Marcus Aurelius Liking Trojan Quintilii Brothers Upset Herodes Atticus

Summary: Stoic philosopher and Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius liking Trojan Quintilii brothers upset Herodes Atticus, a wealthy sophism-oriented rhetorician.

facsimile of golden bust of emperor Marcus Aurelius discovered April 19, 1939, during work on drainage channels of first century CE Sanctuaire du Cigognier, Aventicum (modern-day Avenches), capital of Roman province of Helvetia (Switzerland); original, 1.5 kilogram (3.3 pound) golden bust, dated ca. 180 CE, is kept in a bank safe and only has been shown twice since its discovery; Musée Romain d'Avenches (Roman Museum in Avenches), canton of Vaud, western Switzerland; Thursday, Aug. 6, 2020, 16:39:41: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Second century CE Stoic philosopher and Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius liking Trojan Quintilii brothers upset Herodes Atticus, a wealthy Greco-Roman sophistic rhetorician, governmental official and public works benefactor.

The Quintilii brothers, Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Maximus, were third-generation Roman colonial settlers whose hometown was Alexandria Troas (Ancient Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια Τρωάς, Alexandreia Troas, "Alexandria in the Troad peninsula"). The Quintilii's birthplace was a port city ". . . on the sea-coast, about four miles from ancient Troy and six miles south of the entrance to the Hellespont," as situated by Thomas Lewin in The Life and Epistles of St. Paul (1875, vol. 12, page 193).

Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12 or 13, 100-March 15, 44 BCE) recognized the ancient Greek city as a Roman colony in 44 BCE. First Roman Emperor Augustus (Gaius Octavius "Octavian"; Sep. 23, 63 BCE-Aug. 19, 14 CE) reestablished Alexandria Troas as a Roman colony in 12 BCE, according to research by German historian of classical antiquity Elmar Schwertheim (born July 9, 1943) in “Zur Gründung der römischen Kolonie in Alexandria Troas" (Die Troas: Neue Forschungen III, 1999, pages 95-101), as cited by American New Testament theologian Robert Jewett (born Dec. 31, 1933) in "The Troas Project" (CSBS Seminar, May 2005, page 2).

Condianus and Maximus's same-named grandfather, Sextus Quin(c)tilius Valerius Maximus, had increased the Alexandria Troas-based family's powerful involvement in the Roman administrative structure with his entrance into the Senate in 98 CE, according to English ancient historian and archaeologist Francis John Haverfield (Nov. 8, 1860-Oct. 1, 1919) in "The Roman World" (page 319), published in British archaeologist and scholar David George Hogarth's (May 23, 1862-Nov. 6, 1927) compiled Authority and Archaeology Sacred and Profane (1899). The senatorial rank had been granted by short-termed Roman Emperor Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva; Nov. 8, 30-Jan. 27, 98 CE), who reigned from Sep. 18, 96, until his naturally caused death 16 months later.

Admission into the senatorial class transferred the Quintilii's primary residence to Rome but without abandoning the family's elite, career-favorable base in Alexandria Troas. The family's Asia Minor portfolio qualified them for distinguished administrative posts in Greece. During the reign (Jan. 27, 98-Aug. 8, 117 CE) of Nerva's successor, Trajan (Caesar Nerva Traianus; Sep. 18, 53-Aug. 8, 117 CE), Condianus and Maximus's father was appointed ca. 115 CE to governorship as legatus pro praetore provinciae Achaiae, according to Annika B. Kuhn, University of Oxford Ancient History Ph.D., in "Herodes Atticus and the Quintilii of Alexandria Troas," published in 2012 in Chiron (band 42, pages 429, 432). The ancient region of Achaea (Ancient Greek: Ἀχαΐα, Akhaia) encompassed the northernmost Peloponnese (Ancient Greek: Πελοπόννησος, Peloponnesos) peninsula in southern Greece.

The Quintilii brothers upheld the family tradition of governmental careers. Their camaradic resumés included consulships in 151 CE, proconsulship of Asia ca. 168-170 CE for Maximus, with Condianus probably as legatus, and joint governorships of Achaea, probably as correctores ("correctors"), in 171 CE (Kuhn, pages 421-422, 435, 438, 439, 449-450). Their careers flourished during the reigns of the next two emperors after Trajan, Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE) and Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus; April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE).

Marcus Aurelius expressed his great regard for the brothers by referring to them as "my Quintilii" (Kuhn, page 438). An inscribed paving block discovered in 1966 during spring weeding of the Roman Agora attests to the emperor's use of the endearing term in official communications, as translated by American ancient historian and epigrapher James H. Oliver in "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civic and Cultural Policy in the East," published in 1970 in Hesperia Supplements (vol. 13).

Marcus Aurelius liking the Trojan Quintilii brothers, however, upset Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός, Herodes ho Atticus; 101-177 CE). Interestingly, the wealthy Greek rhetorician's lengthy public works projects included construction of an aqueduct, bath-gymnasium complex and nymphaeum in the Quintilii's hometown, Alexandria Troas, during the reign (Aug. 11, 117-July 10, 138 CE) of Hadrian (Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus; Jan. 24, 76-July 10, 138 CE). In 134/135 CE, in his capacity as corrector of the free cities of Asia, Herodes Atticus had secured an allowance of three million drachmae for the water-related projects. His father, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes (Ancient Greek: Τιβέριος Κλαύδιος Ἀττικὸς Ἡρῴδης; 65-137 CE), funded the overrun of four million drachmae (Kuhn, pages 424-425, 439).

Herodes Atticus enjoyed a respectable stature in the Roman Empire. Roman citizenship had been bestowed upon his family during the reign (Oct. 13, 54-June 9, 68 CE) of fifth Roman Emperor Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Dec. 15, 37-June 9, 68 CE), according to Finnish classicistic philologists Urpo Kantola and Tuomo Nuorluoto in "Names and Identities of Greek Elites With Roman Citizenship," published in 2022 in Christian Krötzl, Katariina Mustakallio and Miikka Tamminen's Negotiation, Collaboration and Conflict in Ancient and Medieval Communities (page 171).

The wealthy Athenian combined careers in government and in teaching in Athens and in Rome. In fact, early contacts with Marcus Aurelius included his selection by Hadrian's successor, Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE), as a tutor in Greek rhetoric in the imperial household, according to American ancient historian Anthony J. Papalas in "Herodes Atticus: An Essay on Education in the Antonine Age," published in the Summer 1981 issue of History of Education Quarterly (pages 177-178).

Philostratus (Ancient Greek: Φιλόστρατος, Philostratos; ca. 170-245/250 CE), a Greek sophist (Ancient Greek: σοφιστής, sophistes, "philosopher, teacher, wise person") of the Roman imperial period (January 16, 27 BCE-Sep. 4, 476 CE), considered the favoring of the Quintilii brothers by Marcus Aurelius and their disfavoring by Herodes Atticus in Βίοι σοϕιστῶν ("The Lives of the Sophists"). Herodes Atticus was presented as the first of 33 exemplars of New, or Second, Sophists in the history's second book.

"His quarrel with the Quintilii began, as most people assert, over the Pythian festival, when they held different views about the musical competition; but some say that it began with the jests that Herodes made to Marcus at their expense. For when he saw that, though they were Trojans, the Emperor thought them worthy of the highest honours, he said: 'I blame Homer's Zeus also, for loving the Trojans.' But the following reason is nearer the truth. When these two men were both governing Greece, the Athenians invited them to a meeting of the assembly, and made speeches to the effect that they were oppressed by a tyrant, meaning Herodes; and finally begged that what they had said might be forwarded to the Emperor's ears. And when the Quintilii felt pity for the people and without delay reported what they had heard, Herodes asserted that they were plotting against him, for they were inciting the Athenians to attack him. . . ." (Emily Wilmer Cave France Wright translation, 1922; Book II.557-559, pages 162-169).

Ultimately, Marcus Aurelius interrupted his campaigns in the First Macromannic War (Latin: bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum, "German and Sarmatian War"; 166-Dec. 23, 176 CE) to summon his former tutor to answer charges from the Athenians. The trial was held at temporary headquarters ca. 174 CE in Sirmium (modern-day central Serbia), capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior, also known as Lower Pannonia. Marcus Aurelius acquitted his former tutor (Kuhn, pages 1, 448-449).

Mid-second century CE Pentelic marble bust of Herodus Atticus was found in February 1961 during foundation digging for private home located behind the Chapel of Panagia Xydou, located at 14 Tatoiou Street, north of ISAP (ΗΣΑΠ; Ηλεκτρικοι σιδηροδρομοι αθηνων πειραιως; Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways) railway station, Kephissia (Ancient Greek: Κηφισιά, Kephisia), northeastern Athens suburb; National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Room 32, Inventory No. 4810: Haiduc, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

facsimile of golden bust of emperor Marcus Aurelius discovered April 19, 1939, during work on drainage channels of first century CE Sanctuaire du Cigognier, Aventicum (modern-day Avenches), capital of Roman province of Helvetia (Switzerland); original, 1.5 kilogram (3.3 pound) golden bust, dated ca. 180 CE, is kept in a bank safe and only has been shown twice since its discovery; Musée Romain d'Avenches (Roman Museum in Avenches), canton of Vaud, western Switzerland; Thursday, Aug. 6, 2020, 16:39:41: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/50363886417/

Mid-second century CE Pentelic marble bust of Herodus Atticus was found in February 1961 during foundation digging for private home located behind the Chapel of Panagia Xydou, located at 14 Tatoiou Street, north of ISAP (ΗΣΑΠ; Ηλεκτρικοι σιδηροδρομοι αθηνων πειραιως; Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways) railway station, Kephissia (Ancient Greek: Κηφισιά), northeastern Athens suburb; National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Room 32, Inventory No. 4810: Haiduc, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg

For further information:

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Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642729

U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. "Abbreviations and Acronyms: I: ISAP Ilektrikoi Sidirodromoi Athinon-Peiraias A.E. Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways." Page 64. Research Aid: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Special Terms in the Press of Greece and Cyprus. Abbreviations and Acronyms: 1-164. JPRS 70158. Arlington VA: Joint Publications Research Service, Nov. 14, 1977.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/West_Europe_Report/9S8tVEiklK4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ISAP+Ilektrikos&pg=PA64
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA375623/page/n88/mode/1up

U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. "Supplemental Abbreviations List: A.E. Amme Enstrumani Public Instrument (as a legal instrument) (TFSC)." Page 165. Research Aid: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Special Terms in the Press of Greece and Cyprus. Supplemental Abbreviations List: 165-166. JPRS 70158. Arlington VA: Joint Publications Research Service, Nov. 14, 1977.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/West_Europe_Report/9S8tVEiklK4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ISAP+Ilektrikos&pg=PA165
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA375623/page/n189/mode/1up

Vanderpool, Eugene. "News Letter From Greece. Kephissia. A chance discovery of some interest was made in Kephissia in February 1961 when foundations were being dug for an addition to a private house at no. 4 Rangabe Street. A well preserved, life-sized bust of Herodes Atticus was found (pl. 97, fig. I) and with it a bust of one of his favorites, Polydeukion (pl. 97, fig. 2). There was also an arm in black marble, no doubt part of a statue of the Ethiopian Memnon, another of Herodes' favorites. The head of a horse was also found. The Archaeological Service ordered an investigation within the limits of the lot where the discovery was made. Mr. Petrakos supervised the work. A stuccoed channel, some walls of opus incertum, a pilaster base in situ and a pilaster cap were found. "We probably have to do with the villa of Herodes Atticus so delightfully described by Aulus Gellius in the Attic Nights (1.2. 1-2). The place where the discovery was made is just behind the chapel of the Panagia Xydou, a few blocks north of the railway station. Other remains that have been associated with Herodes' villa have been observed near this church (Dragoumis, ArchEph [1895] 186; Koumanoudis, Neon Athenaion I [1955] 1-3)." Pages 299-300. American Journal of Archaeology (AJA), vol. 65, no. 3 (July 1961): 299-303.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/501690

Vanderpool, Eugene. "News Letter From Greece. Kephissia. Plate 97. Fig. 1. Kephissia. Bust of Herodes Atticus." American Journal of Archaeology (AJA), vol. 65, no. 3 (July 1961): 299-303.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/501690

Wright, [Emily] Wilmer Cave [France]. ". . . . And when the Quintilii during their proconsulship of Greece censured him for putting up the statues of these youths on the ground that they were an extravagance, he retorted: 'What business is it of yours if I amuse myself with my poor marbles?' "His quarrel with the Quintilii [fn1] began, as most people assert, over the Pythian festival, when they held different views about the musical competition; but some say that it began with the jests that Herodes made to Marcus at their expense. For when he saw that, though they were Trojans, the Emperor thought them worthy of the highest honours, he said: 'I blame Homer's Zeus also, for loving the Trojans.' But the following reason is nearer the truth. When these two men were both governing Greece, the Athenians invited them to a meeting of the assembly, and made speeches to the effect that they were oppressed by a tyrant, meaning Herodes; and finally begged that what they had said might be forwarded to the Emperor's ears. And when the Quintilii felt pity for the people and without delay reported what they had heard, Herodes asserted that they were plotting against him, for they were inciting the Athenians to attack him. Certainly, after that meeting of the assembly there sprang into activity men like Demostratus, Praxagoras and Mamertinus, and many others whose public policy was opposed to Herodes. . . ." Pages 166-169. Philostratus and Eunapius: The Lives of the Sophists, Book II.557-559, pages 162-169. The Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXII [1922].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/philostratuseuna00phil/page/166/mode/1up

Yegül, Fikret. Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, Jan. 2, 1996.