Herodes Atticus's Wife's Ancestral Estate Was Near Quintilii's Villa

Summary: Wealthy Herodes Atticus's wealthy wife's ancestral estate was near the villa of the Quintilii brothers, mistrusted by Herodes, along Rome's Via Appia.

"The Three Tyches," ca. 160 CE marble bas-relief of Tyche, Greek goddess of fortune for a city, found in XVII century at Via Appia, possibly in the Triopius, funeral complex built by Herodes Atticus for his wife, Annia Regilla, on her ancestral land; purchased by Louvre in 1807 from Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese (July 19, 1775-May 9, 1832), Prince of Sulmona and of Rossano, Duke and Prince of Guastalla and brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; Aug. 15, 1769-May 5, 1821); Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines, aile Denon, niveau 0, salle 405: Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Philanthropic, wealthy Athenian Greek rhetorician Herodes Atticus's wealthy Roman wife Appia Annia Regilla's ancestral estate, located south of Rome at Via Appia's third mile marker, was near the vast villa owned by the Quintilii brothers, whom Herodes mistrusted, at the ancient highway's fifth mile.

Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; 101-177 CE) had an illustrious family lineage that traced back to Greek mythology's Athenian kings Theseus (Ancient Greek: Θησεύς, Theseus) and Cecrops (Ancient Greek: Κέκροψ, Kekrops). Fifth-century BCE father-and-son Athenian militarians and statesmen Cimon (Ancient Greek: Κίμων, Kimon) and Miltiades (Ancient Greek: Μιλτιάδης, Miltiades) numbered among Herodes Atticus's ancestors, according to German classical archaeologist Barbara Elisabeth Borg in "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered" (page 317), published in 2018 in Visual Histories of the Classical World.

In the first century CE, the family received Roman citizenship. Citizenship was granted during the reign (Oct. 13, 54-June 9, 68 CE) of fifth Roman Emperor Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Dec. 15, 37-June 9, 68 CE), according to Finnish classicistic philologists Urpo Kantola and Tuomo Nuorluoto in "Names and Identities of Greek Elites With Roman Citizenship," published in 2022 in Christian Krötzl, Katariina Mustakallio and Miikka Tamminen's Negotiation, Collaboration and Conflict in Ancient and Medieval Communities (page 171). The authors note, however, "some discussion" over identifying the family's first recipient of citizenship (page 181, footnote 77). The reign (Jan. 24, 41-Oct. 13, 54 CE) of Nero's adoptive stepfather, fourth Roman Emperor Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Aug. 1,10 BCE-Oct. 13, 54 CE), is identified as the timeline for the family's citizenship, according to Barbara E. Borg.

Appia Annia Regilla, full name Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla (125-160 CE), membered in a wealthy patrician Roman family of consular and senatorial status, according to American classicist and social historian Sarah B. Pomeroy (born March 13, 1938) in The Murder of Regilla: A Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity (page 13), published in 2007. Through her mother, Atilia Caucidia Tertulla, and her father, Appius Annius Ap. f. (Ap. n.) Trebonius Gallus, Regilla was descended from the gens Atilia and gens Annia, respectively. Regilla's paternal grandfather, Appius Annius (Ap. f.) Trebonius Gallus the elder, had been consular colleague with her maternal grandfather, Marcus Atilius Metilius Bradua, in 108 CE.

Her paternal lineage related Regilla to two mother-daughter Roman empresses (Pomeroy, page 14). Annia Galeria Faustina (Faustina maggiore, "Faustina the Elder"; ca. 105-ca. 140 CE) was the wife of Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE), who reigned from July 11, 138 CE until his death as the fourth of the "Five Good Emperors" in the Roman Empire's seven-member Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Annia Galeria Faustina (Faustina minore, "Faustina the Younger"; ca. 130-175/176 CE) was the wife of her maternal cousin, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE), who reigned from March 7, 161 CE until his death as the fifth of the "Five Good Emperors."

Regilla and Herodes Atticus were married in 139 CE, according to American classicist Barbara F. McManus (Oct. 5, 1942-June 19, 2015) in "Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, and Regilla: Civic Donors" on VRoma, the "Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics" that she co-directed. Regilla was 14 years old. Herodes Atticus was aged around 38.

The marriage occurred a little later, according to Borg (page 318). Emperor Antoninus Pius appointed Herodes Atticus as consul in 143. He held the consulate under his Roman name, Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes. "Shortly before his consulate," the marriage took place.

An estate at mile marker three on Via Appia, south of Rome, numbered among the possessions in Regilla's name. The lack of specificity on property arrangements coincidental with Regilla's marriage confuses the status of the Via Appia estate. The property may have been part of Regilla's dowry, may have comprised her personal property or may have been an inheritance, as suggested by American classicist Maud W. Gleason in "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla" (footnote 70, page 143), published in Tim Whitmarsh's Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World in 2010.

The Via Appia estate was located in the neighborhood of Villa of the Quintilii (Italian: Villa dei Quintili), which was sited at mile marker five. The villa was built for the Quintilii brothers, Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus, in the first half of the second century CE, according to conservation scientist Giusj Valentina Fichera and seven co-authors in "Limestone Provenance in Roman Lime-Volcanic Ash Mortars From the Villa dei Quintili, Rome," published in the February 2015 issue of Geoarchaeology.

Unfortunately, a residence in the vicinity of the Quintilii brothers probably disenchanted Herodes Atticus, who mistrusted the Quintilii brothers, according to Roman Imperial period Greek sophist Philostratus (Ancient Greek: Φιλόστρατος, Philostratos; ca. 170-245/250 CE) in Βίοι σοϕιστῶν ("The Lives of the Sophists"). Oppositional instances included differing views on a musical competition at the quadrennial Pythian Games, Herodes Atticus's jestful denigration of the Quintilii's Trojan ancestry and the Quintilii's reportage of Athenian complaints of Herodes Atticus's tyranny, as documented by Philostratus (Emily Wilmer Cave France Wright translation, 1922; Book II.1.557-559, pages 162-169).

In 140 CE, Herodes Atticus accepted Emperor Antoninus Pius's offer of tutorship of adoptive imperial princes Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (Dec. 15, 130-January 169 CE). He continued his tutorship until 146 CE, after which he primarily relocated with his family to Greece (Borg, page 325).

statue of Annia Regilla, from Nymphaeum constructed between 159 and 153 CE by her husband, Herodes Atticus, at Olympia; Archaeological Museum of Olympia (Greek: Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Ολυμπίας), Elis or Ilia (Greek: Ηλεία, Ileia) region, western Peloponnese peninsula (Greek: Πελοπόννησος, Peloponnesos), southern Greece; image taken April 23, 2014: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"The Three Tyches," ca. 160 CE marble bas-relief of Tyche, Greek goddess of fortune for a city, found in XVII century at Via Appia, possibly in the Triopius, funeral complex built by Herodes Atticus for his wife, Annia Regilla, on her ancestral land; purchased by Louvre in 1807 from Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese (July 19, 1775-May 9, 1832), Prince of Sulmona and of Rossano, Duke and Prince of Guastalla and brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; Aug. 15, 1769-May 5, 1821); Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines, aile Denon, niveau 0, salle 405: Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_tyches_Louvre_Ma590.jpg; via Louvre @ https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010278932

statue of Annia Regilla, from Nymphaeum constructed between 159 and 153 CE by her husband, Herodes Atticus, at Olympia; Archaeological Museum of Olympia (Greek: Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Ολυμπίας), Elis or Ilia (Greek: Ηλεία, Ileia) region, western Peloponnese peninsula (Greek: Πελοπόννησος), southern Greece; image taken April 23, 2014: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/14003808942/

For further information:

Ameling, Walter. Herodes Atticus. Subsidia Epigraphica, 11. Two volumes. Hildesheim, Zürich, New York: Georg Olms, 1983.

Birley, Anthony R. The Roman Government of Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2005.

Borg, Barbara E. "Barbara E. Borg." LinkedIn.
Available via LinkedIn @ https://www.linkedin.com/in/barbara-e-borg-272b7960

Borg, Barbara E. "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered." Pages 317-330. In: Catherine M. Draycott, Rubina Raja, Katherine Welch and William T. Wootton, eds., Visual Histories of the Classical World: Essays in Honour of R.R.R. Smith. Studies in Classical Archaeology, vol. 4. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2018.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340655030_Herodes_Atticus_in_Rome_The_Triopion_reconsidered_in_C_M_Draycott_R_Raja_K_Welch_and_W_T_Wootton_eds_Visual_Histories_of_the_Classical_World_Essays_in_Honour_of_RRR_Smith_Turnhout_Brepols_2019_317-30

Conlin, Diane A.; and Anne E. Haeckl. "The University of Colorado/Kalamazoo College Excavations at the Villa of Maxentius, Rome, Italy: Report on the 2005 Excavation Season." Seventh Paper Session, Section B Archaeology 2, Friday, April 7, 2006, 1:15-2:45 p.m. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS). Holiday Inn West Conference Center & Ramada Limited, Gainesville, Florida, April 6-8, 2006.
Available via CAMWS @ https://camws.org/meeting/2006/abstracts/conlin.html
Available via CAMWS @ https://camws.org/meeting/2006/2006program.pdf

Conlin, Diane A. Conlin; Anne E. Haeckl; Gianni Ponti; Christopher Gregg; and Paola Virgili. "The Villa of Maxentius on the Via Appia: Report on the 2005 Excavations." Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, vol. 51/52 (2006/2007): 347-370.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609499

de Palmas, Jean Pierre (samlap). "Aspasia Annia Regilla (Annii Regilli)." Geneanet > Family Book > Famille de Simon de Solemy de Palmas.
Available via Geneanet @ https://gw.geneanet.org/samlap?lang=en&n=annii+regilli&oc=0&p=aspasia+annia+regilla

Fichera, Giusj Valentina; Cristina Maria Belfiore; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Donatella Barca; Riccardo Frontoni; Giuliana Galli; and Antonino Pezzino. "Limestone Provenance in Roman Lime-Volcanic Ash Mortars From the Villa dei Quintili, Rome." Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, vol. 30 (February 2015): 79-99.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272165601_Limestone_Provenance_in_Roman_Lime-Volcanic_Ash_Mortars_from_the_Villa_dei_Quintili_Rome#pf3

Galli, Marco. Die Lebenswelt eines Sophisten: Untersuchungen zu den Bauten und Stifungen des Herodes Atticus. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2002.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316076531_Die_Lebenswelt_eines_Sophisten_Untersuchungen_zu_den_Bauten_und_Stiftungen_des_Herodes_Atticus

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." In: Walter Scheidel and Brent Shaw, eds., Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 070801. July 1, 2008.
Available via SSRN (Social Science Research Network) @ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1427349

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." Pages 125-162. In: Tim Whitmarsh, ed., Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, July 22, 2010.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/8957440/_Making_Space_for_Bicultural_Identity_Herodes_Atticus_Commemorates_Regilla_in_T_Whitmarsh_ed_Local_Knowledge_and_Microidentities_in_the_Imperial_Greek_World_Cambridge_University_Press_2010_125_162

Hawkins, Tom. "Review: Herodes Atticus reflected in occasional poetry of Antonine Athens. Studia Graeca et Latina Lundensia 13." Bryn Mawr Classical Review. July 17, 2006.
Available via Bryn Mawr Classical Review (BMCR) @ https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006.07.17/

Kantola, Urpo; and Tuomo Nuorluoto. "77 There has been some discussion . . . ." Page 181. In: Christian Krötzl, Katariina Mustakallio, and Miikka Tamminen, eds. Negotiation, Collaboration and Conflict in Ancient and Medieval Communities. Part 2 Power and Social Competition; Chapter 7 Names and Identities of Greek Elites With Roman Citizenship": 160-185. New York NY: Routledge, 2022.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Negotiation_Collaboration_and_Conflict_i/MoBdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=herodes+atticus+great+grandfather+roman+citizenship&pg=PA181

Lanciani, Rodolfo. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Pagan and Christian Rome. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/home.html
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome: A Companion Book for Students and Travelers. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1897(br /> Available via Internet Archive @ https://ia600202.us.archive.org/35/items/cu31924028273997/cu31924028273997.pdf

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Primo: A. 1000-1530. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1902.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi01lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Secondo: Gli Ultimi Anni di Clemente VII e Il Pontificato di Paolo III (A. 1531-1549). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1903.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi02lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Terzo: Dalla Elezione di Giulio III Alla Morte di Pio IV. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1908.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi03lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Quarto: Dalla Elezione di Pio V Alla Morte di Clemente VIII (7 Gennaio 1566 - 3 Marzo 1605). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1913.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi04lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. ". . . the Valle della Caffarella is full of souvenirs of Herodes Atticus and Annia Regilla, who are brought to mind by their tombs, by the sacred grove, by the so-called Grotto of Egeria, and by the remains of their beautiful villa. . . . As regards the Sacred Grove, there is no doubt that its present beautiful ilexes continue the tradition, and flourish on the very spot of the old grove, sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, CVIVS HAEC PRAEDIA FVERVNT." Pages 287-294. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/page/287/mode/1up
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/6*.html#sec25
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Woods sacred to the deity were called 'luci' in opposition to 'silvae' or 'nemora,' which names designate an ordinary forest. It is remarkable, indeed, that one of the luci should have survived through the events of centuries, and should still be flourishing, still venerated, still called by its classic name of 'Bosco Sacro.' I allude to the cluster of fine ilexes on the west side of the valley della Caffarella, near the so-called grotto of the 'ninfa Egeria' and the church of S. Urbano. Inscriptions discovered in that neighborhood[1] show that these lands once belonged to Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus; that after her death in childbirth the lands were consecrated to the gods; that they contained wheat-fields, vineyards, olive groves, pastures, a village named Triopium, a temple dedicated to Faustina under the title of New Ceres, a burial plot placed under the protection of Minerva and Nemesis, and lastly a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla. The remains of the Triopium are to be seen in the Vigna Grandi; the family tomb is represented by the exquisite little building known as the 'tempio del Dio Redicolo,' the temple of Ceres and Faustina by the church of S. Urbano. As regards the sacred grove, there is no doubt that the present trees continue the tradition and live on the very spot sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, 'cuius haec praedia fuerunt.'" Pages 120-121. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft/page/120/mode/1up
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "Commodus Executed Quintilii Brothers and Confiscated Villa dei Quintili." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 6, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/commodus-executed-quintilii-brothers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Marcus Aurelius Liking Trojan Quintilii Brothers Upset Herodes Atticus." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 27, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/marcus-aurelius-liking-trojan-quintilii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Quintilii Marble Head May Copy Cleopatra Statue in Temple of Venus." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Oct. 6, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/quintilii-marble-head-may-copy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Villa of Quintilii Marble Head of Cleopatra Models Melon Hairstyle." Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 30, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/villa-of-quintilii-marble-head-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Villa of Quintilii Owners Were Born Near Troy and Had Trojan Lineage." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 20, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/villa-of-quintilii-owners-were-born.html

McManus, Barbara F. "inscribed terracotta tile from the Room C of the Villa Capo di Bove, Via Appia, Rome, after 160 CE. . . 'Regilla, the light of the house.'" VRoma > Images > Browse Images by Contributor > Barbara McManus > Index of Images.
Available via VRoma @ http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/index13.html

McManus, Barbara F. "Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, and Regilla: Civic Donors." VRoma > Resources > History & Culture (Non-MOO Resources) > Civilization and Culture Topics > Social Class and Public Display.
Available via VRoma @ http://vroma.org/vromans/bmcmanus/women_civicdonors.html

The Paideia Institute. "Following Hadrian: An Evening With Carole Raddato." The Paideia Institute.
Available @ https://www.paideiainstitute.org/carole_raddato

Paris, Rita; Bartolomeo Mazzotta; and Maria Naccarato. "Via Appia Antica. Il nuovo sito archeologico di Capodi Bove e il Triopio di Erode Attico." Römische Mitteilungen, band 119 (2013): 275-331.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.academia.edu/28424546/B_MAZZOTTA_Capo_di_Bove_lo_scavo_archeologico_in_R%C3%B6mische_Mitteilungen_119_Bullettino_dell_Istituto_Archeologico_Germanico_sezione_romana_2013_pp_288_317

Piale, Etienne. "Num. XXX. Temple du Dieux Redicule." VI. Vedute Antiche e Moderne Le più interessanti della città di Roma Incise da vari Autori. In numero 100. [Rome, Italy]: Presso Venanzio Monaldini [e] Stefano Piale in Piazza di Spagna, [1800].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008698090/page/n11/mode/1up

Piale, Etienne. "Tempio del Dio Ridiculo Tra la via Appia e la Latina alla Cafarella." No. 30. Vedute Antiche e Moderne Le più interessanti della città di Roma Incise da vari Autori. In numero 100. [Rome, Italy]: Presso Venanzio Monaldini [e] Stefano Piale in Piazza di Spagna, [1800].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008698090/page/n50/mode/1up

Piranesi, Francesco. Raccolta de’ tempj antichi: Prima Parte chi comprende i tempj di Vesta Madre, Ossia della Terra, e della Sibilla, Ambedue in Tivoli, dell'Onore, e della Virtù fuori di Porta Capena. Rome: Presso l'Autore a Capo le Cafe in Strada Felice Palazzo Tomati, 1780.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011110745/

Piranesi, Francesco. Seconda parte de' tempj antichi che contiene il celebre Panteon. Roma: Publicata dal Cavaliere Francesco Piranesi, 1 agosto 1790.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125014473561

Piranesi, Giovanni Battista. "68: Cariatidi." Vasi, candelabri, cippi, sarcofagi, tripodi, lvcerne ed ornamenti antichi. Tomo secondo. [1778].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011110919/page/n28/mode/1up

Pisani Sartorio, Giuseppina; and Raissa Calza. La villa di Massenzio sulla Via Appia: Il Palazzo -- Le Opere D'Arte. Monumenti romani VI. Rome: Istituto di Studi Romani, 1976.

Pomeroy, Sarah B. The Murder of Regilla: A Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Murder_of_Regilla/UsUJS9g6qHgC

Raddato, Carole."Wandering along the Appian Way -- images from milestone I to VI." Following Hadrian. June 21, 2013.
Available @ https://followinghadrian.com/2013/06/21/wandering-along-the-appian-way-images-from-milestone-i-to-vi/

Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie-Thérèse. Prosopographie des femmes de l'ordre sénatorial. Lovanii: Aedibus Peeters, 1987.

ResearchGate. "Barbara Borg. . . . July 2022-July 2025 University of Exeter Department of Classics and Ancient History Exeter, United Kingdom. Position Honorary Professor. Description: After having left my employment at the University of Exeter, I am continuing my collaboration with my former colleagues and my supervision of PhD students." ResearchGate > Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa > Faculty of Arts.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barbara-Borg

Sebesta, Judith Lynn. "Spousal Abuse of Wives (2nd-3rd Century CE)." Femina Romanae > Worlds > Marriage.
Available @ https://feminaeromanae.org/abuse_wives.html

Skenteri, Fotini. Herodes Atticus Refected in Occasional Poetry of Antonine Athens. Studia Graeca et Latina Lundensia 13. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2005.

Talbott, Clint. "Uncovering ancient Rome, layer by painstaking layer." Colorado Arts & Sciences Magazine Archive. Nov. 22, 2008.
Available @ https://www.colorado.edu/asmagazine-archive/node/57

Tobin, Jennifer L. Herodes Attikos and the City of Athens: Patronage and Confict under the Antonines. Amsterdam: Gieben, 1997.

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. Iscrizioni Greche Triopee, ora Borghesiane con Versioni ed Osservazioni. Roma: Stamperia Pagliarini, MDCCXCIV [1794].
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iscrizioni_greche_triopee_ora_borghesian/TMACS909bmYC
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/iscrizionigreche00visc/

von Rohden, Paul. "Annius 32: Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, Consul ordinarius 160 n. Chr. mit T. Clodius Vibius Varus, CIL VI 2896. Orelli 2322 = Wilmanns 119 (in diesen beiden Inschriften der vollständige Name). CIL VI 162 (Appius Annius Bradua). 768 (Bradua). III p. 959 (Bradua) vgl. CIG III 4661 p. 1183 (. . . ου Αν . . .). 6411 p. 1267 (Βρα . . .). Als Consular klagte Bradua den Sophisten (Ti. Claudius Atticus) Herodes wegen angeblichen Mordes seiner (des Bradua) Schwester und des Herodes Gattin, (Appia Annia) Regilla (Nr. 125), an. Philostr. vit. soph. II 1, 8. Vielleicht war er auch ein Bruder des Appius (Annius) Gallus Cos. desig. ca. 150 und Vater des M. [A]tilius [A]tti[cus] in der Inschrift von Olympia. Archaeol. Ztg. 1878, 96 nr. 156; s. den Stammbaum unter Nr. 49. Vgl. auch Appius Bradua CIL XV 826." Seite 2264. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE), Band I,2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1894.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://ia600202.us.archive.org/2/items/PWRE01-02/Pauly-Wissowa_I2_2263.png
Available via Wikipedia @ https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Annius_32#I,2

Whitmarsh, Tim, ed. Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. Greek Culture in the World. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Wright, [Emily] Wilmer Cave [France]. "A charge of murder was also brought against Herodes, and it was made up in this way. . . . This speech was reported indoors to Herodes, and when he heard it he removed the signs of mourning from his house, for fear he should become the laughingstock of wise men." Pages 158-163. Philostratus and Eunapius: The Lives of the Sophists, Book II.1.557-559, pages 162-169. The Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXII [1922].
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Philostratus_and_Eunapius/NeYNAQAAIAAJ
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/philostratuseuna00phil/page/158/mode/1up