Friday, July 31, 2020

Ellora Hindu Cave 14 Adds up to a King, a Name and Demonic Adventures


Summary: Ellora Hindu Cave 14 in Maharashtra, India, arranges cave temple architecture and art about a king, a name and demonic adventures of King Ravana of Lanka.


Ellora Hindu Cave 14, known as Ravana Ki Khai, depicts King Ravana of Lanka attempting to lift up Shiva's abode, Mount Kailasa; Sept. 11, 2016: Vikas Singh, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Ellora Hindu Cave 14 in Maharashtra state, western peninsular India, alludes to a king in its architecture assembled around the demonic adventures of King Ravana of Lanka and in its local name.
Itinerant artisans, merchants and monks built Ellora Hindu Cave 14 because of Rashtrakuta (from Sanskrit राष्ट्रकूट, "country chieftain") King Krishna (from Sanskrit कृष्ण, "black-blue") I (756?/757?-774?/783?). The fourteenth cave northward from the southern entrance carries the local name Ravana Ki Khai (from Sanskrit रवण, "roaring"; कि, "to know"; and खै, "to mourn"). Danced, musical, oral, written descriptions detailed its demonic adventures of rakshasa (from Sanskrit राक्षस, "demoniacal") King Ravana of Lanka (from Sanskrit लङ्का, "city") off southeasternmost India.
Ellora Hindu Cave 14 exposes architecturally, artistically, events enshrined in danced, musical, oral, w

Vakataka (from Sanskrit वाकाटक), Kalachuri (from Sanskrit कलचुरि, "sweet-welled"), Chalukya (from Sanskrit चालुक्य) and Rashtrakuta (from Sanskrit राष्ट्रकूट, "country chieftain") tolerances fostered such temples as Ellora Hindu Cave 14.
Perhaps Shaivite Hinduism (from Sanskrit शिव, "auspicious" and सिन्धु, "stream") guided itinerant artisans, merchants and monks to Ravana, who grappled with Hindu lightning god Shiva. Shiva's holding down the Lankan king's big toe hindered Ravana's hurtling himself beneath Mount Kailasa (from Sanskrit कैलास, "crystal") and hoisting up Shiva's heavenly home there. A beautiful wife, an immortal life and the Atmalingam's (from Sanskrit अत्म, "soulful emblem") true male reproductive parts interested Ravana, who invoked five fires 10,000 times.
King Ravana, whose mountain-like body joins 10 heads and 20 arms in Ellora Hindu Cave 14, jumped world temperatures almost fatally upward with 10 fiery journeys.

Shiva kept Ravana, still 10-headed in Ellora Hindu Cave 4, from knicking off the tenth head and kindled, albeit fleetingly, Ravana's knowing immortality, partner-to-be and relic.
Lobbing blasphemously Kailasa's top and Shiva's lodgings there after the sage Narada (from Sanskrit नारद, "men-giving") lied that immortality lay not with Shiva lost Ravana immortality. Hindu preserver god Vishnu (from Sanskrit विष्णु, "all-pervasive"), in Brahmin (from Sanskrit ब्राह्मण, "to grow") disguise, mentioned, as Parvati mimicked momentarily monstrous manifestations, Shiva's monstrous wife. The Atmalingam nestled into Parvati's son Ganesha's (from Sanskrit गाणेश, "song-master") arms while Ravana needed to relieve himself and as a cow into coastal west India.
Perhaps Vaishnavite Hindu (from Sanskrit विष्णु, "all-pervasive") itinerant artisans, merchants and monks organized Ellora Hindu Cave 14 since Ravana obsessed over Sita (from Sanskrit शित, "furrow").

Ellora Cave 14 promoting Ravana prompts Vishnu, whose wife in his seventh avatar Ramachandra (from Sanskrit रम, "pleasing" and चन्द्र, "glittering") Ravana pulled to Lanka.
Monkey General Hanuman (from Sanskrit हनुमन्, "bad-jawed") successfully quested Ravana's abductee and defenses in the latter's gold-built fortress within seven metal-built, stone-layered walls within seven moats. Divine artificer Visvakarma's (from Sanskrit विश्वकर्म, "omnificent") son Nala raised 100-league- (345.23-mile-) long, stone-floated Nalasetu (from Sanskrit नल, "reed" and सेतु, "bridge") from mainland to Lanka. Rama's sun-headed, wind-winged Brahma (from Sanskrit ब्रह्म, "priest") weapon slaughtered Ravana after Hanuman's monkeys and Jambhavan's (from Sanskrit जाम्बवान्, "rose-apple tree [Syzygium cumini]") bears stormed Lanka.
Ellora Hindu Cave 14, as Ravana Ki Khai, transmits architecturally, artistically demonic adventures of King Ravana of Lanka, thanks to King Krishna I and the Ramayana.

A sculpture in Ellora Hindu Cave 14 depicts Shiva performing his tandava dance of destruction; Sept. 11, 2016: Vikas Singh, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
Ellora Hindu Cave 14, known as Ravana Ki Khai, depicts King Ravana of Lanka attempting to lift up Shiva's abode, Mount Kailasa; Sept. 11, 2016: Vikas Singh, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_caves5,_Cave_14.jpg
A sculpture in Ellora Hindu Cave 14 depicts Shiva performing his tandava dance of destruction; Sept. 11, 2016: Vikas Singh, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_caves,_Cave_14.jpg

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-13-perhaps-acted-as.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 25 Artisans Adorned Its Ceiling With Sun God Surya." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-25-artisans-adorned.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 24 Aids Artists, Scientists Analyzing Water Features." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-24-aids-artists.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 3 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 23 Accepts Shiva as Fertility God and as Trimurti." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-23-accepts-shiva-as.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 22 Allows a Fertility Bull and a Fertility God." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-22-allows-fertility.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 18 Appeals to Hearth and Sacrificial Fire God Agni." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-18-appeals-to-hearth.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 17 Appreciates Gandharva Celestial Spirits and Shiva." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-17-appreciates.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 5 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 26 Perhaps Asks for Auspicious Aid to Traders." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Availabled @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-26-perhaps-asks-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 20 Adds the Last Adventure of Buffalo Demon Mahisha." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-20-adds-last.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 21 Acclaims Shiva and Alludes to Jumna and Krishna." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-21-acclaims-shiva-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 29 Assumes That Parvati and Shiva Adore One Another." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-29-assumes-that.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 8 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 19 Appears Third Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-19-appears-third-most.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 1 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 27 Appears Second Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-27-appears-second.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 28 Accesses Waterfall Rainbows Over Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-hindu-cave-28-accesses-waterfall.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Arranged as Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Cave Temples." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-caves-are-arranged-as-buddhist.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2020. "Are Indian Ring-Necked Rose-Ringed Parakeets Still at Ellora Caves?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/are-indian-ring-necked-rose-ringed.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2020. "Indian Three-Striped Palm Squirrels Augur the Hindu Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/indian-three-striped-palm-squirrels.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Accept Walking Meditations Advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-accept-walking-meditations.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Ally With Ajanta Caves and Thich Nhat Hanh in Indra's Net." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-ally-with-ajanta-caves-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Painted, Sculpted Temples Like and Unlike Ajanta Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-are-painted-sculpted.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2020. "Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ailing-ellora-caves-are-among.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2020. "Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/schneiders-leaf-nosed-bats-are-artful.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves? Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html
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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and-gardens.html
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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ajanta-rain.html
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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 13 Perhaps Acted as Abode of Ganesha and Wayfarers." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-13-perhaps-acted-as.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 25 Artisans Adorned Its Ceiling With Sun God Surya." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-25-artisans-adorned.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 24 Aids Artists, Scientists Analyzing Water Features." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-24-aids-artists.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 3 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 23 Accepts Shiva as Fertility God and as Trimurti." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-23-accepts-shiva-as.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 22 Allows a Fertility Bull and a Fertility God." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-22-allows-fertility.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 18 Appeals to Hearth and Sacrificial Fire God Agni." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-18-appeals-to-hearth.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 17 Appreciates Gandharva Celestial Spirits and Shiva." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-17-appreciates.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 5 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 26 Perhaps Asks for Auspicious Aid to Traders." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Availabled @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-26-perhaps-asks-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 20 Adds the Last Adventure of Buffalo Demon Mahisha." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-20-adds-last.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 21 Acclaims Shiva and Alludes to Jumna and Krishna." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-21-acclaims-shiva-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 29 Assumes That Parvati and Shiva Adore One Another." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-29-assumes-that.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 8 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 19 Appears Third Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-19-appears-third-most.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 1 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 27 Appears Second Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-27-appears-second.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 28 Accesses Waterfall Rainbows Over Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-hindu-cave-28-accesses-waterfall.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Arranged as Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Cave Temples." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-caves-are-arranged-as-buddhist.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2020. "Are Indian Ring-Necked Rose-Ringed Parakeets Still at Ellora Caves?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/are-indian-ring-necked-rose-ringed.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2020. "Indian Three-Striped Palm Squirrels Augur the Hindu Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/indian-three-striped-palm-squirrels.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Accept Walking Meditations Advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-accept-walking-meditations.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Ally With Ajanta Caves and Thich Nhat Hanh in Indra's Net." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-ally-with-ajanta-caves-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Painted, Sculpted Temples Like and Unlike Ajanta Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-are-painted-sculpted.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2020. "Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ailing-ellora-caves-are-among.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2020. "Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/schneiders-leaf-nosed-bats-are-artful.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves? Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html
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Revire, Nicolas. 2011. "Some Reconsiderations of Pendant-Legged Buddha Images in the Dvāravatī Artistic Tradition." Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31: 37-49.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/5735422/Some_Reconsiderations_on_Pendant-Legged_Buddha_Images_in_the_Dv%C4%81ravat%C4%AB_Artistic_Tradition
Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 26 November 2019. "Obituary: Walter M. Spink (Feb 16, 1928 - Nov 24, 2019)." Caves of India > Walter Spink.
Available @ https://cavesofindia.org/2019/11/26/prof-spink/
Spink, Walter M. 1967. Ajanta to Ellora. Mumbai, India: Marg Publications.
Spink, Walter M. 1967. "Ellora's Earliest Phase." Off Print of the Bulletin of the American Academy of Benares 1: 11-22.
"Tibetan + Sanskrit Words." Madhyamaka Introduction to the Middle Way > Study.
Available @ https://madhyamaka.com/study/tibetan-sanskrit/



Wednesday, July 29, 2020

Two Mummichog Minnows Became First Fish in Space in 1973 Via Skylab 3


Summary: Two Mummichog minnows became the first fish in space in 1973 via the Skylab 3 mission in an experiment requested by scientist-pilot Owen Garriott.


John Boyd holds bag of two Mummichog minnows who will become the first two fish in space via the Skylab 3 mission, July to September 1973; an aquarium (background) shelters other Mummichog minnows caught off the coast of Beaufort, North Carolina; Johnson Space Center, Houston, Harris County, Southeast Texas; June 29, 1973; NASA ID S73-30856: Public Domain, via NASA Images

Two Mummichog minnows became the first fish in space in 1973 via the Skylab 3 mission, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) second manned mission to Skylab, the first United States space station.
The Skylab 3 mission began Saturday, July 28, 1973, with liftoff at 11:10:50 Coordinated Universal Time (7:10 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time) from east central Florida’s Cape Kennedy (Cape Canaveral since Oct. 9, 1973). The Apollo command and service module (CSM) carrying the mission’s crew, multi-species passengers and mission-related paraphernalia docked at the space station at 19:37:00 UTC (3:37 p.m. EDT).
Fourth moonwalker Alan Bean (March 15, 1932-May 26, 2018) commanded the Skylab 3 mission. The mission’s two other astronauts, scientist-pilot Owen Garriott (Nov. 22, 1930-April 15, 2019) and pilot Jack Lousman (born Feb. 29, 1936), logged their first spaceflights via the Skylab 3 mission.
Apollo CSM 117 transported multi-species passengers for participation in scientific experiments assigned to the Skylab 3 mission. Six pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) and 180 fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) pupae associated with circadian rhythm experiments. Two common cross spiders (Araneus diadematus), named Anita and Arabella, represented Web Formation, experiment ED52, which was proposed by Lexington, Massachusetts, high schooler Judith S. Miles. The web experiment considered the effect of microgravity on the common cross spider’s mechanism for sensing weight during web construction.
Owen Garriott suggested incorporating the two Mummichog minnow (Fundular heteroclitus) fingerlings and 50 fertile minnow eggs into the web formation’s study of disorientation and orientation in weightlessness. The coastal waters off Beaufort, in southeastern North Carolina’s Inner Banks region, supplied the experiment’s minnows.
The expanded experiment’s fish component focused on the otolith (Ancient Greek: ὠτο- ōto-, stem of οὖς, oûs, “ear” + λίθος, líthos, “stone”) organ. Located in the inner ear of vertebrates, the otolith is a calcium carbonate structure that conduces to the maintenance of balance.
A clear plastic bag served as the Skylab 3 mission’s fish aquarium. The plastic aquarium’s dark background and lighted surface simulated the minnows’ natural environment of pond bottom and sky, respectively.
When Owen Garriott opened the plastic aquarium after three days in orbit, he observed an “odd, circular pattern” in the fingerlings’ swimming. The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center’s report, Skylab, Classroom in Space (1977), edited by Lee Summerlin, noted: “The fish looped sideways, keeping their backs to the light. Loops of small radius alternated frequently with loops of larger radius. The fish swam in left loops about as much as they swam in right loops” (page 172).
Garriott observed a slow decrease in the looped swimming until, within 21 days, the fingerlings exhibited a normal swim pattern. Their adaptation to weightlessness prevailed, except when Garriott shook their plastic aquarium. The shaking induced looping swimming by the fingerlings.
The fertile minnow eggs began hatching after 19 days. The majority of the eggs hatched during the mission’s fifth and sixth weeks.
The hatchlings displayed immediate visual orientation. They apparently had adapted to weightlessness while in their eggs. Keeping their backs to the light, the hatchlings swam normally. Light, as a substitute for gravity, served as their visual orientation. The newly hatched minnows resorted to “abnormal swimming in tight circles only when the bag aquarium was shaken” (page 173).
Lee Summerlin’s Skylab, Classroom in Space publication suggested “phototropic (orientation toward light) orientation and the relatively flat aquarium” as probable explanations for looping. The report surmised: “The fish were probably responding to signals from extremely fine hairs in their otolith which straighten out in the absence of gravity. They reacted by swimming in a forward loop which was distorted into a sideways loop by the tendency to keep their backs to the light. Additional experimentation will be needed to explain fully the strange looping and the apparent phototropic response of the fish” (page 173).
The Skylab 3 mission ended Tuesday, Sept. 25, 1973. The Apollo CSM 117 undocked from Skylab at 11:16:42 UTC (7:16 a.m. EDT). The module splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean at 22:19:51 UTC (6:19 p.m. EDT). The USS New Orleans effected recovery 42 minutes after splashdown.
The takeaways for two Mummichog minnows who became the first fish in space in 1973 via the Skylab 3 mission are that their participation in the mission was suggested by scientist pilot Owen Garriott, that both fish successfully adapted to weightlessness and that minnows that hatched during the mission displayed immediate adjustment to weightlessness.

fertile eggs of Mummichog minnows, prior to hatching in space, in the Skylab 3 mission’s aquarial bag; Lee Summerlin, ed., Skylab, Classroom in Space (1977), page 172: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server)

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
John Boyd holds bag of two Mummichog minnows who will become the first two fish in space via the Skylab 3 mission, July to September 1973; an aquarium (background) shelters other Mummichog minnows caught off the coast of Beaufort, North Carolina; Johnson Space Center, Houston, Harris County, Southeast Texas; June 29, 1973; NASA ID S73-30856: Public Domain, via NASA Images @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-S73-30856.html
fertile eggs of Mummichog minnows, prior to hatching in space, in the Skylab 3 mission’s aquarial bag; Lee Summerlin, ed., Skylab, Classroom in Space (1977), page 172: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770022245.pdf

For further information:
Burgess, Colin; and Chris Dubbs. Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Ltd., 2007.
Caswell, Kurt. Laika’s Window: The Legacy of a Soviet Space Dog. San Antonio TX: Trinity University Press, 2018.
Hitt, David; Owen Garriott; and Joe Kerwin. Homesteading Space: The Skylab Story. Featuring the In-Flight Diary of Alan Bean. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Homesteading_Space.html?id=sR5Cm_zeIekC
Johnson, David Samuel. “The First Fish in Orbit.” Scientific American > Guest Blog. Dec. 22, 2016.
Available @ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-first-fish-in-orbit/
Marriner, Derdriu. “Arabella and Anita Spun First Space Webs in August 1973 at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/arabella-and-anita-spun-first-space.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Fourth Moonwalker Alan Bean Commanded Skylab 3 July to September 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 22, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/fourth-moonwalker-alan-bean-commanded.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Skylab 3 Astronaut Wives Pranked Spouses With Unofficial Mission Patch." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-astronaut-wives-pranked.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Skylab 3 Mission Patch Emphasized Earth, Sun and Medical Themes." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-mission-patch-emphasized-earth.html
NASA Johnson Space Center. “Personnel -- Minnows -- Skylab (SL)-3 -- JSC.” NASA Image and Video Library. June 29, 1973.
Available @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-S73-30856.html
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. “Web Formation (ED52).” NASA Life Sciences Data Archive > Mission > Skylab.
Available via NASA Life Sciences Data Archive @ https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/Experiment/exper/428
Steven-Boniecki, Dwight, ed. Skylab 3: The NASA Mission Reports. Apogee Space Books (Book 92). Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 2016.
Summerlin Lee B., ed. “Fish Otolith Organ.” Skylab, Classroom in Space: 172-173. Prepared by George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. NASA SP-401. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1977.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770022245.pdf



Monday, July 27, 2020

Tosca Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Sixth Met Opera Production


Summary: Tosca was Franco Zeffirelli’s sixth Met Opera production, which debuted during the 1984-1985 season as his second Puccini opera at the opera house.


Franco Zeffirelli directed and designed the sets for the 1984-1985 Met Opera season’s new production of Giacomo Puccini’s Rome-based opera, Tosca: Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli via Facebook March 11, 2019

Tosca was Franco Zeffirelli’s sixth Met Opera production, which debuted in the 1984-1985 season and numbered as the Italian designer, director and producer’s second staging of a Puccini opera at the Metropolitan Opera.
The Metropolitan Opera debuted Franco Zeffirelli’s new production of Tosca on Monday, March 11, 1985, in the opera house’s 678th performance of the Rome-based opera by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924). The new production received 11 performances in the 1984-1985 Met Opera season.
Puccini operas inspired three of the 11 productions designed and directed by Franco Zeffirelli (Feb. 12, 1923-June 15, 2019) for the Metropolitan Opera. Zeffirelli’s involvement in Tosca marked his second staging of a Puccini opera at the Metropolitan Opera. In the 1981-1982 season, he had staged La Bohème as his fifth Met Opera production and as his first Puccini opera at the opera house. In the 1986-1987 season, Zeffirelli debuted Turandot as his seventh Met Opera production and as his third Puccini opera at the opera house.
Zeffirelli produced the 1984-1985 Met Opera season’s Tosca as the new production’s director and set designer. His production team comprised Peter J. Hall as costume designer and Gil Wechsler as lighting designer.
Italian composer and conductor Giuseppe Sinopoli (Nov. 2, 1946-April 20, 2001) conducted the new production’s season premiere. His appearance on the premiere’s podium marked his Metropolitan Opera debut. The premiere season’s 11 performances number as Sinopoli’s only conductorship at the Metropolitan Opera.
German soprano Hildegard Behrens (Feb. 9, 1937-Aug. 18, 2009) sang in the title role opposite Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo (born Jan. 21, 1941) as Tosca’s lover, Cavaradossi, and American operatic baritone Cornell MacNeil (Sept. 24, 1922-July 15, 2011) as their nemesis, Scarpia. Behrens had made her Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 15, 1976, as Giorgetta in the opera house’s 33rd performance of Puccini’s Il Tabarro. Domingo had made his Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 28, 1968, as Maurizio in the opera house’s 16th performance of Adriana Lecouvreur by Italian composer Francesco Cilea (July 23, 1866-Nov. 20, 1950). MacNeil had made his Metropolitan Opera debut March 21, 1959, in the title role in the opera house’s 390th performance of Rigoletto by 19th-century Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).
The Metropolitan Opera staged 16 revivals of Zeffirelli’s Tosca in the 22 seasons since the production’s 1984-1985 season debut. The production has skipped six seasons in the interim.
The first three revivals were staged, after the production’s March 11, 1985, debut, successively in seasons 1985-1986 through 1987-1988. No revivals were offered in the 1988-1989 and 1989-1990 seasons.
The fourth revival took place in the 1990-1991 season. No revival was offered in the 1991-1992 season.
The fifth through seventh revivals occurred successively in seasons 1992-1993 through 1994-1995. No revival was offered in the 1995-1996 season.
The production’s eighth revival took place in the 1996-1997 season. No revival was offered in the 1997-1998 season.
The 9th through 12th revivals were staged successively in seasons 1998-1999 through 2001-2002. No revival was offered in the 2002-2003 season.
The 13th through 16th revivals occurred successively in seasons 2003-2004 through 2006-2007. The production’s final performance took place Dec. 2, 2006. Closing night numbered as the 214th performance of Zeffirelli’s production and as the opera house’s 891st performance of Tosca. From debut to final performance, Zeffirelli’s Tosca remained in Met Opera’s active repertory for 21 years 8 and two-thirds months.
Two seasons passed before the Metropolitan Opera launched a new production of Tosca. Luc Bondy (July 17, 1948-Nov. 28, 2015) debuted his new staging Sept. 21, 2009, in the opera house’s 892nd performance of the opera. The Swiss film and theatre director’s production received 16 performances in the 2009-2010 season. Four revivals were staged in four (2010-2011, 2011-2012,2013-2014, 2015-2016) of the six seasons after the production’s debut. The final performance Dec. 1, 2015, marked the production’s 59th performance and the opera house’s 950th performance of Tosca.
Absent during the 2016-2017 season, Tosca resurfaced as a new production in the 2017-2018 Met Opera season. Sir David McVicar’s new staging debuted Dec. 31, 2017, in the opera house’s 951st performance of Tosca. The production received 15 performances in its debut season. Two successive revivals have been staged, with 13 performances in the 2018-2019 season and seven performances in the 2019-2020 season.
The takeaways for Tosca as Franco Zeffirelli’s sixth Met Opera production are that the Italian designer and director’s staging marks his second involvement in a Puccini opera at the Metropolitan Opera and that his Tosca production received 214 performances and experienced 16 revivals in the 21 years since its 1984-1985 season debut.

Franco Zeffirelli’s new production of Puccini’s Tosca for the Metropolitan Opera debuted March 11, 1985, and experienced 16 revivals over 22 seasons: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Facebook June 22, 2019

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
Franco Zeffirelli directed and designed the sets for the 1984-1985 Met Opera season’s new production of Giacomo Puccini’s Rome-based opera, Tosca: Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli via Facebook March 11, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/posts/829596754042471
Franco Zeffirelli’s new production of Puccini’s Tosca for the Metropolitan Opera debuted March 11, 1985, and experienced 16 revivals over 22 seasons: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Facebook June 22, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162094339535533/

For further information:
“Debut: Cornell MacNeil.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 181530 Rigoletto {390) Metropolitan Opera House: 03/21/1959.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=181530
“Debut: Giuseppe Sinopoli.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 279860 New Production Tosca {678) Metropolitan Opera House: 03/11/1985.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=279860
“Debut: Peter J. Hall.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 228890 New Production Otello {184) Metropolitan Opera House: 03/25/1972.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=228890
“Debut: Plácido Domingo.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 216130 Adriana Lecouvreur {16} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/28/1968.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=216130
“Debut: Raimund Herincx, Gil Wechsler, Stuart Sebastian.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 248030 Le Prophète {74) Metropolitan Opera House: 01/18/1977.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=248030
“Debuts: Hildegard Behrens, Gianfranco Cecchele, Josella Ligi, Neil Shicoff.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 247060 Il Trittico {29} Il Tabarro {33} Suor Angelica {29} Gianni Schicchi {93} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/15/1976.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=247060
“Debuts: Luigi Alva, Leonard Bernstein, Franco Zeffirelli.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 197440 New Production Falstaff {67} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/6/1964.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=197440
Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli. “L’11 marzo del 1985 a New York va in scena la Tosca di Puccini con Placido Domingo e Hildegard Behrens: 'E pensare che ci volle del tempo per convincermi a mettere in scena Tosca un’altra volta, dopo averla fatta con Maria, a Londra. Ma poi mi resi conto che non potevo rimanere "vedovo della Callas” per tutta la vita e accettai di metterla in scena a New York.' FZ Alla scoperta delle grandi messe in scena di Zeffirelli, la visita guidata di fine mese a cura del personale del Museo ➡ https://bit.ly/2Rjeqif.” Facebook. March 11, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/posts/829596754042471
Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season Premiere of Tosca Is Thursday, Oct. 25.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 15, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/2018-2019-met-opera-season-premiere-of.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Andrea Velis Made Beppe Role Debut at Met Opera in Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag." Earth and Space News. Monday, July 6, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/andrea-velis-made-beppe-role-debut-at.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Antony and Cleopatra Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Second Met Opera Production." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/antony-and-cleopatra-was-franco.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Cav Pag Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Third Met Opera Production.” Earth and Space News. Monday, June 22, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/cav-pag-was-franco-zeffirellis-third.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Franco Zeffirelli Made His Met Opera Debut in Staging Verdi’s Falstaff." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 1, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/franco-zeffirelli-made-his-met-opera.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Grace Bumbry Made Santuzza Role Debut at Met Opera in Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 29, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/grace-bumbry-made-santuzza-role-debut.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “La Bohème Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Fifth Met Opera Production.” Earth and Space News. Monday, July 20, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/la-boheme-was-franco-zeffirellis-fifth.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Luigi Alva Made Met Opera Debut in Zeffirelli’s Falstaff Production." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/luigi-alva-made-met-opera-debut-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. "Only Two of 11 Zeffirelli Productions Are Still Revived at Met Opera." Earth and Space News. Monday, May 25, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/only-two-of-11-zeffirelli-productions.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Otello Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Fourth Met Opera Production.” Earth and Space News. Monday, July 13, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/otello-was-franco-zeffirellis-fourth.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Sir David McVicar Directed Five 2017-2018 Met Opera Season Productions.” Earth and Space News. Monday, May 14, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/sir-david-mcvicar-directed-five-2017.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Tosca Is the April 6, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, April 1, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/tosca-is-april-6-2019-met-opera.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Tosca Was To Be April 11, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, April 6, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/tosca-is-april-11-2020-met-opera.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Tosca Is Jan. 27, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 22, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/tosca-is-jan-27-2018-met-opera-saturday.html
The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Legendary director Franco Zeffirelli (1923–2019), who created 11 Met productions between 1964 and 1998, worked with many of opera’s greatest artists, from Leontyne Price to Leonard Bernstein to Plácido Domingo. Look back on his unparalleled career with this collection of snapshots of him at work. Photo: Working with Plácido Domingo, Hildegard Behrens, and Cornell MacNeil on Puccini's Tosca in 1985 Photo courtesy of Met Archives.” Facebook. June 22, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162094339535533/
“New Production: Tosca.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 279860 New Production Tosca {678} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/11/1985.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=279860
“New Production: Tosca.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353073 New Production Tosca {892} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/21/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353073
“New Production: Tosca.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356838 New Production Tosca {951} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/31/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356838
Plotkin, Fred. “Remembering Franco Zeffirelli (1923-2019).” WQXR > Operavore. June 17, 2019.
Available @ https://www.wqxr.org/story/remembering-franco-zeffirelli-19232019/
“United States Premiere: Tosca.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 25960 United States Premiere Tosca {1) Metropolitan Opera House: 02/4/1901.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=25960


Sunday, July 26, 2020

Sensitivity Analyses Admit Ecosystem Disservice and Ecosystem Service


Summary: Sensitivity analyses of iTree Eco admit ecosystem disservice and ecosystem service, according to an article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry of July 2020.


i-Tree Eco belongs to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) software suite of i-Tree Tools; version 5 (v5), which was released in 2012, was updated by release of version 6 (v6) in April 2017: Public Domain, via i-Tree Tools

Sensitivity analyses admit ecosystem disservice and ecosystem service, according to the article Ecosystem Service-Based Sensitivity Analyses of i-Tree Eco by three New York-based authors in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for July 2020.
The iTree Eco model begets underestimated overall uncertainty more from standard sampling errors of tree totals and their model-output impacts than from standard allometric equation-estimated errors. Countering uncertainty calls for sensitivity analyses, criticizable for one not considering species among input variables, the other commanding subsequently binned data to communicate general input-output correlations. Eco-A, first iTree Eco input module, describes ecosystem anatomy in data detailing urban-forest structure and composition of field plots, here from New York City in 2013.
Eco-B estimates ecosystem disservice of isoprene-emitting, monoterpene-emitting biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) elucidated by examining tree species, leaf biomass and such environmental factors as air temperature.

MOAT and VD sensitivity analyses respectively find leaf biomass, then temperature and genus, then leaf biomass, then temperature furnishing greatest influences on isoprene and monoterpene emissions.
Misidentified tree genera generate great deviations in estimated emissions, whose values isoprene-emitting, monoterpene-emitting Pyrus, isoprene-emitting Liquidambar, monoterpene-emitting Pistacia genera respectively guard at 0, 70, 7.9 ug/g/hr. Birch (Betula), linden (Tilia) and tulip (Liriodendron) genera, unlike high-emitting black gum (Nyssa), oak (Quercus), poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix), herald low-level BVOCs for urban-forested communities. The third iTree Eco input module, Eco-C, involves estimating carbon total storage and yearly sequestration as indicated by allometric equations, tree growth, mortality and decomposition rates.
MOAT sensitivity analyses of ecosystem disservice and ecosystem service judge diameter at breast height (DBH) effecting carbon storage outputs more largely than height and land use.

MOAT sensitivity analyses know respectively most, moderate and negligible input-variable effects on carbon sequestration by DBH; tree-health condition, height, crown light exposure (CLE); and land use.
VD sensitivity analyses of iTree Eco for carbon storage likewise log respectively largest, modest and negligible input-variable roles by DBH; species; and height and land use. They manifest as respectively most, moderately and negligibly important for carbon sequestration DBH; condition, CLE; and species, height (correlatable with DBH, but problematic) and land use. Bin quantile regression analysis nestles DBH, condition and CLE into respectively first-, second- and third-magnitude input-output niches, neglected by VD sensitivity analyses, for gross carbon sequestration.
Prioritizing healthy, large-DBH trees optimizes carbon total storage and yearly sequestration, whose sensitivity analyses of ecosystem disservice and ecosystem service oblige species-specific, over forest-obtained allometric, equations.

The fourth iTree Eco input module, presented as Eco-D, processes dry deposition velocities of air pollution by nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
MOAT and VD sensitivity analyses qualify leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as two most influential parameters in dry deposition of air pollution. Air pressure on gas- and water vapor-releasing and retaining leaf-surface openings and wind speed against still air-realized gaseous, vaporous exchanges reveal respectively near-nonexistent and minimal roles. PAR, relative humidity (RH) and temperature respectively score strongest light-harvesting photosynthetic reactions, source leaf-surface openings directly and indirectly and support carbon-fixing reactions by controlling photosynthesis-supporting enzymes.
MOAT and VD sensitivity analyses of ecosystem disservice and ecosystem service through parameters transformed singly, then together, term temperature, then PAR, as model outputs' tremendous impacters.

"How Eco Works"; i-Tree Eco modules quantify such module outputs as biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions (Eco-B), carbon storage and sequestration (Eco-C), and dry deposition of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone (Eco-D): Public Domain, via i-Tree Tools

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
i-Tree Eco belongs to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) software suite of i-Tree Tools; version 5 (v5), which was released in 2012, was updated by release of version 6 (v6) in April 2017: Public Domain, via i-Tree Tools @ https://www.itreetools.org/documents/275/EcoV6_UsersManual..2020.07.15.pdf
"How Eco Works"; i-Tree Eco modules quantify such module outputs as biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions (Eco-B), carbon storage and sequestration (Eco-C), and dry deposition of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone (Eco-D): Public Domain, via i-Tree Tools @ https://www.itreetools.org/documents/171/Eco_factsheet.pdf

For further information:
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Available @ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-paradox-of-pollution-producing-trees/
Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.
Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.
Koch, Melissa. 2019. Forest Talk: How Trees Communicate. Minneapolis MN: Twenty-First Century Books, division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc.
Lin, Jian; Charles N. Kroll; and David J. Nowak. July 2020. "Ecosystem Service-Based Sensitivity Analyses of i-Tree Eco." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(4): 287-306.
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2020. "Lignotubers Assure Arboricultural Management of Lignotuberous Shoots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/lignotubers-assure-arboricultural.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2020. "Included Bark Ages Safely With Fused, Entwining Natural Braces ." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/included-bark-ages-safely-with-fused.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2020. "Canker Identification and Canker Management Apply to Landscape Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/canker-identification-and-canker.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/arboricultural-operation-safety.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 15 July 2020. i-Tree Eco User's Manual v6. Web.
Available @ https://www.itreetools.org/documents/275/EcoV6_UsersManual..2020.07.15.pdf
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service i-Tree Team. 19 May 2017. "i-Tree Tools Get Spring Updates!" i-Tree News.
Available @ https://mailchi.mp/itreetools/enjoy-the-latest-edition-of-the-i-tree-newsletter?e=32aa8c328b#iTreeUpdate