loughlin (right) at CBS UpFront, Damrosch Park, Lincoln Center, New York; May 19, 2010: Hawaii Five-0 @Hawaii Five0CBS, via Facebook May 20, 2010, @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.120859121280906/120859294614222/

For further information:

Bartholomew, Duane P.; Kenneth G. Rohrbach; and Dale O. Evans. October 2002. "Pineapple Cultivation in Hawaii." Fruits and Nuts F&N-7: 1-3. Manoa, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-7.pdf

"Bromelia ananas L." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/4300878

Evans, Dale O.; Wallace G. Sanford; and Duane P. Bartholomew. October 2002. "Growing Pineapple." Fruit and Nuts F&N-7: 4-8. Manoa, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-7.pdf

Hawaii Five-0 @Hawaii Five0CBS. 20 May 2010. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.120859121280906/120859294614222/

Linnaei, Caroli (Carl Linnaeus). 1753. "Bromelia. ananas. 1." Species Plantarum: Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, Ad Genera Relatas, Cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Tomus I: 285. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358803

"Malama Ka 'Aina: Respect the Land." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount, Oct. 4, 2010.

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

Merrill, E. D. (Elmer Drew). 1 November 1917. "Ananas Comosus (Linn.) comb. nov." An Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense. Manila Bureau of Science Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication No. 9: 133-134. Manila, the Philippines: Bureau of Printing.
Available @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44101951