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Thursday, February 24, 2022

Was Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Really the Sixth Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra?

Summary: Was Cleopatra VI Tryphaena really a sixth Ptolemaic queen named Cleopatra and another daughter of Cleopatra V or has she been confused with her mother?

ca. first century BCE white marble sculpture from Lower Egypt identified as rare representation of famous Cleopatra VII's presumed mother, Cleopatra V, by Swiss art historian and archaeologist Ines Jucker (April 29, 1922-Sep. 8, 2013); marble sculpture photographed by French photographer Hervé Deschamps-Dargassies; accession number RA-80, Musée Saint-Raymond, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, southwestern France: CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Was Cleopatra VI Tryphaena really the sixth Ptolemaic queen named Cleopatra and another daughter of Cleopatra V, or has this shadowy figure been confused with her mother?

Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Τρύφαινα, Kleopatra Tryphaina; ?-ca. 57 BCE) appeared in fragments of a lost history of Ptolemaic Egypt written at least three centuries after her supposed life by third century CE Roman Phoenician Neoplatonic historian and philosopher Porphyry of Tyre (Ancient Greek: Πορφύριος, Porphyrios; Arabic: فُرْفُورِيُوس, Furfuriyus; ca. 234-ca. 305 CE). Christian scholar Eusebius of Caesarea (Ancient Greek: Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας, Eusebios tes Kaisareias; ca. 260-ca. 340 CE) incorporated Porphyry's fragments into the first part, Chronography (Ancient Greek: Χρονογραφία Chronographia, "Annales"), of his two-part history, Chronicon or Chronicle (Ancient Greek: Παντοδαπη ἱστορία, Pantodape historia, "Universal history").

"In the reign of the new Dionysus, a three year period was ascribed to the rule of his daughters Cleopatra Tryphaena and Berenice, one year as a joint reign and the following two years, after the death of Cleopatra Tryphaena, as the reign of Berenice on her own," wrote Porphyry, according to Attalus.org website founder and classicist Andrew Smith's translation of the Armenian language-based Latin translation of Chronicle authored by German classical philologist and literary history Alfred Schoene (Alfred Curt Immanuel Schöne; Oct. 16, 1836-Jan. 8, 1918) and German orientalist Julius Heinrich Petermann (Aug. 12, 1801-June 10, 1876).

Cleopatra VI Tryphaena's existence would have boosted Ptolemy XII's number of children from five to six, according to Porphyry's account. Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus Philopator Philadelphos (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Neos Dionysos, "Ptolemy the new Dionysus," Philopator Philadelphos; ca. 117-51 BCE) is credited with five children during his only known marriage. He fathered three daughters, including history's most famous Cleopatra, and two sons. His three daughters received dynastic names as Berenìce IV Cleopatra Epifania (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη Κλεοπάτρα Ἐπιφανεία, Berenike Kleopatra Epiphaneia; ca. 79/75-55 BCE); Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE); and Arsinoe IV (Ancient Greek: Aρσινόη, Arsinoe; 69/60-41 BCE). His two sons were given the male dynastic Ptolemaic name as Ptolemy XIII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaios Philopator; ca. 62/61-47 BCE). Ptolemy XIV Philopator Philadelphus (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Philopator Philadelphos; ca. 60/59-44 BCE).

Ptolemy XII's children were numbered at five, according to Greek geographer and historian Strabo (Ancient Greek: Στράϐων, Strabon; from adjective στράϐων, strabon, "cross-eyed") in Book 17 of his 17-book Geography (Ancient Greek: Γεωγραφικά, Geographika). "He, however, was banished by the Alexandrians; and since he had three daughters, of whom one, the eldest, was legitimate, they proclaimed her queen; but his two sons, who were infants, were completely excluded from service at the time," wrote Strabo, according to the translation published in 1932 by American classical scholar, philologist and translator and Cornell University Professor of Greek Horace Leonard Jones (March 15, 1879-Oct. 31, 1954).

Ptolemy XII's oldest daughter was specified as Berenice, according to Roman historian Lucius Cassius Dio (ca. 155-235 CE), known as Dio Cassius, in Roman History (Ancient Greek: Ῥωμαϊκη Ἱστορία, Historia Romana), his historical compendium of ancient Rome, written in Greek. "B.C. 57. While this was going on, the people of Alexandria, who for a while did not know that he had departed for Italy, or supposed he was dead, placed Berenice, his daughter, on the throne in his place," wrote Dio Cassius, according to the English translation published by American classicist Earnest Cary (Feb. 25, 1879-) in 1955 (Dio's Roman History, vol. III, Book XXXIX: 13.1, page 327).

Strabo's delineation of Ptolemy XII's progency derived from the Greek geographer's extensive stay in Egypt, occurring "within living memory of the Ptolemaic regime," noted British-born American Egyptologist Christopher "Chris" John Bennett (1953-Jan. 10, 2014) in "Cleopatra V Tryphaena and the Genealogy of the Ptolemies," published in 1997 in volume 28 of Ancient Society (page 63). Contrastingly, Porphyry's account, which was written more than two centuries after the described event, has survived only in fragments in the redacted fourth-century chronology by Eusebius. Accordingly, Strabo's enumerating and naming of Ptolemy XII's offspring has been favored, over Porphyry's presentation, by Chris Bennett as consistent with known Ptolemaic genealogy.

If Cleopatra VI Tryphaena were not a daughter of Ptolemy XII, then who was this shadowy royal described as "Berenice's ephemeral sister or her mother" (page 35) and "obscure sister of Cleopatra VII" (page 237) by British archaeologist and Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley (born Feb. 25, 1960) in Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt, published in 2008? Cleopatra VI Tryphaena likely has been conflated with Ptolemy XII's only known wife, according to Joyce Tyldesley (page 237) and in accordance with Chris Bennett's profile of Cleopatra V (note 16) in the section on Ptolemaic Dynasty: The Genealogy on his Tynsdale House-provided website, Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Ptolemy XII's marriage to his historically sparsely-detailed second cousin, Cleopatra V Tryphaena (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Τρύφαινα, Kleopatra Tryphaina; ca. 100/95-ca. 57 BCE), took place before the 8th day of Tybi (Ancient Greek: Τυβί, Tubi; from Egyptian tꜣ-ꜥꜣbt, “the offering”; Coptic: Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ, Tōbi), year 2, equated to Jan. 17, 79 BCE. It was the first and only known marriage for both the groom and his second cousin.

Also, the five children known to have been fathered by Ptolemy XII, including famous Cleopatra VII, came from his one marriage, as assessed by Chris Bennett. Strabo's "dubious" designation of Berenice as Ptolemy XII's only "legitimate" daughter represents the only instance of questioned maternity of this pharaoh's children. Accordingly, this isolated, unsupported illegitimacy claim has influenced Chris Bennett to "reasonably conclude" the postulate of Cleopatra V Tryphaena as the only mother of Ptolemy XII's children ("Cleopatra V Tryphaena and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies," pages 62-63).

ca. first century BCE marble sculpture of Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra V Tryphaena's cousin-husband; accession number Ma 3449; gifted 1944 by English-French bibliographer, epigrapher and Egyptologist Seymour de Ricci (Seymour Montefiore Robert Rosso de Ricci; May 17, 1881-Dec. 26, 1942); Musée du Louvre (Louvre Museum), Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines (Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities), Salle 339, Aile Sully, Niveau 0 -- Art grec classique et hellénistique (Classical and Hellenistic Greek Art); Monday, Jan. 14, 2008, 15:22, image: Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

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Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy IX." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182258fw_/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_ix_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy X." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160404025227fw_/http://tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_x_fr.htm

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Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy XIII." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
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Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy XIV." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
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Jones, Horace Leonard, trans. "He, however, was banished by the Alexandrians; and since he had three daughters, of whom one, the eldest, was legitimate, they proclaimed her queen; but his two sons, who were infants, were completely excluded from service at the time." Pages 44-45. 17.I.11. The Geography of Strabo. In eight volumes. Vol. VIII. The Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1932. Revised and reprinted 1935, 1949. Reprinted 1959, 1967. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd, MCMLXVII [1967].
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Jones, Horace Leonard, trans. The Geography of Strabo. In eight volumes. Vol. VIII. The Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1932. Revised and reprinted 1935, 1949. Reprinted 1959, 1967. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd, MCMLXVII [1967].
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Klimczak, Natalia."Finding the Lost Mother of Cleopatra VII -- Cleopatra V Tryphaena of Egypt." Ancient Origins > History > Famous People. June 12, 2023.
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Smith, Andrew, trans. "In the reign of the new Dionysus, a three year period was ascribed to the rule of his daughters Cleopatra Tryphaena and Berenice, one year as a joint reign and the following two years, after the death of Cleopatra Tryphaena, as the reign of Berenice on her own." Page 167, Schoene-Petermann edition). Attalus > Translations > Eusebius: Chronicle > (p159) The kings of Egypt and Alexandria: The kings of Egypt and the city of Alexandria after the death of Alexander of Macedonia, from the writings of Porphyrius.
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Thursday, February 17, 2022

Cleopatra V was the Fifth of Seven Ptolemaic Queens Named Cleopatra

Summary: Cleopatra V was the fifth of seven queens named Cleopatra in Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Kingdom, which ended with Cleopatra VII's death in 30 BCE.

white marble sculpture found in Lower Egypt, acquired by French General Charles-François-Joseph Dugua (March 1, 1744-October 16, 1802) during Napoleon Bonaparte's French Campaign in Egypt and Syria (July 1, 1798-Sep. 2, 1801), entered collections of Musée des Antiques de Toulouse ca. 1830 (since ca. 1939 known as Musée Saint-Raymond); dated to first half of first century BCE by Swiss art historian and archaeologist Ines Jucker (April 29, 1922-Sep. 8, 2013), who, noting similarities with white marble portrait of Cleopatra VII found during excavations south of Rome at Villa of the Quintili in 1783-1784 and added to collections of Vatican Museum (Musei Vaticani), identified Toulouse sculpture as depiction of Cleopatra V Tryphaena, whom Jucker considered as Cleopatra VII's mother; marble sculpture photographed by French photographer Hervé Deschamps-Dargassies; accession number RA-80, Musée Saint-Raymond, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, southwestern France: CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Cleopatra V was the fifth of seven queens named Cleopatra in Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Kingdom, an Ancient Greek state that ended with the death of the seventh Cleopatra in 30 BCE.

Few, albeit uncertain, details exist concerning shadowy Cleopatra V Tryphaena (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Τρύφαινα, Kleopatra Tryphaina; ca. 100/95-ca. 57 BCE). An uncertain parentage has possibilitized Ptolemy IX or Ptolemy X as paternal candidates and Berenice III or Cleopatra Selene I as maternal options.

Ptolemy IX Soter II (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaios Soter, "Ptolemy the Saviour"; ca. 143-ca. December 81 BCE) and Ptolemy X Alexander I Philometor (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaios Alexandros Philometor; ca. 140-88/87 BCE) were the offspring of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων, Ptolemaios Euergetes Tryphon, "Ptolemy the Benefactor, the Opulent"; ca. 184/183-June 28, 116 BCE) and his niece/stepdaughter wife, Cleopatra III Euergetis Philometor Soteira (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Εὐεργέτις Φιλομήτωρ Σωτήιρα, Kleopatra Euerghetis Philometor Soteira; ca. 160/155-ca. September 101 BCE).

Berenice III Cleopatra Philopator (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Berenike Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 115/114-ca. 80 BCE) was Ptolemy IX's daughter. Her mother probably was Ptolemy IX's third and youngest sister, Cleopatra Selene I (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη, Kleopatra Selene; ca. 135-69 BCE). Ptolemy IX's first marriage, to his second sister, Cleopatra IV (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, Kleopatra; ca. 138/135-112 BCE), had ended in a divorce ordered in 115 BCE by the sibling couple's mother, Cleopatra III Euergetis Philometor Soteira (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Εὐεργέτις Φιλομήτωρ Σωτήιρα, Kleopatra Euerghetis Philometor Soteira; ca. 160/155-ca. September 101 BCE).

As ordered by their mother, Cleopatra Selene I had married her first brother, Ptolemy IX, as her first husband in 115 BCE and divorced him ca. 107 BCE. Cleopatra III orchestrated Cleopatra Selene's second sibling marriage, to second brother Ptolemy X ca. 107 BCE, and second divorce ca. 103 BCE.

Berenice III had married her uncle and stepfather, Ptolemy X, in 101 BCE. The couple's only child was a daughter, Cleopatra V, according to American Egyptologist Christopher "Chris" John Bennett (1953-Jan. 10, 2014) in the "Berenice III" section of Ptolemaic Dynasty: The Genealogy on his Tynsdale House-provided website, Egyptian Royal Genealogy.

Circa May 88 BCE, Ptolemy X was expelled from Alexandria and replaced on the Ptolemaic throne by his older brother, Ptolemy IX. Ptolemy X was accompanied in exile by his wife and tween-aged daughter. He died in late summer 88 or spring/summer 87 BCE during an attempt to invade Cyprus (Chris Bennett, "Ptolemy X"; "Berenice III").

Berenice III, who married her uncle, Ptolemy X, is assumed to have been Cleopatra V's mother; Berenice III, with cartouche of her name in hieroglyphics, drawn by Coimbra, Portugual-born Italian painter Giuseppe Angelelli (Dec. 7, 1803-Nov. 4, 1844), engraved by Italian engraver Carlo Lasinio (Feb. 10, 1759-March 29, 1838), in Ippolito Rosellini, I Monumenti Dell'Egitto e Della Nubia Disegnati Dalla spedizione Scientifico-Letteraria Toscana in Egitto, Tomo primo: Monumenti Storici (1822), No. XXII, Fig. 78: Free to use without restriction, via New York Public Library Digital Collections

Berenice III returned to Alexandra before 81/80 BCE and probably began a coregency with her father, Ptolemy IX, before the 28th day of the 11th month in the ancient Egyptian civil solar calendar, Epiphi (Ancient Greek: Ἐπιφί, Epiphi, Epifi; Coptic: Ⲉⲡⲓⲡ), year 36, equated to Aug. 5, 81 BCE. With her father's death ca. December 81 BCE, the succession as sole ruler passed to Berenice III.

Early in 80 BCE, Berenice III married her coregent, half-brother and stepson Ptolemy XI, as her second husband. Ptolemy XI Alexander II (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaios Alexandros; ca. 105/104 BCE-80 BCE) was fathered by Ptolemy X. His mother likely was Cleopatra Selene I, Ptolemy X's sister and probably Berenice III's mother. Before the 13th day of the eighth month, Pharmouthi (Ancient Greek: Φαρμουθί, Pharmouthi; from Egyptian pꜣ-n-rnn-wtt; Coptic: Ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ, Parmouthi), year 2, equated to April 22, 80 BCE, Ptolemy XI had murdered his aunt/stepmother. In turn, an Alexandrian crowd killed Ptolemy XI for killing Berenice III. Ptolemy XI's accession and marriage had last 18 or 19 days (Chris Bennett, "Ptolemy XI").

Cleopatra V, aged 15 to 20, presumably had returned to Alexandria with her mother, Berenice III, in 80 BCE. Her first and only known marriage, to Ptolemy XII, took place before the 8th day of Tybi (Ancient Greek: Τυβί, Tubí; from Egyptian tꜣ-ꜥꜣbt, “the offering”; Coptic: Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ, Tōbi), year 2, equated to Jan. 17, 79 BCE. Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus Philopator Philadelphos (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Neos Dionysos, "Ptolemy the new Dionysus," Philopator Philadelphos; ca. 117-51 BCE) was fathered by Cleopatra V's uncle, Ptolemy IX. An uncertain maternal parentage has possibilitized a concubine as Ptolemy XII's mother but also has favored Cleopatra IV, Ptolemy XII and Cleopatra V's aunt, as Ptolemy XII's mother.

Cleopatra V joined her husbandly cousin in a coregency for about a decade. Ptolemy XII removed his second cousin-wife as coregent, for unknown reasons, sometime between the 4th day of the ancient Egyptian calendar's 12th month, Mesore (Ancient Greek: Μεσορή, Mesore), year 12, and the 24th day of the calendar's second month, Phaophi (Ancient Greek: Φαωφί, Phaophi), equated to Aug. 8 to Nov. 1, 69 BCE (Chris Bennett, "Cleopatra V").

Cleopatra V's disappearance from ancient Egyptian inscriptions lasted for approximately 12 years. Her reappearance in reliefs with Ptolemy XII on the Temple of Edfu, west bank of the Nile, Upper "Southern" Egypt, has been dated to the first day of the fourth month, Choiak (Ancient Greek: Χοίακ, Khoiak; from Egyptian kꜣ-ḥr-kꜣ; Coptic Ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ, Khoiak), year 25, equated to Dec. 5, 57 BCE, according to Chris Bennett in "Cleopatra V Tryphaena and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies" (page 57), published in 1997 in volume 28 of Ancient Society.

Ptolemy XII and Cleopatra V had five children. Their three daughters were named dynastically as Berenìce IV Cleopatra Epifanìa (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη Κλεοπάτρα Ἐπιφανεία, Berenìke Kleopatra Epiphaneia; ca. 79/75-55 BCE); Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπᾰ́τρᾱ Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE); and Arsìnoe IV (Ancient Greek: Aρσινόη, Arsinoe; 69/60-41 BCE). Their two sons received the male dynastic Ptolemaic name as Ptolemy XIII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaios Philopator; ca. 62/61-47 BCE). Ptolemy XIV Philopator Philadelphus (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Philopator Philadelphos; ca. 60/59-44 BCE).

Questions about the couple's number of children have included assigning the maternal parentage of famous Cleopatra VII to an unnamed mother and adding a fourth daughter identified as Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Τρύφαινα, Kleopatra Tryphaina), also designated as Cleopatra Tryphaena II. Cleopatra V is accepted as Cleopatra VII's mother, and Cleopatra VI Tryphaena is considered as a doublet of Cleopatra V, according to Chris Bennett ("Cleopatra V"; "Cleopatra V," note 16).

Swiss art historian and archaeologist Ines Jucker identified a white marble portrait from Lower Egypt currently displayed in southwestern France's Musée Saint-Raymond, Toulouse, as Cleopatra V based upon the sculpture's mother-daughter similarities with a white marble head of Cleopatra displayed in Museo Gregoriano Profano (Gregoriano Profano Museum), lower floor of Musei Vaticani (Vatican Museums); the Vatican's white marble head was discovered during excavations south of Rome at Villa of the Quintilii in 1784 was added to the Vatican collections in 1784; Friday, May 9, 2008, 14:12, image of Villa of the Quintilii's marble head of Cleopatra, displayed in Museo Gregoriano Profano (Gregoriano Profano Museum), lower floor of Musei Vaticani (Vatican Museums): Sergey Sosnovskiy (Ancientrome), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Bennett, Chris. "Berenice." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031745fw_/http://tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/berenice_d_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra II." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160313113330fw_/http://tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_ii_fr.htm
Available David Instone-Brewer @ https://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_ii_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra III." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202502fw_/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iii_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra V Tryphaena and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies." Ancient Society, vol. 28 (1997): 39-66.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/44079777

Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra Thea." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014917fw_/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/thea_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035237fw_/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/nios_ii_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy VIII." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191231fw_/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_viii_fr.htm
Available David Instone-Brewer @ https://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_viii_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Eupator." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20180316100012fw_/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/eupator_fr.htm

Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Memphites." Egyptian Royal Genealogy > Ptolemaic Dynasty > The Genealogy.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20160314145958fw_/http://tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/memphites_fr.htm

Dümichen, Johannes. "Bauurkunde der Tempelanlagen von Edfu." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (ZÄS), 8. Band (Januar u. Februar 1870): 1-13.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftfr08brug/page/1/mode/1up