Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses

Summary: An article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry November 2019 analyzes urban tree responses to structural growing media versus supported pavement treatments.

Study 2, a four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media which began at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in 2014, entailed six treatments, including StrataCell™ modules: Bartlett Tree Experts @bartletttreeexperts, via Facebook July 24, 2014

The article Comparison of Tree Responses to Different Soil Treatments Under Concrete Pavement, for Arboriculture & Urban Forestry November 2019, addresses urban trees rooted in structural growing media versus supported pavement treatments.

Supported pavement structural systems bridge lightly compacted soils and bring pedestrian and vehicle loads on pavement away from the top soil layer and into the subsoil. Structural growing media soil mixes can compact sufficiently to constitute subbases for pavement that carries pedestrian and vehicle weights and that conduces to tree root growth. The fully compactable Cornell Mix, first gravel-based structural soil (GBSS), displayed 30 percent void space, 0.8-inch (1.9-centimeter) diameter crushed gravel and 20 percent clay loam soil.

Structural growing media embrace nutrient and water-porous expanded slate (ES) as gravel substitutes and rooftop garden components and sand-based structural soil (SBSS) as controlled-gradation loamy sand.

The co-authors figure load-bearing SBSS like non-load-bearing soil formulated for Amsterdam, New York, at 70 to 80 percent of maximum soil density on Proctor compaction tests.

Co-authors Kelby Fite, E. Thomas Smiley and James Urban give GBSS and supported pavement treatments as generating about 20 and 90 percent of volume for soil. They had as research goal comparative tree growth and health in limited soil volumes of structural growing media under concrete pavement or of supported pavement treatments. Ninety cherries (Prunus serrulata 'Snowgoose'), elms (Ulmus parvifolia 'Bosque') and magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora 'Little Gem') inhabited 90 1.97-foot- (0.6-meter-) deep, 9.84-foot- (3-meter-) long and wide blocks.

No tree roots journeyed past Biobarrier™ around, and Typar™ 3301 geotextile below, compacted control, ES, expanded slate structural soil (ESSS), GBSS and supported pavement treatment sides.

Thirty-six 1.64-foot- (0.5-meter-) deep, 4.92-foot- (1.5-meter-) long and wide compacted control, GBSS, open control, SBSS, Silva Cells™ and Stratacells™ treatments kept Study 2 tuliptrees (Liriodendron chinense).

Supported pavement treatments logged significantly higher visually rated foliage color, 2004-2012, and the largest trees, with ESSS the smallest, with Study 1's end Oct. 23-25, 2017. Color ratings as marked by Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings manifested yearly variations, without any significant differences, among the five concrete-covered Study 1 treatment systems. Open controls, Silva Cells™ and Stratacells™ netted Study 2's greatest caliper, height and spread measurements for 2016-2017 and highest foliar color ratings in mean SPAD readings.

Compacted control, GBSS and SBSS treatments; Silva Cells™; and Silva Cells™ and Stratacells™ obtained fewest large-rooted, lowest-measured growth; longest pavement-parallel root growth; and deepest root growths.

Study 1 and Study 2 present the greatest tree growth and health in low-density, non-compacted soil media treatments under supported pavement or with open soil surfaces.

Few but large-diameter roots, water retention and low inter-stone spaces queued up Study 1's great GBSS concrete cracking, high ES mortality and low ESSS growth rates. High-moisture compacted soil and low-moisture SBSS realized Study 2's lowest root development and, with compacted control treatments, the significantly less subsidence of soil without heavy compaction. One Urban Trees + Soil researcher and two Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories researchers suggest no best-product low-density subpavement soils that support loads away from growing media.

Low-density soils beneath supported pavement systems tend to self-compact and trigger subsidence and pavement-bottom and soil-surface gaps where unwelcome urban wildlife such as treacherous snakes translocate.

StrataCell™ modules, developed and patented globally by Citygreen® Systems, were one of six treatments used in Study 2's four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories: Citygreen @Citygreen Systems, via Facebook Nov. 5, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Study 2, a four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media which began at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in 2014, entailed six treatments, including StrataCell™ modules: Bartlett Tree Experts @bartletttreeexperts, via Facebook July 24, 2014, @ https://www.facebook.com/bartletttreeexperts/posts/10152358154823842

StrataCell™ modules, developed and patented globally by Citygreen® Systems, were one of six treatments used in Study 2's four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories: Citygreen @Citygreen Systems, via Facebook Nov. 5, 2013, @ https://www.facebook.com/CitygreenSystems/photos/a.531815533578601/541849042575250/

For further information:

Bartlett Tree Experts @bartletttreeexperts. 24 July 2014. "We recently began construction on a new urban soils research plot at our Research Labs in Charlotte, NC. We will be looking at root and tree growth in different soil mixes or structures under pavement. Plots will include compacted soil, sand-based structural soil, gravel-based structural soil, Silva Cells and Strata Cells. We are looking forward to learning more from this research, spearheaded by our own Dr. Tom Smiley!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/bartletttreeexperts/posts/10152358154823842

Citygreen @Citygreen Systems. 5 November 2013. " / Strata Cell Advantages / StrataCell modules assemble form an interconnected matrix, so applied loads are shared evenly and lateral strength maximized. http://hub.am/1a5U90H." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/CitygreenSystems/photos/a.531815533578601/541849042575250/

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