Chris Graves Aired Winter Tree ID for Tennessee Urban Forestry Council

Summary: Chris Graves aired Winter Tree ID for Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar audiences Monday, Jan. 30, 2023, 12:00 noon to 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Certified Wildlife Biologist, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture J.E. Moss Achievement Awardee and University of Tennessee Senior Lecturer Chris Graves acclaimed longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) as a Southern States tree that achieves accurate analyses such as those announced in his Winter Tree ID, the first-of-the-year webinar in the Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar series hosted and organized by Katie Donaldson of University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture School of Natural Resources and Neil Letson of Tennessee Urban Forestry Council. The Winter Tree ID webinar acts as first, live-broadcast part to a second, live-broadcast part Monday, Feb. 13, 2023, from 12:00 noon to 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time. "Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. a. branch with terminal bud; b. leaf bundle; c. primary leaf bracts (magnified); d, e, f. cross sections (magnified) of leaves; g. epidermis of leaf (magnified)," del. (delineavit, "he/she drew") D. Oszewski; B. E. (Bernhard Eduard) Fernow, Report of the Chief of the Division of Forestry for 1891 (1892), Plate II, between pages 214-215: Public Domain, via Internet Archive

Chris Graves, whose terminological approach assures accessing dichotomous keys, aired Winter Tree ID for Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar audiences Monday, Jan. 30, 2023, 12:00 noon to 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

University of Tennessee Senior Lecturer Graves broached such southeastern trees as Southern States-largest cypress and Texan, Louisianian, Mississippian, Alabamian, Georgian, South Carolinian and Floridian spruce pines. He cited Native Trees of the Southeast: An Identification Guide by L. Katherine Kirkman, Claud L. Brown and Donald J. Leopold as authoritative source to consult. He deferred to Forest Land Productivity report describing "ca"-designated clayey, loamy, severely eroded slopes with black gum, eastern redcedar, loblolly pine and Virginia pine common trees.

Eastern redcedar, loblolly pine, Virginia pine and white oak emerge as manageable trees for clayey, loamy, severely eroded slopes that entertain the above-mentioned four tree species.

Site conditions such as 0-150-, 150-300-, 300-600-, 600-1,200-, 1,200-1,800-, 1,000-3,000-, 3,000-4,500-, 4,500-6,000-, 6,000-7,500-, 7,500-9,000-foot elevations and physiography as dry uplands and flooded bottomlands feature specific species.

North- versus south-facing slopes generate respectively colder and warmer air and ground temperatures even as east-facing slopes guard colder mornings and warmer afternoons than west-facing slopes. Dendrochronological (from Greek δένδρον, “tree”; χρόνος, “time”; λόγος, “explanation”) identifications of tree species hail leaf characteristics even as tree leaves sometimes hinder harvesting bestest tree identifications. Such tools as binoculars, hand lenses and pocket knives identify such terminology as branches as 3- to 4-year-olds, branchlets as 2-year-olds and twigs as last-season growth.

Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar Winter Tree ID by Chris Graves judged as species-specific bundle scar, leaf scar and gas-exchanging lenticel arrangements, numbers and shapes.

Dormant, species-specific naked no-bud, single, 2-bud valvate (abutting, from Latin volvere, “to roll”) and imbricate (overlapping, from Latin imbricātus, “tiled”) 3-, 3-plus-bud scales kindle next-season growth.

Axillary or lateral, false- or pseudo-terminal, terminal buds look spiked like birch family catkin-like buds, collaterally side-by-side like red maple buds or reciprocal like stacked buds. Leaf arrangements along leaf stems or leafing branches may be alternating along the sides or may be opposite, like MADbuck (maple, ash, dogwood, buckeye/horse-chestnut) and viburnums. Twig centers net pith chambered with many cross walls, diaphragmed with thin cross walls, emptily excavated, solid without cavities or cross walls or spongy with holes.

Certified Wildlife Biologist and University of Tennessee Instructor Chris Graves offered, on Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar Winter Tree ID, bark categories, structures and types.

Outer bark presents such tree species-specific characteristics as shape, texture and thickness, all of which possess their particular configurations as their reactions to stress-pushed, subsurface-expanding wood.

The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture J.E. Moss Achievement Awardee quested range maps, site cover types, histories and uses that queue range- and site-expected species. He revealed young, mature, aged categories bark-typed by curly, horizontally-peeled strips; furrows and ridges; plates or scales; seamed or vertically-cracked smoothness; smoothness; vertical strips; visible lenticels. He scrutinized alders; American chestnuts; American sycamores; birches; black cherry; black, chestnut, red, scarlet, white oaks; catalpas; pawpaws; red, sugar maples; sweet gums; and yellow poplars.

Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar Winter Tree ID by Chris Graves triggered questions about American beech, black oak subspecies, photosynthesizing evolutionary-advantaged stipules and sawtooth oak.

Certified Wildlife Biologist, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture J.E. Moss Achievement Awardee and University of Tennessee Senior Lecturer Chris Graves approached Winter Tree ID for the Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar series in his Winter Tree ID, the first-of-the-year webinar in the Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar series hosted and organized by Katie Donaldson of University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture School of Natural Resources and Neil Letson of Tennessee Urban Forestry Council. He arranged spruce-fir above hemlock, the latter right-sided by heath bald cypress and above cove hardwood, the latter right-sided by montane alluvial and above successional forest cover types of north-facing wetter slopes. He assembled grassy bald cypress below spruce-fir and above northern hardwood, the latter above oak-hickory right-sided by montane alluvial, the former above pine-oak forest cover types of drier south-facing slopes. He attributed 1,000-foot (304.8-meter) to 2,000-foot (609.6-meter) elevations to successional forest cover types; 1,000-foot (304.8-meter) to 4,000-foot (1,219.2-meter) elevations to montane alluvial forest cover types; 1,000-foot (304.8-meter) to 4,000-plus-foot (1,219.2-plus-meter) elevations to oak-hickory and pine-oak forest cover types; 2,000-foot (609.6-meter) to 4,000-foot (1,219.2-meter) elevations to cove hardwood forest cover types; 4,000-foot (609.6-meter) to 5,000-foot (1,524-meter) elevations to hemlock, heath-bald cypress and northern hardwood forest cover types; perhaps 5,500-foot (1,676.4-meter) elevations to grass-bald cypress forest cover types; and 5,000-foot (1,676-4-meter) to 6,000-foot (1,828-meter) elevations to spruce-fir forest cover types; "Mixed oak-hickory forest at Cedars of Lebanon State Park in Wilson County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. This type of forest thrives on the fringes of the cedar flats, in areas where the soil is thick enough to allow large hardwoods to grow. A shagbark hictory tree can be seen on the left." Saturday, Aug 9, 2008, image of mixed oak-hickory forest, Cedars of Lebanon State Park, north central Wilson County, Middle Tennessee, southeastern United States: Brian Stansberry (BrineStans), CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Certified Wildlife Biologist, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture J.E. Moss Achievement Awardee and University of Tennessee Senior Lecturer Chris Graves acclaimed longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) as a Southern States tree that achieves accurate analyses such as those announced in his Winter Tree ID, the first-of-the-year webinar in the Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar series hosted and organized by Katie Donaldson of University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture School of Natural Resources and Neil Letson of Tennessee Urban Forestry Council. The Winter Tree ID webinar acts as first, live-broadcast part to a second, live-broadcast part Monday, Feb. 13, 2023, from 12:00 noon to 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time. "Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. a. branch with terminal bud; b. leaf bundle; c. primary leaf bracts (magnified); d, e, f. cross sections (magnified) of leaves; g. epidermis of leaf (magnified)," del. (delineavit, "he/she drew") D. Oszewski; B. E. (Bernhard Eduard) Fernow, Report of the Chief of the Division of Forestry for 1891 (1892), Plate II, between pages 214-215: Public Domain, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/reportofchiefofd00fern_0/page/n30/mode/1up; Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14758892146/; No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Report_of_the_Chief_of_the_Division_of_Forestry_for_1891_(1892)_(14758892146).jpg

Certified Wildlife Biologist, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture J.E. Moss Achievement Awardee and University of Tennessee Senior Lecturer Chris Graves approached Winter Tree ID for the Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar series in his Winter Tree ID, the first-of-the-year webinar in the Tennessee Urban Forestry Council 2023 Webinar series hosted and organized by Katie Donaldson of University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture School of Natural Resources and Neil Letson of Tennessee Urban Forestry Council. He arranged spruce-fir above hemlock, the latter right-sided by heath bald cypress and above cove hardwood, the latter right-sided by montane alluvial and above successional forest cover types of north-facing wetter slopes. He assembled grassy bald cypress below spruce-fir and above northern hardwood, the latter above oak-hickory right-sided by montane alluvial, the former above pine-oak forest cover types of drier south-facing slopes. He attributed 1,000-foot (304.8-meter) to 2,000-foot (609.6-meter) elevations to successional forest cover types; 1,000-foot (304.8-meter) to 4,000-foot (1,219.2-meter) elevations to montane alluvial forest cover types; 1,000-foot (304.8-meter) to 4,000-plus-foot (1,219.2-plus-meter) elevations to oak-hickory and pine-oak forest cover types; 2,000-foot (609.6-meter) to 4,000-foot (1,219.2-meter) elevations to cove hardwood forest cover types; 4,000-foot (609.6-meter) to 5,000-foot (1,524-meter) elevations to hemlock, heath-bald cypress and northern hardwood forest cover types; perhaps 5,500-foot (1,676.4-meter) elevations to grass-bald cypress forest cover types; and 5,000-foot (1,676-4-meter) to 6,000-foot (1,828-meter) elevations to spruce-fir forest cover types; "Mixed oak-hickory forest at Cedars of Lebanon State Park in Wilson County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. This type of forest thrives on the fringes of the cedar flats, in areas where the soil is thick enough to allow large hardwoods to grow. A shagbark hictory tree can be seen on the left." Saturday, Aug 9, 2008, image of mixed oak-hickory forest, Cedars of Lebanon State Park, north central Wilson County, Middle Tennessee, southeastern United States: Brian Stansberry (BrineStans), CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oak-hickory-forest-col-tn1.jpg

For further information:

Eyre, F. H. (Ed.). 1980. Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada. Washington DC: Society of American Foresters.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Graves, Christopher. 30 January 2023. "Winter Tree Identification." University of Tennessee > UT Institute of Agriculture > School of Natural Resources > Extension > Extension: Urban Forestry > Resources > Tennessee Urban Forestry Council > Tennessee Urban Forestry Council and UT Residential Community Forestry Workgroup Webinar Series > Webinar Replays: 2023.
Available @ https://naturalresources.tennessee.edu/extension-urban-forestry/

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Kirkman, L. Katherine; Claud L. Brown; and Donald J. Leopold. 2007. Native Trees of the Southeast: An Identification Guide. Portland OR: Timber Press.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Samuelson, Lisa J.; and Michael E. Hogan. 2005. Forest Trees: A Guide to the Eastern United States. Glenview IL: Pearson College Div.

Spira, Timothy P. 2011. Wildflowers & Plant Communities of the Southern Appalachian Mountains & Piedmont: A Naturalist's Guide to the Carolinas, Virginia, Tennessee, & Georgia. A Southern Gatewaays Guide. Chapel Hill NC: The University of North Carolina Press.