UAS and LIDAR Apply to Distribution Utility Vegetation Management

Summary: An article about how UAS and LIDAR apply to distribution utility vegetation management (UVM) appears in the May 2023 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) abridge the amount of money, resources and time that Unitedstatesian electric utility budgets absorb in utility vegetation management (UVM) along electrical rights-of-way (ROWs). Perhaps $2 to $10 billion annually accomplish that management. Manned, on-site accounts traditionally achieve that management. Modern accounts acknowledge such accurate technology as LIDAR and UAS; graphic of LIDAR cross section by USDA Forest Service's Southwestern Region: USDA Forest Service--Southwestern Region, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

An article authored by Matthew Walker and Gregory Dahle about how UAS and LIDAR apply to distribution utility vegetation management (UVM) appears in the May 2023 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The West Virginia University-based co-authors broach Standard FAC-003-4-binding transmission vegetation management programs, albeit not distribution-level utility vegetation management, because of the Northeast blackout Aug. 14-16, 2003. Electric utilities configure distribution-level UVM to combat commonest unplanned interruptions from tree-, vegetation-caused fall ins of non-rights-of-way trees into ROWs and across or through electrical conductors. They dread non-easement, non-utility-managed vegetation; non-standardized federal- and state-regulated voltage, state- and utility-reporting methods and state-to-state regulations; and $2- to $10-billion-dollar yearly maintenance of ROW UVM.

The electrical-line 476,398 linear miles (766,688 kilometers) and the distribution-system 6,332,236 linear miles (10,190,746 kilometers) entail line-clearance contractors as larger-segmented than utility-arborist and utility-forester UVM-industry segments.

Unmanned aerial systems acquiesce to 170-plus years of acting agriculturally, demographically, militarily and scientifically. Anthropogenic and natural actualities, such as architecture, weather and wildfires, affect them even as they afflict manned, on-site alternatives; 2016 USDA Forest Service poster "If You Fly We Can't": USDA (US Department of Agriculture) Forest Service (FS), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The American Society of Civil Engineers’ 2017 Infrastructure Report Card found the Unitedstatesian Energy category at D+ from aging, severe weather-irresilient infrastructure without remote-sensing, remote-inspection technologies.

Electric utilities already commonly get electrical-transmission and distribution systems mapped with geographic information systems (GIS) that for 10 years now go with drones and LIDAR-mounted aircraft. LIDAR and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) together herald hastened identification of distribution-ROW, elevated-risk trees even as LIDAR data hones data storable, reviewable, utilizable with change-detection methodologies. Low resolution-outputting satellite and manual stereo-measured satellite aerial platforms, and those platforms along with UAS platforms respectively inform multispectral image- and optical image-based remote-sensing, two-dimensional methods.

LIDAR joined optical image-, radiometric normalization-jeopardized UAS for distribution UVM even as it jubilates thrice the photogrammetric accuracy of absolute- and relative-positioned vegetation and tree-height estimations.

North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) guidelines and policies aftermathed the Northeast blackout of Aug. 14-16, 2003; image obtained by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) from night lights data taken by DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) shows light activity at 9:21 p.m. on Wednesday, Aug. 13, 2003, the night before the Northeast Blackout of Thursday, Aug. 14, 2003: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

And yet the UAS-based technology known as Structure from Motion (SfM) in 2016 kindled a higher-density point cloud but a more inaccurate mapping beneath canopy coverage.

Luke Wallace, Arko Lucieer, Zbyněk Malenovský, Darren Turner and Petr Vopěnka laud LIDAR and SfM forest-structure, remote-sensing, 3D-image tools locating 122 and 112 of 136 trees. UAS technology manifests no advantage over manual inspection as both may be affected by local weather and more disadvantage as more wind-affected than manned aerial systems. Current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations in the United States narrow UAS systems to narrow niches of more data-accurate, safer calm-weather conditions and visual line-of-sight operations.

LIDAR, like UAS, occasions distribution utility vegetation management even as high-density, inefficient, overlapping, repetitive scans overwhelm grid components, even as large, long ROWs obstruct low-altitude flight.

Absent utility vegetation management (UVM) aggravated all the anthropogenic aggrievements from the Northeast blackout of Aug. 14-16, 2003; image obtained by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) from night lights data taken by DMSP (Defense Meteorolgical Satellite Program) shows light activity, with placement of lights about 25 miles west of actual locations, at 9:03 p.m. EDT on Thursday, Aug. 14, 2003, during the Northeast Blackout: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The basic LIDAR workflow prompts positioning point-cloud classification of point-cloud points as building, conductor, ground, power-line pole, vegetation, for surface interpolation into a digital elevation model.

Always quickening vegetation-cover penetration in forests qualifies LIDAR for questing ideal creation of a digital elevation model (DEM) that queues ground-level electrical-infrastructure and tree height measurements. Local-maxima (LC), marked-point processes (MPP), Markov-random fields (MRFs), region-growing (RG), scale-space theory (SS), template-matching (TM), valley-following (VF), watershed (WS) realize individual tree crown (ITC) detection methods. NERC FAC-003-04 sets clear, definite rules about vegetation within and surrounding electrical transmission corridors even as the vegetation threats that it suggests suffer from insufficient information.

LIDAR triggers distribution utility vegetation management through tallying electrical-conductor height, electrical conductor-tree distance and electrical conductor-tree elevation differences and the poorly documented tree-lean tree biophysical property.

Personal perceptions, terrain, weather and wildlife ambush traditionally alerting electrical utilities by manned, on-site amblings; Monday, June 11, 2108, 13:47, image of power transformer pole and electrical substation inventory by Tristan Rooney, intern for Davey Resource Group's Social Media Marketing, Project Management and Digital Marketing teams (photo credit: Melinda C. Yoho, Project Manager--Photography, Davey Tree Expert Company's Communications and Marketing Department: SamMiller55A, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) abridge the amount of money, resources and time that Unitedstatesian electric utility budgets absorb in utility vegetation management (UVM) along electrical rights-of-way (ROWs). Perhaps $2 to $10 billion annually accomplish that management. Manned, on-site accounts traditionally achieve that management. Modern accounts acknowledge such accurate technology as LIDAR and UAS; graphic of LIDAR cross section by USDA Forest Service's Southwestern Region: USDA Forest Service--Southwestern Region, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LidarCrossSection_(22182107948).jpg; Region 3 Photography, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/swregion/22182107948/

Unmanned aerial systems acquiesce to 170-plus years of acting agriculturally, demographically, militarily and scientifically. Anthropogenic and natural actualities, such as architecture, weather and wildfires, affect them even as they afflict manned, on-site alternatives; 2016 USDA Forest Service poster "If You Fly We Can't": USDA (US Department of Agriculture) Forest Service (FS), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USDA_Drone_poster.jpg; Public Domain, via USDA Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/features/unauthorized-drones-near-wildfire-can-cost-and-kill

North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) guidelines and policies aftermathed the Northeast blackout of Aug. 14-16, 2003; image obtained by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) from night lights data taken by DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) shows light activity at 9:21 p.m. on Wednesday, Aug. 13, 2003, the night before the Northeast Blackout of Thursday, Aug. 14, 2003: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2003_North_American_Blackout_Before.jpg; via NOAA News @ www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/nightlights-081403-0121z.jpg

Absent utility vegetation management (UVM) aggravated all the anthropogenic aggrievements from the Northeast blackout of Aug. 14-16, 2003; image obtained by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) from night lights data taken by DMSP (Defense Meteorolgical Satellite Program) shows light activity, with placement of lights about 25 miles west of actual locations, at 9:03 p.m. EDT on Thursday, Aug. 14, 2003, during the Northeast Blackout: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2003_North_American_Blackout_After.jpg; via NOAA News @ www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/nightlights-081503-0103z.jpg

Personal perceptions, terrain, weather and wildlife ambush traditionally alerting electrical utilities by manned, on-site amblings; Monday, June 11, 2108, 13:47, image of power transformer pole and electrical substation inventory by Tristan Rooney, intern for Davey Resource Group's Social Media Marketing, Project Management and Digital Marketing teams (photo credit: Melinda C. Yoho, Project Manager--Photography, Davey Tree Expert Company's Communications and Marketing Department: SamMiller55A, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pole_Inventory.jpg

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Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Walker, Matthew; and Gregory A. Dahle. April 2023. "Literature Review of Unmanned Aerial Systems and LIDAR with Application to Distribution Utility Vegetation Management." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(3): 144-156.