Herodes Atticus's Wife's Ancestral Estate Was Near Quintilii's Villa

Summary: Wealthy Herodes Atticus's wealthy wife's ancestral estate was near the villa of the Quintilii brothers, mistrusted by Herodes, along Rome's Via Appia.

"The Three Tyches," ca. 160 CE marble bas-relief of Tyche, Greek goddess of fortune for a city, found in XVII century at Via Appia, possibly in the Triopius, funeral complex built by Herodes Atticus for his wife, Annia Regilla, on her ancestral land; purchased by Louvre in 1807 from Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese (July 19, 1775-May 9, 1832), Prince of Sulmona and of Rossano, Duke and Prince of Guastalla and brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; Aug. 15, 1769-May 5, 1821); Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines, aile Denon, niveau 0, salle 405: Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Philanthropic, wealthy Athenian Greek rhetorician Herodes Atticus's wealthy Roman wife Appia Annia Regilla's ancestral estate, located south of Rome at Via Appia's third mile marker, was near the vast villa owned by the Quintilii brothers, whom Herodes mistrusted, at the ancient highway's fifth mile.

Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; 101-177 CE) had an illustrious family lineage that traced back to Greek mythology's Athenian kings Theseus (Ancient Greek: Θησεύς, Theseus) and Cecrops (Ancient Greek: Κέκροψ, Kekrops). Fifth-century BCE father-and-son Athenian militarians and statesmen Cimon (Ancient Greek: Κίμων, Kimon) and Miltiades (Ancient Greek: Μιλτιάδης, Miltiades) numbered among Herodes Atticus's ancestors, according to German classical archaeologist Barbara Elisabeth Borg in "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered" (page 317), published in 2018 in Visual Histories of the Classical World.

In the first century CE, the family received Roman citizenship. Citizenship was granted during the reign (Oct. 13, 54-June 9, 68 CE) of fifth Roman Emperor Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Dec. 15, 37-June 9, 68 CE), according to Finnish classicistic philologists Urpo Kantola and Tuomo Nuorluoto in "Names and Identities of Greek Elites With Roman Citizenship," published in 2022 in Christian Krötzl, Katariina Mustakallio and Miikka Tamminen's Negotiation, Collaboration and Conflict in Ancient and Medieval Communities (page 171). The authors note, however, "some discussion" over identifying the family's first recipient of citizenship (page 181, footnote 77). The reign (Jan. 24, 41-Oct. 13, 54 CE) of Nero's adoptive stepfather, fourth Roman Emperor Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Aug. 1,10 BCE-Oct. 13, 54 CE), is identified as the timeline for the family's citizenship, according to Barbara E. Borg.

Appia Annia Regilla, full name Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla (125-160 CE), membered in a wealthy patrician Roman family of consular and senatorial status, according to American classicist and social historian Sarah B. Pomeroy (born March 13, 1938) in The Murder of Regilla: A Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity (page 13), published in 2007. Through her mother, Atilia Caucidia Tertulla, and her father, Appius Annius Ap. f. (Ap. n.) Trebonius Gallus, Regilla was descended from the gens Atilia and gens Annia, respectively. Regilla's paternal grandfather, Appius Annius (Ap. f.) Trebonius Gallus the elder, had been consular colleague with her maternal grandfather, Marcus Atilius Metilius Bradua, in 108 CE.

Her paternal lineage related Regilla to two mother-daughter Roman empresses (Pomeroy, page 14). Annia Galeria Faustina (Faustina maggiore, "Faustina the Elder"; ca. 105-ca. 140 CE) was the wife of Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE), who reigned from July 11, 138 CE until his death as the fourth of the "Five Good Emperors" in the Roman Empire's seven-member Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Annia Galeria Faustina (Faustina minore, "Faustina the Younger"; ca. 130-175/176 CE) was the wife of her maternal cousin, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE), who reigned from March 7, 161 CE until his death as the fifth of the "Five Good Emperors."

Regilla and Herodes Atticus were married in 139 CE, according to American classicist Barbara F. McManus (Oct. 5, 1942-June 19, 2015) in "Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, and Regilla: Civic Donors" on VRoma, the "Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics" that she co-directed. Regilla was 14 years old. Herodes Atticus was aged around 38.

The marriage occurred a little later, according to Borg (page 318). Emperor Antoninus Pius appointed Herodes Atticus as consul in 143. He held the consulate under his Roman name, Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes. "Shortly before his consulate," the marriage took place.

An estate at mile marker three on Via Appia, south of Rome, numbered among the possessions in Regilla's name. The lack of specificity on property arrangements coincidental with Regilla's marriage confuses the status of the Via Appia estate. The property may have been part of Regilla's dowry, may have comprised her personal property or may have been an inheritance, as suggested by American classicist Maud W. Gleason in "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla" (footnote 70, page 143), published in Tim Whitmarsh's Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World in 2010.

The Via Appia estate was located in the neighborhood of Villa of the Quintilii (Italian: Villa dei Quintili), which was sited at mile marker five. The villa was built for the Quintilii brothers, Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus, in the first half of the second century CE, according to conservation scientist Giusj Valentina Fichera and seven co-authors in "Limestone Provenance in Roman Lime-Volcanic Ash Mortars From the Villa dei Quintili, Rome," published in the February 2015 issue of Geoarchaeology.

Unfortunately, a residence in the vicinity of the Quintilii brothers probably disenchanted Herodes Atticus, who mistrusted the Quintilii brothers, according to Roman Imperial period Greek sophist Philostratus (Ancient Greek: Φιλόστρατος, Philostratos; ca. 170-245/250 CE) in Βίοι σοϕιστῶν ("The Lives of the Sophists"). Oppositional instances included differing views on a musical competition at the quadrennial Pythian Games, Herodes Atticus's jestful denigration of the Quintilii's Trojan ancestry and the Quintilii's reportage of Athenian complaints of Herodes Atticus's tyranny, as documented by Philostratus (Emily Wilmer Cave France Wright translation, 1922; Book II.1.557-559, pages 162-169).

In 140 CE, Herodes Atticus accepted Emperor Antoninus Pius's offer of tutorship of adoptive imperial princes Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (Dec. 15, 130-January 169 CE). He continued his tutorship until 146 CE, after which he primarily relocated with his family to Greece (Borg, page 325).

statue of Annia Regilla, from Nymphaeum constructed between 159 and 153 CE by her husband, Herodes Atticus, at Olympia; Archaeological Museum of Olympia (Greek: Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Ολυμπίας), Elis or Ilia (Greek: Ηλεία, Ileia) region, western Peloponnese peninsula (Greek: Πελοπόννησος, Peloponnesos), southern Greece; image taken April 23, 2014: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

"The Three Tyches," ca. 160 CE marble bas-relief of Tyche, Greek goddess of fortune for a city, found in XVII century at Via Appia, possibly in the Triopius, funeral complex built by Herodes Atticus for his wife, Annia Regilla, on her ancestral land; purchased by Louvre in 1807 from Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese (July 19, 1775-May 9, 1832), Prince of Sulmona and of Rossano, Duke and Prince of Guastalla and brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; Aug. 15, 1769-May 5, 1821); Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines, aile Denon, niveau 0, salle 405: Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_tyches_Louvre_Ma590.jpg; via Louvre @ https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010278932

statue of Annia Regilla, from Nymphaeum constructed between 159 and 153 CE by her husband, Herodes Atticus, at Olympia; Archaeological Museum of Olympia (Greek: Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Ολυμπίας), Elis or Ilia (Greek: Ηλεία, Ileia) region, western Peloponnese peninsula (Greek: Πελοπόννησος), southern Greece; image taken April 23, 2014: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/14003808942/

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Wright, [Emily] Wilmer Cave [France]. "A charge of murder was also brought against Herodes, and it was made up in this way. . . . This speech was reported indoors to Herodes, and when he heard it he removed the signs of mourning from his house, for fear he should become the laughingstock of wise men." Pages 158-163. Philostratus and Eunapius: The Lives of the Sophists, Book II.1.557-559, pages 162-169. The Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXII [1922].
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Philostratus_and_Eunapius/NeYNAQAAIAAJ
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/philostratuseuna00phil/page/158/mode/1up