Earth and Space News: Hevelius three obsolete constellations

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Wednesday, July 26, 2023

Hevelius Named Triangulum Minus Little Triangle Constellation in 1687

Summary: Johannes Hevelius introduced Triangulum Minus the Little Triangle constellation in 1687 as a smaller companion of existing constellation Triangulum.

Andromeda the Chained Maiden, with (lower right) Triangulum Majus and Triangulum Minus; Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. V: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Seventeenth-century Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius introduced Triangulum Minus the Little Triangle constellation in 1687 as a smaller companion for already existing triangular constellation Triangulum the Triangle.

Johannes Hevelius (Polish: Jan Heweliusz; Jan. 28, 1611-Jan. 28, 1687) introduced Triangulum Minus the Lesser Triangle constellation as one of 10 constellations that he had invented in Prodromus Astronomiae. The three-volume compendium consisted of the Prodromus; a star catalogue, Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum; and a star atlas, Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia. Hevelius's death left the Prodromus Astronomiae unfinished and the catalogue and star atlas, which had been printed in 1687, unpublished. The astronomer-selenographer's wife, Polish astronomer Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann Hevelius (Polish: Elżbieta Koopman Heweliusz; Jan. 17, 1647–Dec. 22, 1693), finished the Prodromus and then published all three volumes in 1690 under the posthumous authorship of her husband.

Triangulum Minus appeared as the seventh of Hevelius's 10 newly created constellations in Chapter VIII, De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis, of section Tabulae Solares Novae ("New Solar Tables") in the Prodromus. The small triangle emerged from three new stars that he discovered in southeastern Triangulum the Triangle constellation. The new triangle's stars shone between Aries the Ram and Triangulum the Triangle, according to their discoverer.

"Triangulum Minus. Caeterùm; Triangulum minus, quod ex tribus novis Stellulis conſtat, etiam ex numero novorum meorum Siderum eſt; haud potuit ferè aliter denominari: cùm ſub altero Triangulo majori, & ſupra Caput Arietis ſplendeat," described Hevelius (page 117).

The forming of the new triangular constellation necessitated renaming the existing constellation. Hevelius retitled Triangulum as Triangulum Majus, as explained by English astronomy writer Ian Ridpath (born May 1, 1947) in his profile "Triangulum Minus the little triangle," included in Chapter Four: Obsolete Constellations of his Star Tales book (1988; revised and expanded, 2018) and posted on his eponymous website (www.ianridpath.com).

Aries the Ram, with Triangula pair (upper center), Majus and Minus, and Musca (Musca Borealis); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. BB: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Triangulum Minus neighbors with Aries the Ram and Triangulum Majus. The small celestial triangle brushes the Ram's northwestern borders and its constellatory parent's southeastern limits. A discarded constellation, Musca Borealis (Latin: "northern fly"), appears as an eastern neighbor, perched between northern Aries the Ram and southern Perseus the Hero, on two (Figures BB, W) of the three sky charts (BB, V, WW) on which Hevelius depicted Triangulum Minus.

The exclusion of Triangulum Minus from the list of 88 constellations approved in 1922 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) rendered Hevelius's triangle obsolete. Its three starry components of 6 Trianguli (abbreviated 6 Tri; also known as ι Trianguli, Iota Trianguli, abbreviated ι Tri, Iota Tri), 10 Trianguli (10 Tri) and 12 Trianguli (12 Tri) were assigned to Triangulum the Triangle constellation.

Triangulum the Triangle, the constellation in which Triangulum Minus may be viewed as an asterism (Ancient Greek: ἀστερισμός, asterismós, “group of stars”), encompasses an area of 131.8 square degrees, which accounts for 0.320 percent of the sky, according to Ian Ridpath's table of constellations. Its area places Triangulum Minus as 78th in order of size among the 88 IAU-approved constellations.

Right ascension (abbreviated RA; symbol α) coordinates for Triangulum extend from 01 hours 31 minutes 27.9408 seconds to 02h 50m 39.9523s, according to the constellation boundary tables on the International Astronomical Union's website. In the equatorial coordinate system, right ascension identifies with terrestrial longitude.

Declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) coordinates for Triangulum stretch from plus 25.6050701 to plus 37.3470840. The equatorial coordinate system's declination associates with geographic latitude.

Constellation Triangulum offers full visibility to Earth-based observers occupying latitudes 90 degrees north and 52 degrees south. Partial visibility of the triangular constellation is available to stargazers stationed between latitudes 52 degrees south and 64 degrees south in the southern hemisphere (Ridpath, Constellations -- 2).

Triangulum the Triangle constellation numbers among 13 autumnal constellations listed by the American Association of Amateur Astronomers (AAAA) on The Constellation Home Page on the organization's website. Late autumn and early winter qualify for best viewing seasons of Triangulum the Triangle constellation in the northern hemisphere, according to science writer Kelly Kizer Whitt in "Triangulum the Triangle in northern skies," published Dec. 6, 2022, on the EarthSky website. December is the best month for observing Triangulum, according to James Miller in "Star Constellation Facts: Triangulum," posted July 15, 2016, on his website, Astronomy Trek.

Even though Hevelius's Triangulum Minus has been nullified as a constellation, the small triangle nevertheless remains as an asterism within its parent's territory. The Great Square of Pegasus the Winged Horse and Cassiopeia the Seated Queen function as finding aids for Triangulum, according to Kelly Kizer Whitt. Triangulum lies northeast of the Great Square of Pegasus and below distinctively w-shaped Cassiopeia. Triangulum Minus shines in southeastern Triangulum.

Perseus the Hero, with Triangula pair(lower center-right), Triangulum Majus and Triangulum Minus, and Musca (Musca Borelis); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. W: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

The American Association of Amateur Astronomers. "The Autumn Constellations." The American Association of Amateur Astronomers > The Constellation Home Page.
Available @ http://www.astromax.org/con-page/con-fall.htm

Flaspoehler, Edward P., Jr. "The Constellation Triangulum -- The Triangle." The American Assocation of Amateur Astronomers > The Constellation Home Page > The Summer Constellations.
Available @ http://www.astromax.org/con-page/summer/sct-01.htm

Harper, David; and L. (Lynne) M. Stockman. "Triangulum Minor -- The Lesser Triangle. Unofficial Abbreviation: TMi. Genitive: Trianguli Minoris. Origin: Johannes Hevelius." Obliquity > Sky Eye > The Constellations > Extinct Constellations.
Available @ https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/TMi.html

Hevelii, Johannis. "Triangulum Minus. Caeterùm; Triangulum minus, quod ex tribus novis Stellulis conſtat, etiam ex numero novorum meorum Siderum eſt; haud potuit ferè aliter denominari: cùm ſub altero Triangulo majori, & ſupra Caput Arietis ſplendeat." Page 117. Prodromus Astronomiae cum Catalogo Fixarum, & Firmamentum Sobiescianum: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Tabulae Solares Novae, pages 51-142. Caput VIII De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis," pages 108-124. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133609
Available via National Digital Library Polona @ https://polona.pl/item-view/049ab5c8-5726-4a52-ad1b-48f3f475c4f2?page=73
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Triang. Minus." Page 304. Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum ad Annum Christi M DCC Completum. Pages 269-308. In: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133800
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Triangulum Minus." Page 416. Machinae Coelestis. Liber Quartus, Rerum Uranicarum Observationes, Gedani. Gedani [Gdansk]: Simon Reiniger, M DC LXXIX [1679].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/Machinacoelesti2Heve/page/416/mode/1up

Kaler, James B. (Jim). “6 TRI (6 Trianguli).” University of Illinois Astronomy Department > Star of the Week.
Available @ http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/gammacas.html

Kaler, James B. (Jim). “Triangulum.” University of Illinois Astronomy Department > Star of the Week.
Available @ http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/tri-t.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cassiopeia the Queen Constellation Is True Arrow to Andromeda Galaxy." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/cassiopeia-queen-constellation-true.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Five Star Circlet of Pisces Asterism Is Below Great Square of Pegasus." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 11, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/five-star-circlet-of-pisces-asterism-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Great Square of Pegasus Asterism Has Four Second Magnitude Stars." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 4, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/great-square-of-pegasus-asterism-has.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Crater Parents Seven Satellites at West Oceanus Procellarum." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 18, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/hevelius-crater-parents-seven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Scutum the Shield Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 19, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/hevelius-introduced-scutum-shield.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Canes Venatici Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 17, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/hevelius-introduced-canes-venatici.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Lacerta the Lizard Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 12, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/hevelius-introduced-lacerta-lizard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Leo Minor the Lesser Leo Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 5, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/hevelius-introduced-leo-minor-lesser.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Lynx Constellation in 1687 as Visible to Lynx-Eyed." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 25, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/hevelius-introduced-lynx-constellation.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Mons Maenalus constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 24, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/hevelius-introduced-mons-maenalus.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Sextans the Sextant Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 10, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/hevelius-introduced-sextans-sextant.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Three-Headed Snake Constellation Cerberus in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 28, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/hevelius-introduced-three-headed-snake.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Vulpecula the Fox Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 5, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/hevelius-introduced-vulpecula-fox.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lynx Zigzags Lengthily Between Ursa Major and Auriga the Charioteer." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 1, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/lynx-zigzags-lengthily-between-ursa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Near Side Hevelius Crater Honors Polish Astronomer Johannes Hevelius." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/near-side-hevelius-crater-honors-polish.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "North Star Pointer Constellation Cassiopeia Is Opposite the Big Dipper." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sep. 7, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/north-star-pointer-constellation.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Serpens the Serpent Constellation Is the Only Two Part Constellation." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 26, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/serpens-serpent-constellation-is-only.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Summer Triangle of Altair With Deneb and Vega Dramatizes Summer Nights." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 10, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/summer-triangle-of-altair-with-deneb.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Venusian Crater Corpman Honors Astronomer Elisabeth Koopman Hevelius." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/venusian-crater-corpman-honors.html

Miller, James. "Star Constellation Facts: Triangulum." Astronomy Trek. July 15, 2016.
Available @ https://www.astronomytrek.com/star-constellation-facts-triangulum/

Ridpath, Ian. "Constellations 2: Triangulum." Ian Ridpath > The Constellations. Available @ http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations2.html

Ridpath, Ian. "Hevelius presents his new constellations." Ian Ridpath > Star Tales > Chapter Two > Page 2 > Hevelius and the Firmamentum Sobiescianum.
Available @ http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/hevelius.html

Ridpath, Ian. "Triangulum Minus the little triangle." Star Tales > Chapter Four: Obsolete Constellations.
Available @ http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/triangulumminus.html

Whitt, Kelly Kizer. "Triangulum the Triangle in northern skies." EarthSky > Tonight > Constellations. Dec. 6, 2022.
Available @ https://earthsky.org/constellations/triangulum-the-triangle/

Wednesday, June 28, 2023

Hevelius Introduced Three-Headed Snake Constellation Cerberus in 1687

Summary: Johannes Hevelius introduced Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake constellation in 1687 as a starry monster grasped by Hercules the Hero's left hand.

Hercules the Hero (center) with Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake (center right) and Vulpecula the Fox with Anſer (Anser) the Goose (right center); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. H: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Seventeenth-century Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius introduced Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake constellation in 1687 as a starry monster held captive in the firm grasp of constellation Hercules the Hero's left hand.

Johannes Hevelius (Polish: Jan Heweliusz; Jan. 28, 1611-Jan. 28, 1687) featured Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake constellation as one of 10 constellations that he had visualized in Prodromus Astronomiae. The three-volume compendium comprised the Prodromus; a star catalogue, Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum; and a star atlas, Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia. Hevelius's death left the Prodromus Astronomiae unfinished and the catalogue and star atlas, which had been printed in 1687, unpublished. The astronomer-selenographer's wife, Polish astronomer Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann Hevelius (Polish: Elżbieta Koopman Heweliusz; Jan. 17, 1647–Dec. 22, 1693), finished the Prodromus and then published all three volumes, under the sole authorship of her husband, in 1690.

Hevelius presented Cerberus as the ninth of his 10 newly created constellations in Chapter VIII, De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis, of section Tabulae Solares Novae ("New Solar Tables") in the Prodromus. Although he described Cerberus as a "triple-headed, infernally voracious dog," Hevelius depicted the constellation as a three-headed snake.

In Greek mythology, Cerberus represented the last of the 12 labors undertaken by Hercules (Heracles; Greek: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklḕs, "glory of Hera") as penance for his Hera-induced rageful murder of his wife, Theban Princess Megara (Ancient Greek: Μεγάρα), and their sons. Cerberus (Greek: Κέρβερος Kérberos) was a three-head dog, with a serpentine tail and a profusion of snakes protruding from his body and mane, who ferociously guarded the gates of the Underworld to foil escape attempts by the souls of the dead.

Anser and Vulpecula (center) with Hercules (upper left) and Cerberus (left center); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. L: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Hevelius connected his ninth new constellation, Cerberus, with his eighth constellatory creation, double-figured Vulpecula the Fox and the Anser the Goose. With the stolen Goose in his mouth, the Fox runs swiftly to gift voracious Cerberus with his captive anserous prey.

"De Cerbero. Dicta haec Vulpecula, furto ſurripuit Anſerem, quam in ore gerens veloci curſu ad Cerberum, Tricipitem nempe illum Canem infernalem voracem deportat, quò Jentaculum & ſolatium quaſi habeat, antequam ab Hercule clavamjam exporrigente, occidatur. Sic ut haec Vulpecula cum Anſere, etiam juxta fabulas Poetarum, & Aſtrologorum Regulas, convenienter hoc loco reponi à me potuerit. Haud minùs benè factum, quòd Herculi, Cerberum ſiniſtrâ manu tenendum tradiderim," Hevelius explained (page 117).

Hevelius depicted his Cerberus constellation in five illustrations in Firmamentum Sobiescianum, the third volume of Prodromus Astronomiae. The main depiction, in Tavola H, centers on Hercules the Hero with Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake in his left hand and with neighbors Vulpecula the Fox and Anser the Goose. Tavola I focuses on Lyra the Lyre with neighbors Hercules and Cerberus. Tavola L centers on Anser and Vulpecula with neighbors Hercules and Cerberus. Tavola P depicts Hercules and Cerberus as neighbors of Serpentarius, alternative name of Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer. Tavola R shows Cerberus and Vulpecula with Anser as neighbors of Aquila the Eagle and Antinous the Lover of Roman Emperor Hadrian.

Aquila (center) with Cerberus (upper left) and Vulpecula (upper right) with Anser (upper center); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. R: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

As with all of Hevelius's constellations, figures are reversed, depicted "back to front," as if on a celestial globe, as noted by English constellation history biographer Ian Ridpath (born May 1, 1947) in his post on "Hevelius and Firmamentum Sobiescianum" on his Star Tales website. Depictions from the perspective of an outsider looking into a celestial globe reverse, or create mirror images of, the actual appearance of starry figures as viewed by an Earth-based observer situated as an insider looking outward at a celestial globe.

Hevelius created Cerberus from four faint stars in southwestern Hercules the Hero constellation. The cerberic quartet comprised the quartet known modernly as 93 Herculis (93 Her), 95 Herculis (95 Her), 102 Herculis (102 Her) and 109 Herculis (109 Her), according to Ian Ridpath's "Cerberus" in Chapter Four: Obsolete Constellations on his Star Tales website.

The quartet's moderate brightness allows for visibility in dark sky locations and bare or no visibility in light pollution-affected skies, according to Iacopo Sassarini's The Sky Live website. Hypergiant 93 Herculis and variable, visual double 109 Herculis are orangeish yellow hued. Variable, double giant 95 Herculis casts a white-hued light. Double sub-giant 102 Herculis is blue-white hued.

Four constellations arc around Hercules-held Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake. Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer, known to Hevelius as Serpentarius, neighbors to the south. Aquila the Eagle flies to the southwest of the Three-Headed Snake. To the west, Vulpecula the Fox bears mouth-held prey Anser the Goose while Sagitta the Arrow targets westward, away from Cerberus. Lyra the Lyre lies to the west-northwest.

Serpentarius (center) with Hercules (center left) and Cerberus (center right); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. P: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Cerberus is considered an obsolete constellation. The Three-Headed Snake constellation did not number among the 88 modern constellations approved by the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) inaugural General Assembly, held May 1922 in Rome, Italy.

Although constellation Cerberus has been disbanded and re-absorbed as unfigured stars in constellation Hercules, the quartet's presence in night skies remains. Skygazers still may improve their unaided or aided eyesight by embellishing Hercules with a serpentine captive.

As part of constellation Hercules, Cerberus shares the Hero's visibility range. Full visibility is available for observers located between latitudes 90 degrees north and 38 degrees south. Observers at latitudes 38 degrees south to 86 degrees south experience partial visibility of the Hero, according to Ian Ridpath's "Constellations -- 1" table on his Star Tales website.

Hercules the Hero encompasses an area of 1,225.1 square degrees, which claims 2.970 percent of the area of the night sky. The Hero's areal spread accords it placement as the fifth largest of the 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Right ascension (abbreviated RA; symbol α) coordinates for the Herculean constellation extend from 15 hours (h) 48 minutes (m) 29.9005 (s) to 18h 57m 49.5029s, according to the constellation boundary tables on the International Astronomical Union's website. The equatorial coordinate system's right ascension likens to terrestrial longitude.

Declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) coordinates for constellation Hercules span plus 3.6735139 to plus 51.3242683. In the equatorial coordinate system, declination similarizes to geographic latitude.

April through November qualify as best Herculean viewing months for Northern Hemisphere observers. Hercules favors June through September as best viewing months for Southern Hemisphere skygazers, according to James Miller in "Star Constellation Facts: Hercules," posted April 14, 2015, to his website, Astronomy Trek.

Hercules climbs especially high in the sky through the summer in Northern Hemisphere skies. The constellation's Herculean height facilitates sighting of its Keystone asterism. The quadrilateral comprises Epsilon Herculis (ε Herculis; abbreviated ε Her, Epsilon Her), Zeta Herculis (ζ Herculis; abbreviated ζ Her, Zeta Her), Eta Herculis (η Herculis; abbreviated η Her, Eta Her) and Pi Herculis (π Herculis; abbreciated π Her, Pi Her). The Keystone outlines the Hero's pelvis, according to Ridpath's "Stars of Hercules" in Chapter Three: The Celestial Eighty-Eight on his Star Tales website. The Keystone lies to the northeast of Cerberus.

Lyra (center) with Hercules (left) and Cerberus (lower left); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. I: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Allen, Richard Hinckley. "Cerberus. . . . This sub-constellation, a former adjunct of Hercules, but now entirely disregarded by astronomers, is supposed to have originated with Hevelius in his Firmamentum Sobiescianum, although Flammarion asserts that it was on the sphere of Eudoxos with the Branch. . . . it probably was only made for the purpose of mythological completeness, as the death of this watch-dog of Hades fitly rounded out the circle of Hercules' twelve labors. Others have said that the figure typified the serpent destroyed by the Hero while it was infesting the country around Taenarum, the Μέτωπον of Greece, the modern Cape Matapan." Pages 159-160. Star-Names and Their Meanings. New York NY; Leipzig, Germany; London, England; Paris, France: G.E. Stechert, 1899.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/starnamesandthe00allegoog/page/159/mode/1up
Available via Penelope-University of Chicago @ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Cerberus*.html

Byrd, Deborah. "Hercules is between 2 bright stars: Vega and Arcturus." EarthSky > Tonight. April 7, 2023.
Available @ https://earthsky.org/tonight/two-stars-lead-to-constellation-hercules/

Hevelii, Johannis. "Cur Vulpecula cum Anſere eo in loco fuerit rejecta. Ex Stellis autem iſtis, quae inter Aquilam & Lyram, ſub Cygno, haud procul à Cerbero, horribili illo & voraci animali, vel à Cane infernali Tricipiti (prout Poetae fabulantur) videntur, numero 27, nimirùm cum unâ olim jam cognitâ, & 26 novis meis à me ſolummodò obſervatis, ſimul cum illâ planè novâ, quae Anno primùm 1672 apparuit, ac per biennium in Coelo fulſit, volui Vulpeculam cum Anſere, in ſpatio Coeli benè apto, & quidem tale animalculum quod admodùm Aſtutum, vorax, & furax eſt, reponere. Attento, quòd Aquila & Lyra ejusdem ſint naturae; nimirùm rapaces & edaces: ne non & hae Stellae in Vulpeculâ, cum illis in Aquilâ & Lyrâ conſtitutis, eandem conſeervent naturam." Page 117. Prodromus Astronomiae cum Catalogo Fixarum, & Firmamentum Sobiescianum: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Tabulae Solares Novae, pages 51-142. Caput VIII De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis," pages 108-124. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133609
Available via National Digital Library Polona @ https://polona.pl/item-view/049ab5c8-5726-4a52-ad1b-48f3f475c4f2?page=73
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "De Cerbero. Dicta haec Vulpecula, furto ſurripuit Anſerem, quam in ore gerens veloci curſu ad Cerberum, Tricipitem nempe illum Canem infernalem voracem deportat, quò Jentaculum & ſolatium quaſi habeat, antequam ab Hercule clavamjam exporrigente, occidatur. Sic ut haec Vulpecula cum Anſere, etiam juxta fabulas Poetarum, & Aſtrologorum Regulas, convenienter hoc loco reponi à me potuerit. Haud minùs benè factum, quòd Herculi, Cerberum ſiniſtrâ manu tenendum tradiderim." Page 117. Prodromus Astronomiae cum Catalogo Fixarum, & Firmamentum Sobiescianum: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Tabulae Solares Novae, pages 51-142. Caput VIII De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis," pages 108-124. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133609
Available via National Digital Library Polona @ https://polona.pl/item-view/049ab5c8-5726-4a52-ad1b-48f3f475c4f2?page=73
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Cerberus." Page 282. Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum ad Annum Christi M DCC Completum. Pages 269-308. In: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133777
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Hercules." Pages 288-289. Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum ad Annum Christi M DCC Completum. Pages 269-308. In: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133784
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Hercules." Pages 361-362. Machinae Coelestis. Liber Quartus, Rerum Uranicarum Observationes, Gedani. Gedani [Gdansk]: Simon Reiniger, M DC LXXIX [1679].
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Wednesday, May 24, 2023

Hevelius Introduced Mons Maenalus Constellation in 1687

Summary: Hevelius introduced Mons Maenalus constellation in 1687 as a starry equivalent of a mountain in the Arcadia region of Greece's Peloponnese peninsula.

Boötes the Herdsman (center) stands on Mons Menalis Mount Maenalus (lower right); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. F.: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Hevelius introduced Mons Maenalus constellation in 1687 as a starry representation of a real mountain, Mainalo (Ancient Greek: Μαίναλος or Μαίναλον; Mainalos or Mainalon), located in the Arcadia (Αρκαδία, Arkadía) region's Menalon highlands in the central and eastern Peloponnese (Πελοπόννησος, Pelopónnēsos) peninsula in southern Greece.

Johannes Hevelius (Polish: Jan Heweliusz; Jan. 28, 1611-Jan. 28, 1687) introduced Mons Maenalus (Mount Maenalus) as one of 10 constellations that he had created in Prodromus Astronomiae. The three-volume astronomical compendium consisted of the Prodromus; a star catalogue, Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum; and a star atlas, Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia. Although the catalogue and star atlas had been printed in 1687, Hevelius's death in that year had left them unpublished and the Prodromus unfinished. The astronomer-selenographer's wife, Polish astronomer Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann Hevelius (Polish: Elżbieta Koopman Heweliusz; Jan. 17, 1647–Dec. 22, 1693), finalized the Prodromus and published all three volumes, under her husband's posthumous authorship, in 1690.

Hevelius presented Mons Maenalus as the last of his 10 newly invented constellations in Chapter VIII, De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis, of section Tabulae Solares Novae ("New Solar Tables") in the Prodromus. He configured the montane constellation from unfigured stars in southernmost Boötes the Herdsman constellation and in northeastern Virgo the Maiden constellation. Hevelius traced his discernment of the starry mountain back to observations in 1660.

"De Monte Maenali. Denique, quòd ultimum & duodecimum Sidus recens noſtrum, Montem nempe Moenalem, ſub pedibus Bootis rejicere voluerim, ex eo accidet, quòd dictus Bootes (uti Poetae fabulantur) in hoc Monte ſubſtiterit: in quo non ſolùm vidi aliquando, vel Tubulo plurimas Stellulas deprehendi (id quod etiam Ruſticis eſt facillimum) ſed eas debitè & accuratè majoribus idoneis Inſtrumentis quoque obſervavi, jam Anno 1660, ac in Catalogum noſtrum retuli, quod ſanè à nemine adhuc praeſtitum, ſi vera loqui liceat: hinc etiam nomina illis Stellis imponendi facultas mihi ſoli competit, prout eo tatim tempore etiam praetiti. Quae modò ſufficiant, cur hocce vel illud Sidus tali nomine, & non alio denominaverim, vel hoc loco, non eo collocaverim. Nunc promiſſam illam Tabulam, quae Numerum Stellarum, tàm à Veteribus, quàm à me primùm obſervatarum, nec non cujusvis Aſterismi preculiares novos meos Characteres exhibet, hic apponam," Hevelius explained (Prodromus, page 117).

Virgo the Maiden (center) with Boötes the Herdsman's lower legs and feet standing (upper center) on slopes of Mons Menalis (upper center right); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. GG: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Constellation Mons Maenalus has two main neighbors. Northern neighbor Boötes the Herdsman stands on the starry mountain's slopes. Mons Maenalus emerges from near the northern wing and side of the montane constellation's southern neighbor, Virgo the Maiden, and angles eastward toward the Herdsman's southeastern neighbor, Serpens Caput, the western segment of Serpens the Snake constellation.

Mons Maenalus became an obsolete constellation with its exclusion from the 88 modern constellations approved by the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) inaugural General Assembly, held in Rome in May 1922. Although the constellation may be absent from modern constellation charts, it still is present in night skies.

As part of constellation Boötes, Mons Maenalus shares the Herdsman's visibility range. Full visibility is available to observers located between latitudes 90 degrees north and 35 degrees south. Partial visibility occurs in the southern hemisphere between latitudes 35 degrees south and 82 degrees south, according to English constellation history biographer Ian Ridpath (born May 1, 1947) in his table, "Constellations -- 1" on his Star Tales website. Late spring or early summer qualify for best detection of Mons Maenalus constellation in the northern hemisphere, according to science writer Kelly Kizer Whitt in "Boötes the Herdsman and its bright star Arcturus," published June 25, 2022, on the EarthSky website.

Locating Mons Maenalus is eased for stargazers who focus their starry montane search on southernmost Boötes the Herdsman. Mons Maenalus constellation's brightest star, yellow-hued 31 Boötis (31 Boo), lies southeast of the Herdsman's brightest star, Arcturus (Alpha Boötis, α Boötis; abbreviated Alpha Boo, α Boo). Arcturus (Ancient Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος, Arktouros, "Guardian of the Bear," from ἄρκτος, arktos, "bear" + οὖρος, ouros, "watcher, guardian") marks the Herdsman's western knee, west of the constellation's eastern neighbor, Coma Berenices the Hair of Berenice constellation.

(center) Libra the Balance with (left center) Virgo the Maiden, (upper center left) Mons Menalis and (upper center right) Serpens Caput, western segment of Serpens the Snake constellation (Serpentarius); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. HH: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

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Hevelii, Johannis. "De Monte Maenali. Denique, quòd ultimum & duodecimum Sidus recens noſtrum, Montem nempe Moenalem, ſub pedibus Bootis rejicere voluerim, ex eo accidet, quòd dictus Bootes (uti Poetae fabulantur) in hoc Monte ſubſtiterit: in quo non ſolùm vidi aliquando, vel Tubulo plurimas Stellulas deprehendi (id quod etiam Ruſticis eſt facillimum) ſed eas debitè & accuratè majoribus idoneis Inſtrumentis quoque obſervavi, jam Anno 1660, ac in Catalogum noſtrum retuli, quod ſanè à nemine adhuc praeſtitum, ſi vera loqui liceat: hinc etiam nomina illis Stellis imponendi facultas mihi ſoli competit, prout eo tatim tempore etiam praetiti. Quae modò ſufficiant, cur hocce vel illud Sidus tali nomine, & non alio denominaverim, vel hoc loco, non eo collocaverim. Nunc promiſſam illam Tabulam, quae Numerum Stellarum, tàm à Veteribus, quàm à me primùm obſervatarum, nec non cujusvis Aſterismi preculiares novos meos Characteres exhibet, hic apponam." Page 117. Prodromus Astronomiae cum Catalogo Fixarum, & Firmamentum Sobiescianum: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Tabulae Solares Novae, pages 51-142. Caput VIII De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis," pages 108-124. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
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