Nov. 13, 2012, Total Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 133

Summary: The Tuesday, Nov. 13, 2012, total solar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 133, a series of 72 similar solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of July 13, 1219, opened Saros solar series 133’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Tuesday, Nov. 13, 2012, total solar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 133, which comprises 72 solar eclipses with similar geometries.

November’s total solar eclipse begins Tuesday, Nov. 13, 2012, at 19:37:58.1 Universal Time, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse takes place at 22:11:48.2 UT. Greatest eclipse refers to the instant of the closest passage of the lunar shadow cone’s axis to Earth’s center. The eclipse ends Wednesday, Nov. 14, at 00:45:34.1 UT.

November 2012’s total solar eclipse numbers as 45 in the lineup of 72 solar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 133. Similar geometries connect the 72 solar eclipses as a family, known as a series.

The NASA Eclipse Web Site describes Saros 133 solar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s ascending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 133, the lunar movement is southward of the ascending node.

A pair of ascending and descending nodes designates the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes evince the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the moon’s orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node relates to the lunar orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node identifies the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

The Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) rules the periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses. Each Saros series contains 70 or more eclipses and occurs over 12 to 13 centuries.

Saros solar series 133 lasts for 1,280.14 years, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. The series lasts for 13 centuries. Saros solar series 133 spans the 13th through 25th centuries.

Solar eclipses in Saros series 133 display a sequence order of 12 partial solar eclipses, six annular solar eclipses, one hybrid solar eclipse, 46 total solar eclipses and seven partial solar eclipses. Total solar eclipses rate as the most number of eclipses to Saros series 133, with a total of 46 occurrences. Partial solar eclipses are the second most frequent, with a total of 19 occurrences.

The partial solar eclipse of July 13, 1219, opened Saros solar series 133. This Northern Hemisphere event reached greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 68.4 north at 137.2 west, over the northwestern corner of present-day Yukon Territory in western Canada.

The partial solar eclipse of Saturday, Sept. 5, 2499, will close Saros solar series 133. This Southern Hemisphere event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 71.9 south at 144.2 east, will favor East Antarctica, between the Davis Sea and the Ross Sea.

The total solar eclipse of Tuesday, Nov. 13, 2012, numbers as 26 in Saros solar series 133’s sequence of 46 total solar eclipses. This event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 40.0 south at 161.3 west, will take place over the southwestern Pacific Ocean, east of New Zealand.

A total solar eclipse on Nov. 3, 1994, was the immediate predecessor of the November 2012 total solar eclipse in Saros solar series 133. This event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 35.4 south at 34.2 west, occurred over Fulton County, northwestern Ohio, in the Midwestern United States.

The May 1994 annular solar eclipse took place as number 25 in Saros solar series 128’s sequence of 32 annular solar eclipses. This eclipse numbered 44 in the series’ lineup of 72 solar eclipses.

A partial solar eclipse on Monday, Nov. 25, 2030, succeeds the May 2012 annular solar eclipse in Saros solar series 133. This event will stage its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 43.6 south at 71.2 east, over the southern Indian Ocean, southwest of Île Amsterdam and northeast of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.

The November 2030 solar eclipse will occur as number 27 in Saros solar series 133’s sequence of 46 total solar eclipses. This eclipse numbers 46 in the series’ lineup of 72 solar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Tuesday, Nov. 13, 2012, total solar eclipse is that the astronomical event numbers as 45 in Saros solar series 133’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses and as 26 within the series’ sequence of 46 total solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of Saturday, Sept. 5, 2499, will close Saros solar series 133’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Partial solar eclipse of July 13, 1219, opened Saros solar series 133’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1201-1300/1219-07-13.gif

Partial solar eclipse of Saturday, Sep. 5, 2499, will close Saros solar series 133’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2401-2500/2499-09-05.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses and the Saros.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Solar Eclipse Maps.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Resources.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SEmapkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 1219 Jul 13.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 133 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 133: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 133: 07664 -35 1219 Jul 13.
Available NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1201-1300/1219-07-13.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2499 Sep 05.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 133 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 133: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 133: 10699 36 2499 Sep 05.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2401-2500/2499-09-05.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1219 Jul 13.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1201 to 1300 (1201 CE to 1300 CE).
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1201-1300/SE1219Jul13Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1994 Nov 03.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1901-2000/SE1994Nov03Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2499 Sep 05.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2401 to 2500 (2401 CE to 2500 CE).
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2401-2500/SE2499Sep05Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Saros Series 133.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros133.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total 1994 Nov 03.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1901-2000/1994-11-03.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total 2012 Nov 13.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2012-11-13.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total 2030 Nov 25.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2030-11-25.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total Solar Eclipse of 2012 Nov 13.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2012Nov13Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Solar Eclipse of 2030 Nov 25.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2030Nov25Tprime.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First 2012 Solar Eclipse Is Annular Solar Eclipse Sunday, May 20.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 16, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-2012-solar-eclipse-is-annular.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “May 20, 2012, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 128.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 9, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/may-20-2012-annular-solar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Second 2012 Solar Eclipse Is Total Solar Eclipse Tuesday, Nov. 13.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 7, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/second-2012-solar-eclipse-is-total.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 3 Nov, 1994 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1994_11_03

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 5 Sep, 2499 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2401 AD > 2481-2500 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2499_09_05

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 13 Jul, 1219 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1201 AD > 1201-1220 AD.
Available https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1219_07_13

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Solar Eclipse of 13 Nov, 2012 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2012_11_13

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Solar Eclipse of 25 Nov, 2030 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2030_11_25

Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids

Summary: Vanilla vines allow access to aromatic, flavorful vanilla pods from vanilla orchids for vanilla latte on Elementary's The Rat Race Oct. 25, 2012.

illustration of flat-leaved vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) by early 19th-century English botanist and botanical artist Henry Charles Andrews in his description of Mexico and Central America's native vanilla orchid species; Botanists' Repository (1808), Plate DXXXVIII: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Vanilla latte appears on the Elementary procedural drama television series episode The Rat Race Oct. 25, 2012, as culinary aftermaths of artificial flavor or vanilla pods from vanilla orchids on vanilla vines.

Director Rosemary Rodriguez and writer Craig Sweeney broach vanilla latte (from Italian latte, "[coffee with] milk") as the beverage ambush date Aaron Ward (Luke Kirby) buys. Season One's fourth episode considers the complicated consequences of Emily Hankins (Susan Pourfar) coordinating casual coffee chats with her colleague Aaron and confidante Joan Watson (Lucy Liu). Joan discerns, from Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) divulging deduction and detection techniques, devious, duplicitous declarations by Aaron, who dishonestly describes his dating status as available.

Sherlock extracts Aaron's marital status from online evidence and the elusive identity of a serial executioner of company executives whose life expectancies end earlier than estimated.

Central American, Colombian, Mexican and west Caribbean bats feed upon vanilla vine fruits and function as animal dispersers of vanilla vine pod seeds in wooded wetlands.

Vanilla vines grow from the thousands of black, hard-coated, maximally 0.32-inch- (8-millimeter-) wide near-microscopic seeds in the black, oily pulp inside all vanilla vine fruit pods. Aromatic, cylindrical, downward-bending, fleshy, fragrant, green-yellow, succulent, thick, 5.12- to 9.84-inch- (130- to 250-millimeter-) long pods have the vanilla compound, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 130 other aromatic compounds. Vanilla vines, identified scientifically as Vanilla planifolia (from Spanish vanilla, "little pod" and Latin plānī, "flat" and folia, "leaf"), initiates flowering and fruiting their third year.

Vanilla vines juggle four to eight skinny pods two months, and mature pods six to nine months, after bee or manual pollination at each inflorescence node.

Commercial cultivation and cultivation outside native ranges of vanilla vines keep up manual pollination methods known in 1841 by Edmont Albius (Aug. 9, 1829-Aug. 9, 1880).

Vanilla vines locate 12 to 20 buds and up to 15-flowered racemes (from Latin racēmus, "cluster") in inflorescence nodes opposite leaf axils (from Latin axilla, "armpit"). Their cream, green, yellow trumpet-shaped flowers maintain maximally 0.28-inch- (7-millimeter-) long bracts and 1.58-inch- (40-millimeter-) long petals and 1.38- to 2.16-inch- (35- to 55-millimeter-) long sepals. Orchid (Euglossia viridissima, Eulaema cingulata, E. polychroma, E. meriana) and stingless (Mellipona beecheii) bees nestle onto each flower's brown-green, yellow-fringed labellum (from Latin labellum, "little basin").

Vanilla vines, observed by Henry Andrews (1794-1830?) and George Jackson (1780?-Jan. 12, 1811), organize lateral outward-spreading petals alongside the labellum, as central lower petal for pollinators.

Vanilla vines possess seven-plus alternate-positioned, elliptical, entire-edged, flat-bladed, fleshy, oblong, oval, succulent, 5.91- to 9.84-inch (150- to 250-millimeter) by 1.97- to 3.15-inch (50- to 80-millimeter) leaves.

Vanilla vines queue up adventitious, aerial, short, white roots alongside each non-inflorescence node's single leaf, longer than distances between nodes, on green. 0.39-inch (1-centimeter) diameter stems. The 50- to 98.42-plus-foot- (15.24- to 30-plus-meter-) long epiphyte (from Greek ἐπί, "atop" and φυτόν, "plant") roots over swampy woodland, wet lowland tree branches and trunks. Cultivated 8- to 10-foot (2.44- to 3.05-meter) by 4- to 6-foot (1.22- to 1.83-meter) vines survive 0- to 2,395.01-foot (0- to 730-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Perhaps Aaron now takes ambush-free vanilla latte by home-tending vanilla vines at respectively daytime and night-time 80 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit (26.66 and 15.55 degrees Celsius).

Canon-Ebersol Chief Investment Officer Jim Fowkes (Craig Bierko) appears at Sherlock Holmes' (Jonny Lee Miller) Brooklyn brownstone to deliver a check and to deny his identification as the eccentric consulting detective's prime suspect in CBS Elementary's The Rat Race (season 1 episode 4): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Oct. 25, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

illustration of flat-leaved vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) by early 19th-century English botanist and botanical artist Henry Charles Andrews in his description of Mexico and Central America's native vanilla orchid species; Botanists' Repository (1808), Plate DXXXVIII: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35393568

Canon-Ebersol Chief Investment Officer Jim Fowkes (Craig Bierko) appears at Sherlock Holmes' (Jonny Lee Miller) Brooklyn brownstone to deliver a check and to deny his identification as the eccentric consulting detective's prime suspect in CBS Elementary's The Rat Race (season 1 episode 4): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Oct. 25, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/192230314235421

For further information:

Andrews, H. November 1808. "Plate DXXXVIII. Vanilla Planifolia. Flat-Leaved Vanilla." Botanists' Repository Comprising Colour'd Engravings of New and Rare Plants Only with Botanical Descriptions in Latin and English After the Linnæan System Vol. VIII: 538.
Available @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35393567

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 25 October 2012. "Watch last night's Elementary on CBS.com: http://bit.ly/QVc6ap." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/192230314235421

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"The Rat Race." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 25, 2012.

Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe

Summary: Dark energy perhaps accounts for the accelerated expanding universe of black holes and dark matter in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

X-ray, optical, lensing map composite reveals clear separation between normal and dark matter in Galaxy Cluster IE o657-56, known as the Bullet Cluster; background image, from Magellan and Hubble Space Telescope (HST), shows galaxies in orange and white; pink overlay, from Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXC) , shows hot gas, which contains the bulk of the cluster’s normal matter; blue represents most of the cluster’s mass, measured by gravitational lensing and dominated by dark matter; credits X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Dark energy accompanies dark matter in the expanding universe articulated in Chapter 3 The Evolving Universe of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

The alternative theory of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MoND), unlike evolutionary theories, bears no dark energy or dark matter and brokers changes in the theory of gravity. Bullet Cluster galaxy 1E 0657-56, with satellite-detected normal matter centrally concentrated and total mass diffused most comprehensibly as mostly cold dark matter, contradicts the MoND theory. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite Chandra (for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Oct. 19, 1910-Aug. 21, 1995) determined estimated mass from background galactic light's cluster effects.

Baryonic, normal, ordinary matter ended up in the galactic center after encountering gas molecules colliding and scattering as two colliding galaxy clusters established the Bullet Cluster.

Cold dark matter fit into cluster outskirts on each side of the baryon-clumped center since they follow gravitational interactions and flow past and through gaseous agglomerations.

Almost 1,000 hours of Hubble Space Telescope-generated cluster images and of Subaru telescope-gauged galactic distances from Maunakea summit, Hawai'i, give a three-dimensional image of dark matter. The Bullet Cluster heads theoretically away from modified gravity, for dark matter, even as supernovae type 1a herald dark energy as hastening, not hindering, Universal expansion. The total energy in our Universe is estimated at 4 percent from bayonic, visible matter; 23 percent from dark matter; and 73 percent from dark energy.

Astronomical physics judges gravitational force as the only one of four fundamental forces to join interacting matter over astronomical distances and juggle the Universe's final fate.

Matter density averages above, at or below one kindle gravitational contraction to a Big Crunch or slowed expansion in a flat Universe or a Big Rip.

All supernovae type 1a log the same immense luminosity peaks whereby any lapses between how luminous they apparently look and correctly look let astrophysicists locate them. They manifest themselves as dense, small white dwarf stars that menace their own stability by moving away so much material from their larger, ordinary companion stars. The same critical mass from nestling companion-star material into their own nets them the same blast luminosities that thereby notify astrophysicists of their host galaxy's distances.

Dark energy occasions the Universe expanding faster now than 7 billion years after the Big Bang and supernovae 1a's fainter peak luminosities and red-shifted, remote-space spectra.

An expanding universe possesses dark energy, greater with greater volume, sometimes repulsive; and gravitational, opposite-charged electromagnetic, strong nuclear bonding and weak nuclear radioactive decay fundamental forces.

Perhaps dark energy qualifies as quantum physics' vacuum force questing zero-balance energy by creating, colliding, annihilating opposite-charged, paired, virtual antiparticles and particles within 10-43 (0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001) seconds. Cosmic shear rates Universal expansion through matter refracting passing light, such as Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) rings around foreground galaxies from background-galactic light. Multi-galaxy cosmic shear surveys suggest an acceleratedly expanding Universe even as differences between astronomically observed and theoretically modeled dark energy sport a large-error factor of 10120.

William of Ockham's (1285-April 9, 1347) Razor teaches simplicity practically and theoretically, whether dark energy transmits same or variable-speed acceleration to our expanding Universe over time.

British rock band Queen's Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon released their sixth studio album on Oct. 28, 1977; News of the World’s front cover shows May and Mercury in a giant robot’s hand and Deacon falling, in altered version of Astounding Science Fiction’s October 1953 cover art by American science fiction and fantasy artist Frank Kelly Freas (Aug. 27, 1922-Jan. 2, 2005): AlterEgo @Relevium01, via Twitter Aug. 7, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

X-ray, optical, lensing map composite reveals clear separation between normal and dark matter in Galaxy Cluster IE o657-56, known as the Bullet Cluster; background image, from Magellan and Hubble Space Telescope (HST), shows galaxies in orange and white; pink overlay, from Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXC), shows hot gas, which contains the bulk of the cluster’s normal matter; blue represents most of the cluster’s mass, measured by gravitational lensing and dominated by dark matter; credits X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1e0657_scale.jpg;
No claim to copyright is being asserted and the material may be used in accordance with NASA guidelines, via Chandra X-Ray Observatory @ https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/more.html

British rock band Queen's Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon released their sixth studio album on Oct. 28, 1977; News of the World’s front cover shows Mays and Mercury in a giant robot’s hand and Deacon falling, in altered version of Astounding Science Fiction’s October 1953 cover art by American science fiction and fantasy artist Frank Kelly Freas (Aug. 27, 1922-Jan. 2, 2005): AlterEgo @Relevium01, via Twitter Aug. 7, 2012

For further information:

AlterEgo @Relevium01. “We Will Rock You compuesto por Brian May, incluido en el album de @QueenWillRock, News of the World, 1978.” Twitter. Aug. 7, 2012.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Relevium01/status/233032846665715712

"Hubble Finds Double Einstein Ring." HubbleSite > News Releases > Release ID 2008-4 > 10 January 2008 10:00 AM (EST).
Available @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2008/news-2008-04.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

Davisson Crater Honors American Physicist Clinton Joseph Davisson

Summary: The lunar far side’s Davisson Crater honors American physicist Clinton Joseph Davisson, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937.

Details of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 120 shows Davisson Crater overlapping Leibnitz Crater in the lunar far side’s southeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

The lunar far side’s Davisson Crater honors American physicist Clinton Joseph Davisson, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for discovering the wave-like properties of electrons.

Davisson Crater is a dark-floored lunar impact crater in the lunar far side’s southeastern quadrant. Terraces are discernible along the crater’s western interior wall. The relatively level interior floor displays a low central peak that rises slightly to the southwest of the crater’s midpoint.

Davisson is centered at minus 37.93 degrees south latitude, minus 174.97 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at minus 36.44 degrees south and minus 39.42 degrees south, respectively. The impact-eroded crater marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 173.18 degrees west and minus 176.78 degrees west, respectively. Davisson’s diameter measures 92.46 kilometers.

Davisson Crater’s rim and outer rampart barge across the eastern rim of Leibnitz Crater and settle on Leibnitz’s interior floor. Leibnitz is centered at minus 38.24 degrees south latitude, 179.35 degrees east longitude. The roughly circular crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 34.35 degrees south and minus 42.12 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are reached at minus 175.78 degrees east and 174.49 degrees west, respectively. Leibnitz Crater’s diameter spans 236.67 kilometers.

Davisson Crater honors American physicist Clinton Joseph Davisson (Oct. 22, 1881-Feb. 1, 1958). The International Astronomical Union approved the crater’s official name in 1970 during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, which was held in the seaside resort of Brighton in South East England from Tuesday, Aug. 18, to Thursday, Aug. 27.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selected Clinton Joseph Davisson and English physicist Sir George Paget Thomson (May 3, 1892-Sept. 10, 1975) as joint laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1937. The prize recognized the independent discoveries of the wave-like properties of electrons by Davisson and Thomson.

Davisson made his discovery at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Manhattan, New York. In his required Nobel Lecture, given Dec. 13, 1937, Davisson noted his accidental discoveries over eight years, beginning in 1919, led to his discovery of electron diffraction, the wave nature of electrons. He referenced his two collaborators, first American physicist Charles Henry Kunsman (June 7, 1890-April 15, 1970) and then, beginning in 1924, his successor, American physicist Lester Halbert Germer (Oct. 10, 1896-Oct. 3, 1971), as “exceptionally able” contributors to the investigation. In 1927, Davisson and Germer achieved electron diffraction by directing a beam of electrons against the face of a crystal of nickel. Their successful experiment is known as the Davisson-Germer experiment.

Thomson made his discovery at the University of Aberdeen in northeastern Scotland. He first reported his findings in a letter, “Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film,” co-authored with one of his students, Alexander Reid, and published in the June 18, 1927, issue of Nature.

Prior to its formal naming, Davisson Crater was designated as Crater 377. The second edition of NASA’s Lunar Farside Chart (LFC-1), prepared by the Department of Defense’s Aeronautical Chart and Information Center and published October 1967, identifies Leibnitz Crater as 374 and its eastern intruder, Davisson Crater, as 377.

Clinton Davisson married Charlotte Sara Richardson on Aug. 4, 1911. During his graduate work at Princeton University in New Jersey, Davisson met his future wife while she was visiting her brother, British physicist Sir Owen Willans Richardson (April 26, 1879-Feb. 15, 1959), who headed Princeton’s Physics Department.

Davisson’s brother-in-law received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928. His namesake lunar crater, located distantly to the northwest of Davisson Crater, lies in the lunar far side’s northwest quadrant.

The takeaways for the lunar far side’s Davisson Crater, which honors American physicist Clinton Joseph Davisson, are that the primary lunar impact crater overlaps adjacent Leibnitz Crater in the far side’s southeastern quadrant; that the crater’s namesake received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937 for his discovery of the wave properties of electrons; and that a crater in the far side’s northwest quadrant honors his brother-in-law, 1928 Nobel physics laureate Sir Owen Richardson.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows lunar far side’s Davisson Crater’s intrusion into Leibnitz Crater in the southeastern quadrant: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 120 shows Davisson Crater overlapping Leibnitz Crater in the lunar far side’s southeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac-120_wac.pdf

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows lunar far side’s Davisson Crater’s intrusion into Leibnitz Crater in the southeastern quadrant: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/moon_farside.pdf

For further information:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Davisson, C.J. (Clinton Joseph); and L.H. (Lester Halbert) Germer. “Reflection of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, no. 4 (April 1928): 317-322.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/i205154
Available via NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) @ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085484/pdf/pnas01816-0027.pdf

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Davisson.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1428

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Leibnitz.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3335

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Kelly, Mervin J. “Clinton Joseph Davisson 1881-1958.” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1962.
Available via NAS Online @ http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/davisson-clinton.pdf

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Richardson Crater Honors British Physicist Sir Owen Willans Richardson.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 11, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/richardson-crater-honors-british.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Richardson Crater Parents Two Satellites on Lunar Far Side.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 18, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/richardson-crater-parents-two.html

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Davisson.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > D Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Davisson

The Moon Wiki. “Leibnitz.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Leibnitz

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

Thomson, G.P. (George Paget); and A. (Alexander) Reid. “Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film.” Nature, vol. 119, issue 890 (June 18, 1927).
Available via Nature @ https://www.nature.com/articles/119890a0

Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?

Summary: Lemon juice appears from lemons in lemon presses that avow absence and assignation that afterward aid crime-solving on Elementary's Child Predator.

closeup of lemon tree (Citrus limon); Berkeley, eastern San Francisco Bay, northern Alameda County, west central California; Thursday, Jan. 6, 2005: Allen Timothy Chang, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

One Prosecco bottle and two corkscrews, lemon presses and pepper mills each respectively assist in arresting abductors and analyzing reconciliation on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Child Predator Oct. 18, 2012.

Director Rod Holcomb and writer Peter Blake brandish corkscrews, lemon presses and pepper mills because of the Castillo couple breaking up and then being back together. The wine container in Season One's third episode carries Atlantic Avenue bottle-bottom, not neighborhood bodega ("cellar") bottle-top, price tags and covers a clandestine conversation between ex-lovers. Lori Thomas (Larisa Polonsky), after driving to the Castillo's Queens domicile, discerns the dark brown van of Robert's (Yancey Arias) and Sara's (Selenis Leyva) daughter's abductor.

Sherlock Holmes espies too many corkscrews, lemon presses and pepper mills; elicits the ex-lover's eyewitness testimony; and exposes a decommissioned New York Police Department van driver.

Lemon presses furnish from fresh lemons fresh lemon juice, with 5 percent of weight in citric acid; niacin, riboflavin and thiamin B vitamins; and vitamin C.

Lemon trees grow indoors and outdoors, perhaps in an indoor-outdoor container on the Castillo family grounds for daughter Mariana (Katelynn Bailey) to gather fragrantly fresh lemons. They happen from two-plus-week-germinated seeds at 55.4 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) or seedling-budded or grafted two-year-old grapefruit, mandarin, sour or sweet orange, or tangelo rootstock. Five to ten 9.52-inch- (0.38-millimeter-) long seeds, with white interiors, inhabit the acidic, 8- to 10-segmented, juicy, white-yellow pulp inside each aromatic, oval lemon tree fruit.

Lemon trees juggle oval, 2.75- to 4.72-inch (7- to 12-centimeter) by 0.24- to 0.39-inch (6- to 10-millimeter), white-yellow fruits with oil glands in their thick peels.

Lemon trees keep their 1,500-some fruits within inner, spongy peels known as albedos (from Latin albēdō, "whiteness") and flavorful, fragrant, outer, yellow peels known as rinds.

Lemon trees locate lemon fruits, asymmetrical with their growing, lower ends broadly mounded, and clustered or solitary, semi-fragrant, sweet-scented flowers amid evergreen foliage and sharp-thorned twigs. Axils (from Latin axilla, "armpit"), where leaf stalks meet twiggy branches, maintain fruits with maximum 1.97-inch (50-millimeter) diameters and flowers with purple lower, white upper surfaces. Lemon trees, named Citrus limon (from Latin citrus, "citron" and Persian لیمون, "lemon"), net red buds and four to five 0.79-inch- (2-centimeter-) long petals per flower.

Lemon trees, observed by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) and Pehr Osbeck (May 9, 1723-Dec. 23, 1805), offer 20 to 40 stamens per flower.

Each pollen-receiving carpel (from French carpelle, "ovary") and pollen-producing yellow-anthered (from Greek ἀνθηρός, "blooming") stamen (from Latin stāmen, "thread") perform respectively female and male reproductive roles.

Lemon trees queue atop slender-winged petioles (stalks, from Latin petiolus, "footlet") immaturely red, maturely black-green upper-surfaced, green-white lower-surfaced, 2.46- to 4.43-inch- (6.25- to 11.25-centimeter-) long leaves. They realize 5.91- to 20.01-foot (1.8- to 6.1-meter) heights and 5.91- to 10.01-foot (1.8- to 3.05-meter) spreads with 4.92- to 26.25-foot (1.5- to 8-meter) spacing intervals. Flowers, fruits, elliptical-oval fine-toothed foliage and wood suffer respectively below 29, 28, 22, 20 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 1.67, minus 2.22, minus 5.56, minus 6.67 degrees Celsius).

Moist, sunny, well-drained soil pHs 4.8 to 8.3 and 9.84- to 49.21-inch (25- to 125-centimeter) annual rainfall trigger 12-plus years of lemons for Elementary's lemon presses.

After staying up all night to wade through his files on open serial murders, Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) cancels jogging with sober companion Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) and decodes what "agree" means in his vocabulary in CBS Elementary's Child Predator (season 1 episode 3): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Oct. 18, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

closeup of lemon tree (Citrus limon); Berkeley, eastern San Francisco Bay, northern Alameda County, west central California; Thursday, Jan. 6, 2005: Allen Timothy Chang, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lemon_tree_Berkeley_closeup.jpg

After staying up all night to wade through his files on open serial murders, Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) cancels jogging with sober companion Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) and decodes what "agree" means in his vocabulary in CBS Elementary's Child Predator (season 1 episode 3): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Oct. 18, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/190782197713566

For further information:

"Child Predator." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 18, 2019.

"Citrus limon." Missouri Botanical Garden > Gardens & Gardening > Your Garden > Plant Finder.
Available @ http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b548

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 18 October 2012. "Miss this moment? Watch the full episode on CBS.com: http://bit.ly/QVc6ap." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/190782197713566

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe

Summary: Dark matter associates with accelerated acceleration in Chapter 3 The Evolving Universe of the book Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

Artist's impression shows Milky Way galaxy surrounded by blue halo that represents expected distribution of dark matter, the mysterious substance thought to accompany black holes, galactic clusters and spiral galaxies: ESO (European Southern Observatory) / Luís Calçada, CC BY 4.0 International, via ESO

Dark matter accompanies black holes, galactic clusters and spiral galaxies in Chapter 3 The Evolving Universe in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Hubble Ultra-Deep Field images brandish galactic quasars with luminosity several thousand times the Milky Way's and supermassive black holes 700 million years after the Big Bang. Supermassive black holes from collapsing gas or massive stellar remnants several million times solar mass captured abundant area material through gravitational pull for galactic quasar centers. Perhaps larger, normal-shaped galaxies derive from odd-shaped galactic quasars depleting area dust and gas that drive black holes and develop beacon-like, light-emitting jets and spiral disks.

A million-second-long Hubble Space Telescope exposure extracted from one blank-sky patch thousands of background galaxies, a few nearby and normal-looking, most faint, odd-looking, red-lit, remote, small.

Perhaps serialized collisions of small structures formed from collapsing, early-Universe gas fostered today's familiar, larger, normal-shaped galaxies, such as Milky Way foraging forays through dwarf galaxies.

Small systems such as the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds that go around larger galaxies such as the Milky Way get pulled in regularly, then permanently. Spectral-line position in ground-telescope studies and Hubble Ultra-Deep Field-imaged red-shifted light hint, in an expanding universe, of galactic light 700 million years after the Big Bang. Perhaps gravity-collapsed matter initiated smaller, then larger structures that impelled the Andromeda Spiral; 100-billion-star Milky Way; and 1,000-plus Virgo Cluster large galaxies 60 million light-years away.

The spiral Milky Way, like a double-convex lens, juggles galactic haloes with condensed, globular clusters and stray stars; and 20,000 and 100,000-plus-light-year central-bulge and overall diameters.

The Milky Way galactic center 27,000 light-years away, at Sagittarius A* (A-star) keeps a black hole 2.6 million times solar mass, star clusters and swirling dust-clouds.

One solar orbit, labeled the cosmic year, around the Milky Way, which logs its own rotation, near the main galactic plane lasts about 225 million years. Our Sun just moved out of the Orion arm, made by moving pressure-waves that mean new Milky Way spiral-arm stars in tens of millions of years. Dust and gas navigating, as interstellar material of above-average density, galactic-center orbits nestle into new and old arms where they respectively nurture and nullify new-star formation.

Spiral galaxies observe, with one exception, trailing-arm spins whose spectral-line position, omitting overall galactic motion, of one side observed approaching, the other receding, occasions rotation rates.

Our Solar System's farthest-out planets present longer orbiting times and slower orbiting speeds even as rotating galaxies possess same-length cosmic-year nearer slower and farther faster stars.

Dark matter with its gravitational pull qualifies, unlike our center-massed Solar System, as system mass for rotating galaxies and queues up in galactic disks and halos. The combined mass of the estimated total 70 billion trillion (7 x 10²²) of observable-Universe stars remains less than the Universe's dark matter at 23 percent. Chargeless, fast-moving, plentiful, small-massed neutrino particles and known black holes of measurable mass, apart Stephen Hawking-predicted Earth-mass black holes, seem not to serve as dark matter.

Perhaps hypothetically fundamental, plentiful, small-massed Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) or, as faint-lit, massive, small brown dwarf stars, MAssive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs) transmit dark matter.

(left to right) Queen's John Deacon, Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May play against a cosmic background: QueenFanPeru @QueenFanPeru, via Twitter Oct. 15, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Artist's impression shows Milky Way galaxy surrounded by blue halo that represents expected distribution of dark matter, the mysterious substance thought to accompany black holes, galactic clusters and spiral galaxies: ESO (European Southern Observatory) / Luís Calçada, CC BY 4.0 International, via ESO @ https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1217a/

(left to right) Queen's John Deacon, Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May play against a cosmic background: QueenFanPeru @QueenFanPeru, via Twitter Oct. 15, 2012, @ https://twitter.com/QueenFanPeru/status/258008884843773952

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

QueenFanPeru @QueenFanPeru. 15 October 2012. "Queen -- (John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor)." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/QueenFanPeru/status/258008884843773952