Green and White Variegated Trees Awe Nursery Industry and Tree Biology

Summary: Green and white variegated trees awe nursery industry and tree biology, according to an article authored by G.M. Moore for Arborist News February 2023.

Dr. Gregory M. Moore of the School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences at the University of Melbourne on its Burnley Campus in Richmond, Victoria, Australia, alerts audiences armed with online and print copies of the International Society of Arboriculture's February issue of Arborist News to variegated appearances not aligned with actual variegations. He allocates chemical, herbicidal, hormonal, juvenile variegations to that latter assignment. He allies bottle brush and eucalyptus members of the Myrtaceae (from Greek μύρτος, "myrtle [Myrtus communis]" via Latin myrtus and -āceae, "resembling") with Cupressus (from Greek κυπάρισσος, "cypress [Cupressus sempervirens]" via Latin cupressus) and Photinia (from Greek φῶς, "light" and -εινός, "-ous" via Greek φωτεινός, "bright, shining [sky, sun]") species members amazing plant-accumulating audiences with their respectively pink or red, yellow, pink or red juvenile growth; Monday, April 11, 2005, 16:48, image of "Photinia x fraseri, showing the red colour of new growth contrasted to the glossy green older leaves.": Wouter Hagens (Wouterhagens), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Green and white variegated trees awe nursery industry and tree biology, in They Are There in Green and White: Variegated Trees Have Their Place by G.M. Moore for Arborist News February 2023.

Green and white variegated trees and variegated plants become more expensive purchases for their buyers and beget financial and professional rewards for their horticultural, plant-hunting discoverers. DNA-changing variegations from ethyl methanesulfonate chemical mutagen or radiation, chlorophyll-blocked variegation from herbicides and anthocyanin-promoted variegation from over-sunning and ethylene plant hormone constitute no true variegation. Chemical, herbicidal, radiative untrue variegations and hormonal and solar untrue variegations respectively deploy dangerous, deathly or permanently damaging changes and non-permanent mutations versus instability and non-permanence.

Variegated trees entertain different-colored patches or stripes in their flowery petals and especially in their green- and white- or sometimes green- and yellow-patched and striped foliage.

Dr. Gregory M. Moore of the School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences at the University of Melbourne on its Burnley Campus in Richmond, Victoria, Australia, acknowledges, as attempts to induce "professionally and financially rewarding" (2023: page 8) non-woody- and woody-plant variegation, chemical mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate and radiation to affect DNA, albeit dangerously, unstably, unsuccessfully; herbicides such as glyphosate to afflict chlorophyll production and retention, albeit dangerously, unstably, unsuccessfully; over-sunning, the plant hormone ethylene or sun stress to agitate vacuole cells into aiming their anthocyanin-pigmented blues, purples and reds up through cell interiors to leaf exteriors, albeit unstably; "Ball-and-stick model of the ethyl mesylate molecule (also known as ethyl methanesulfonate), the ester of ethanol and methanesulfonic acid, used in genetics to cause mutations": Jynto and Ben Mills (Benjah-bmm27), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

All tissues featuring a green- and pale- or white-patterned variegation furnish all tree leaves with a genetically stable, green- and pale- or white-patched or striped variegation.

Perhaps air- or fluid-filled spaces beneath epidermal layers and mutation-affected chlorophyll production in leaves respectively generate the commonest sources of variegation in non-arboreal and arboreal species. Pink- and red-leafed Callistemon and Photinia and green-white or yellow-needled Cupressus juveniles sometimes hoax venal variegation, whose non-green surrounding tissues hosts white- or yellow leaf veins. The masking phenomenon of normal green leaves with high concentrations of such different-colored pigments as anthocyanin, vacuolar pigment not involved directly in photosynthesis, likewise imitates variegation.

The nursery industry and tree biology jubilate as educationally lucrative green and white variegated trees, whose chlorophyll production in their leaves mutations jam chimerally, venally, virally.

Leaf mesophyll (from Greek μέσος, "middle" and φύλλον, "leaf") cells apportion areas along their cell walls to chloroplasts, where accessory pigments abide with chlorophyll (from Greek χλωρός, "green-white" and φῠ́λλον, "leaf"), for more efficient, more growth-activating photosynthesis, and to vacuoles, where blue, blue-green, green light-absorbing, blue-, purple-, red-reflecting anthocyanins abide. Vacuoles (from Latin vacuus, "empty") appropriate the most area even as only chloroplasts directly arbitrate photosynthetic processes; Saturday, April 23, 2011, graphic of "The fine scale structure of a leaf featuring the major tissues; the upper and lower epithelia (and associated cuticles), the palisade and spongy mesophyll and the guard cells of the stoma. Vascular tissue (veins) is not shown. Key plant cell organelles (the cell wall, nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuole and cytoplasm) are also shown.": Zephyris, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Chimeral and venal versus viral variegations respectively kindle different-colored patterns from genetically different chlorophyll and non-chlorophyll tissue types versus from patterns known to the particular virus.

Accessory pigments located in the chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll, within leaf mesophyll cells lead to more efficient sunlight-capturing photosynthetic processes and to more growth-launching intra-plant energy. Blue and red light-absorbing, green-reflecting chlorophyll and its leaves manifest green even as blue- and green-absorbing accessory carotenoid pigments manifest their orange-, red- and yellow-reflected light. All-green leaves with chlorophyll green pigment, so photosynthetically essential and photosynthetically necessary, nurse energy from sunlight and carbohydrates from energy more efficiently than accessory-pigmented variegated leaves.

No pigments occur in leaf-surface cells whose leaf exteriors offer colorless, pale, white patches or stripes even as accessory carotenoid pigments obtain yellow patches or stripes.

The article They Are There in Green and White: Variegated Trees Have Their Place, for the February 2023 issue of Arborist News, arranges actual variegations as chimeral, venal and viral from mutation-arrested chlorophyll production and apparent variegation from air- or fluid-filled areas under the leaf epidermis (from Greek ἐπί, "atop" and δέρμα, "skin" via Latin epidermis from Greek ἐπιδερμίς). Chimeral, venal and viral variegations respectively articulate chlorophylled and chlorophyll-absent genetically different tissue types, non-green tissues around leaf veins and viral infections; Monday, Nov. 9, 2009, 15:27:34, image of "Figs of Ficus carica cultivar (variety) Panascè, wood and figs in two-toned yellow-green bands. Variety originated by spontaneous mutation, recovered in Liguria when it was considered lost (extinct). These dressings (of variegated figs and leaves) are in the same individual due [to, sic] the presence of two types of cells with different genetics. It is a Chimera. The yellow cells are changed with a disadvantageous mutation, and are in fact unable to produce chlorophyll and form tissues connected and united with those normal green, but distinct, i.e. not mixed with cells to normal parenchyma," El Serrat De L'ocata, Vallès Oriental, Barcelona Province (província de Barcelona), Catalonia (Catalunya), Spain, northeastern Iberian Peninsula: AxelRohdeElias; Caricated on commons by Galloramenu, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Chimeral and venal versus viral variegations respectively kindle different-colored patterns from genetically different chlorophyll and non-chlorophyll tissue types versus from patterns known to the particular virus.

Greater leaf variegation, less chlorophylled leaves presage less efficient, slower growth such that mutant chlorophyll-free albino trees perish a few days, a couple weeks after germination.

Chimeral-variegated propagation quests vegetative methods with both tissue types, albeit unstably reverting to all-green tissue and all-green specimens, even as seed propagation unlikely queues variegated progeny. Perhaps variegated plants realize defensive masquerades and defensive mimicries against predatory grazers and resist high-potential weediness by rendering themselves easier, safer to grow than all-green versions. Variegated trees such as variegated elm (Ulmus), fig (Ficus) and oleander (Nerium) suggest arboreal management against all-green reversions; diseases and pests; and overshading by taller neighbors.

Indoor versus outdoor tenancies trigger tempting-colored, tempting-patterned calathea, coleus, dracaena, monstera and philodendron versus 3- to 6.5-foot- (0.92- to 1.98-meter-) tall green and white variegated trees.

The article They Are There in Green and White: Variegated Trees Have Their Place, for the February 2023 issue of Arborist News, ascribes easier, non-weedy, safer growth to variegated cheesewoods (Pittosporum), figs (Ficus) and oleanders (Nerium) indoors. Variegated houseplants sometimes assure the nursery industry of customer attachment to such outdoor attractions as the "magnificent" (2023:12) variegated elm (Ulmus minor variegata) that awakens Werribee Park audiences west of Melbourne to variegated aesthetics; Friday, Oct. 27, 2006, 09:50, image of "Foliage of Variegated Smooth-leaved Elm (Ulmus minor 'Variegata') in Footscray Park, Melbourne.": Melburnian, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Dr. Gregory M. Moore of the School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences at the University of Melbourne on its Burnley Campus in Richmond, Victoria, Australia, alerts audiences armed with online and print copies of the International Society of Arboriculture's February issue of Arborist News to variegated appearances not aligned with actual variegations. He allocates chemical, herbicidal, hormonal, juvenile variegations to that latter assignment. He allies bottle brush and eucalyptus members of the Myrtaceae (from Greek μύρτος, "myrtle [Myrtus communis]" via Latin myrtus and -āceae, "resembling") with Cupressus (from Greek κυπάρισσος, "cypress [Cupressus sempervirens]" via Latin cupressus) and Photinia (from Greek φῶς, "light" and -εινός, "-ous" via Greek φωτεινός, "bright, shining [sky, sun]") species members amazing plant-accumulating audiences with their respectively pink or red, yellow, pink or red juvenile growth; Monday, April 11, 2005, 16:48, image of "Photinia x fraseri, showing the red colour of new growth contrasted to the glossy green older leaves.": Wouter Hagens (Wouterhagens), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photinia_fraseri_B.JPG

Dr. Gregory M. Moore of the School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences at the University of Melbourne on its Burnley Campus in Richmond, Victoria, Australia, acknowledges, as attempts to induce "professionally and financially rewarding" (2023: page 8) non-woody- and woody-plant variegation, chemical mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate and radiation to affect DNA, albeit dangerously, unstably, unsuccessfully; herbicides such as glyphosate to afflict chlorophyll production and retention, albeit dangerously, unstably, unsuccessfully; over-sunning, the plant hormone ethylene or sun stress to agitate vacuole cells into aiming their anthocyanin-pigmented blues, purples and reds up through cell interiors to leaf exteriors, albeit unstably; "Ball-and-stick model of the ethyl mesylate molecule (also known as ethyl methanesulfonate), the ester of ethanol and methanesulfonic acid, used in genetics to cause mutations": Jynto and Ben Mills (Benjah-bmm27), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ethyl-mesylate-3D-balls.png

Leaf mesophyll (from Greek μέσος, "middle" and φύλλον, "leaf") cells apportion areas along their cell walls to chloroplasts, where accessory pigments abide with chlorophyll (from Greek χλωρός, "green-white" and φῠ́λλον, "leaf"), for more efficient, more growth-activating photosynthesis, and to vacuoles, where blue, blue-green, green light-absorbing, blue-, purple-, red-reflecting anthocyanins abide. Vacuoles (from Latin vacuus, "empty") appropriate the most area even as only chloroplasts directly arbitrate photosynthetic processes; Saturday, April 23, 2011, graphic of "The fine scale structure of a leaf featuring the major tissues; the upper and lower epithelia (and associated cuticles), the palisade and spongy mesophyll and the guard cells of the stoma. Vascular tissue (veins) is not shown. Key plant cell organelles (the cell wall, nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuole and cytoplasm) are also shown.": Zephyris, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg

The article They Are There in Green and White: Variegated Trees Have Their Place, for the February 2023 issue of Arborist News, arranges actual variegations as chimeral, venal and viral from mutation-arrested chlorophyll production and apparent variegation from air- or fluid-filled areas under the leaf epidermis (from Greek ἐπί, "atop" and δέρμα, "skin" via Latin epidermis from Greek ἐπιδερμίς). Chimeral, venal and viral variegations respectively articulate chlorophylled and chlorophyll-absent genetically different tissue types, non-green tissues around leaf veins and viral infections; Monday, Nov. 9, 2009, 15:27:34, image of "Figs of Ficus carica cultivar (variety) Panascè, wood and figs in two-toned yellow-green bands. Variety originated by spontaneous mutation, recovered in Liguria when it was considered lost (extinct). These dressings (of variegated figs and leaves) are in the same individual due [to, sic] the presence of two types of cells with different genetics. It is a Chimera. The yellow cells are changed with a disadvantageous mutation, and are in fact unable to produce chlorophyll and form tissues connected and united with those normal green, but distinct, i.e. not mixed with cells to normal parenchyma," El Serrat De L'ocata, Vallès Oriental, Barcelona Province (província de Barcelona), Catalonia (Catalunya), Spain, northeastern Iberian Peninsula: AxelRohdeElias; Caricated on commons by Galloramenu, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ficus_carica_Panascè.jpg; Axel Rohde (AxelRohdeElias), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/22398641@N02/3976365373/

The article They Are There in Green and White: Variegated Trees Have Their Place, for the February 2023 issue of Arborist News, ascribes easier, non-weedy, safer growth to variegated cheesewoods (Pittosporum), figs (Ficus) and oleanders (Nerium) indoors. Variegated houseplants sometimes assure the nursery industry of customer attachment to such outdoor attractions as the "magnificent" (2023:12) variegated elm (Ulmus minor variegata) that awakens Werribee Park audiences west of Melbourne to variegated aesthetics; Friday, Oct. 27, 2006, 09:50, image of "Foliage of Variegated Smooth-leaved Elm (Ulmus minor 'Variegata') in Footscray Park, Melbourne.": Melburnian, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_minor_'Variegata'.jpg

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Moore, G.M. February 2023. "They Are There in Green and White: Variegated Trees Have Their Place." Arborist News 32(1):8-14.