Arctic Terns Are April Birds on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023

Summary: Arctic terns are April birds on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023, whereby the National Audubon Society announces North American vulnerable wildlife.

Arctic Tern Sterna Arctica; Drawn from Nature by J.J. Audubon, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Engraved, Printed & Coloured by R. Havell, London, 1835; John James Audubon, The Birds of America, No. 50, Plate CCL: Public Domain, via ULS (University of Pittsburgh Library System)

Arctic terns are April birds on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023, whereby the National Audubon Society announces North American vulnerable wildlife who abide in, access from Canada and Mexico, the United States.

The Charadriiformes (from Greek χαραδριός via Latin charadrius, “plover” and -fōrmis, “-shaped”) shorebird order members breed every May through August before their September through November migrations. The Laridae (from Greek λάρος, “seabird” via Latin larus and -ειδής, “-like” via Latin -idæ) gull, kittiwake, skimmer and tern family members conduct southward, three-month-long migrations. The scientifically designated Sterna paradisaea (from Old English stearn, “tern” and Latin paradisæa, “paradise”), described by Erik Pontoppidan (Aug. 24, 1698-Dec. 20, 1764), dwell in colonies.

Physically and sexually mature female Arctic terns yearly establish, over maximally 34-year lifespans, hollow, 1-inch- (2.54-centimeter-) deep, near-unlined or unlined nests with 5-inch (12.7-centimeter) outside diameters.

Arctic tern mothers-to-be act as nest-builders even as their monogamous partners agree to alternate 20- to 22-day incubation duties and then 22-plus-day nestling responsibilities. Nuclear and extended family networks anchor Arctic terns, accurate annual abiders of their Arctic birth sites and their Antarctic vacation sites; Thursday, July 2, 2009, 15:28:24, image of Arctic tern nesting on Farne Islands, North Sea, off Northumberland, Northern England: Jamumiwa, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

One-, two- or three-egg, single-brooded clutches fit into the yearly nests on rocky islets, sand banks and dunes, shingle banks or coastal and inland grassy slopes.

The non-glossy, 1.58-inch- (40-millimeter-) long, 1.14-inch- (29-millimeter-) wide, smooth, sub-elliptical eggs guard black-brown, blue- to creamy-white, buff, green-white to olive, sometimes pink shades and variable marking. Black to black-brown or black-olive marking has blotched, scrawled, specked or spotted introductions sometimes heavily habitating the larger end, sometimes heralding unidirectional elongated and slanted intrusions. Both parents incubate their eggs 20 to 22 days, after which interval they initiate joint feeding and instructions of their semi-precocial (from Latin praecox, “early-ripened”) nestlings.

Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 judges Arctic terns as Arctic April birds even as the latter all journey as April birds from Antarctic, pack-iced summerhouses northward.

An egg tooth still angles as a white projection from the otherwise black tip of the upper beak of each juvenile Arctic tern; June 18, 2009, image of tern chicks beside the walkway, Inner Farne, Farne Islands, North Sea, 3 kilometers from Red Barn, Northumberland, Northern England: Andy F, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Both parents know their buff- or gray-morphed, downy, semi-precocial (from Latin praecox, “early-ripened”) nestlings with backs heavily marked and throats, sometimes chins, sometimes foreheads, dusky black-brown.

Both parents live in the egg, hatchling, nestling nest during their 20- to 22-day incubations of their eggs whose hatchlings sometimes leave immediately but live nearby. Their hatchlings manage swimming within two days and, within another 17 to 20 days, flying as 19- to 22-day-olds even as they all meet at mealtimes. All ages and both genders need 34.18-mile (55-kilometer) hourly and 310.66-mile (500-kilometer) daily speeds at 3,280.84- to 9.842.52-foot (1,000- to 3,000-meter) flyway altitudes above open sea.

Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 offers as April birds Arctic terns whose adult and juvenile real-life counterparts optimize slow downstrokes, fast upstrokes and buoyant, regular wingbeats.

All Arctic terns always avail themselves of near-continuous daylight by annually abiding in northern breeding-grounds along the Arctic Ocean May through September and, some 11,000 to 28,000 miles (17,702.78 to 45,061.63 kilometers) away, southern wintering-grounds on Antarctic pack ice along the Southern Ocean December through March; Monday, Oct. 10, 2005, image of Sterna paradisaea distribution and migration map, with red=breeding, blue=winter, green=migration: Andreas Trepte, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Juvenile Arctic terns possess dark-capped heads; white foreheads; dark eyes; dark, short bills, feet and legs; short necks; barred gray upperparts; forked tails; and white underparts.

Mature Arctic terns quarter dark-capped foreheads, heads and napes; dark eyes; red, short bills, feet and legs; short necks; gray upperparts; gray-white underparts; and forked tails. Their 11- to 15.5-inch- (28- to 39-centimeter-) long, 3.5- to 4-ounce (90- to 125-gram) bodies reveal 26- to 30-inch (65- to 75-centimeter), dark-tipped, translucent outer-feathered wingspans. They sound high-pitched, nasal kee-kahr, kee-kee, kee-ya, kee-yeer, keer-keer, keeyaar, kik-kik-kik, kip-kip-kip-tee-ar, tee-ar and tr-tee-ar calls around their berry-, crustacean-, fish-, insect-, marine worm-seeking and sharing.

Arctic terns travel northward as Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 April birds and southward as September, October, November birds to respectively Arctic and Antarctic near-continuous daylight.

Physically and sexually mature, three-, four-, four-plus-year-old Arctic terns achieve aesthetic aerial ballets in their courtships, during which courted females accept fresh fish, accessed by plunge-diving or surface-dipping, that always accompany every courting male; Sunday, June 8, 2014, 09:39: Ekaterina Chernetsova (Papchinskaya) from Saint-Petersburg, Russia, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Arctic Tern Sterna Arctica; Drawn from Nature by J.J. Audubon, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Engraved, Printed & Coloured by R. Havell, London, 1835; John James Audubon, The Birds of America, No. 50, Plate CCL: Public Domain, via ULS (University of Pittsburgh Library System) @ https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3Aaud0250; Birds of America, vol. VII (1844), No. 88, Plate 436, opposite page 108, Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40419137; Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/8594206007/

Arctic tern mothers-to-be act as nest-builders even as their monogamous partners agree to alternate 20- to 22-day incubation duties and then 22-plus-day nestling responsibilities. Nuclear and extended family networks anchor Arctic terns, accurate annual abiders of their Arctic birth sites and their Antarctic vacation sites; Thursday, July 2, 2009, 15:28:24, image of Arctic tern nesting on Farne Islands, North Sea, off Northumberland, Northern England: Jamumiwa, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2009_07_02_-_Arctic_tern_nesting_on_Farne_Islands.JPG

An egg tooth still angles as a white projection from the otherwise black tip of the upper beak of each juvenile Arctic tern; June 18, 2009, image of tern chicks beside the walkway, Inner Farne, Farne Islands, North Sea, 3 kilometers from Red Barn, Northumberland, Northern England: Andy F, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tern_chicks_beside_the_walkway,_Inner_farne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379324.jpg; Andy F, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Geograph Britain and Ireland @ https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1379324

All Arctic terns always avail themselves of near-continuous daylight by annually abiding in northern breeding-grounds along the Arctic Ocean May through September and, some 11,000 to 28,000 miles (17,702.78 to 45,061.63 kilometers) away, southern wintering-grounds on Antarctic pack ice along the Southern Ocean December through March; Monday, Oct. 10, 2005, image of Sterna paradisaea distribution and migration map, with red=breeding, blue=winter, green=migration: Andreas Trepte, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sterna_paradisaea_distribution_and_migration_map.png

Red-throated Diver (Colymbus septentrionalis); 1-male adult summer plumage (right), 2-winter plumage (left); 3-adult female (second right); 4-young (second left); Drawn from Nature by J.J. Audubon, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Engraved, Printed & Coloured by R. Havell, 1834; John James Audubon, The Birds of America, No. 41, Plate CCII: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gavia_stellata_(illustrations)#/media/File:202_Red-Throated_Diver.jpg; Open Access, via ULS (University of Pittsburgh Library System) @ https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3Aaud0202

Physically and sexually mature, three-, four-, four-plus-year-old Arctic terns achieve aesthetic aerial ballets in their courtships, during which courted females accept fresh fish, accessed by plunge-diving or surface-dipping, that always accompany every courting male; Sunday, June 8, 2014, 09:39: Ekaterina Chernetsova (Papchinskaya) from Saint-Petersburg, Russia, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sterna_paradisaea_(14188346639).jpg; Ekaterina Chernetsova (Papchinskaya), CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/katechka/14188346639/

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