Earth and Space News: Propiconazole Infusions and Injections Arrest Laurel Wilt in Sassafras

Summary: Propiconazole infusions and injections arrest laurel wilt in sassafras trees, according to an article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for January 2023.

US Forest Service Entomologist C.W. Johnson and Plant Pathologists R.O. Olatinwo and J. Hwang and North Carolina State University Professor Emeritus C. Brownie broach sassafras mortality. Female redbay ambrosia (Xyleborus glabratus) beetles carry into dead southeast Asian, healthy North American laurel-family xylem eggs and Harringtonia lauricola, whose mycelial filaments beetle larvae consume. They doom black-tissued, leaf-wilted camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), economically important avocado (Persea americana Mill), pondspice (Litsea aestivalis), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and swampbay (Persea palustris).

Propiconazole doses eliminate live (Quercus virginiana), red (Q. rubra) and white (Q. alba) oak and redbay (Persea borbonia) laurel wilts and Ulma species’ Dutch elm disease.

Fast, minutes-long versus multiple hours-long application times figure majorly when respectively favoring concentrated, low-volume, manually furnished, undiluted propiconazole micro-injections or diluted, large-volume, low-pressure, translocation-friendly propiconazole micro-infusions.

Wide-ranging, 12.7- to 40.6-centimeter breast-high diameters (DBH) got propiconazole doses, or not, since food- and medicine-propertied, native pollinator larvae-hosting, wildlife-forageable Louisiana sassafras trees grow somewhat inaccessibly. Micro-infusion and micro-injection systems honor 7.6- to 10.2-centimer-spaced delivery sites, whereby propiconazole infusions and injections respectively heralded 7.6-centimeter-spaced basal and 10.2-centimeter-spaced root-flare or primary-root delivery sites. The four researchers inoculated with Harringtonia lauricola nine 2019-2020 trial trees two months, and 13 study 2020-2021 trial trees at least 30 days, after propiconazole micro-injections.

Hurricanes Delta and Laura severely jostling 10 sassafras 2020-2021 trial trees jeopardized balanced 2020-2021 replication of 2019-2020 trials of propiconazol infusions and injections against laurel wilt.

Cross-section through trunk of redbay tree (Persea borbonia) infected with laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) shows vascular staining from fungus associated with redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus): Albert (Bud) Mayfield, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via IPM Images (Integrated Pest Management Images)

Keeping away from internal rot kindled 2020-2021 3.8-centimeter, versus 2019-2020 5-centimeter, drill depths for propiconazole-dose rates of 10 milliliters per inch, 3.9 milliliters per centimeter, DBH.

Sassafras trees with 12.7-centimeter DBH, 35-centimeter DBH and 40.6-centimeter DBH at 1.3 to 1.4 meters above surface soil, thereby respectively logged 49.53-, 136.5- and 158.34-milliliter doses. Week-16 and week-63 deaths and survivals versus inoculation weeks to 50-, 50-plus-percent crown deaths with, without epicormics-sprouted boles; 100-percent deaths; or survivals measure micro-infused, micro-injected methods. Ten of 13 sassafras with propiconazole infusions and four of seven sassafras with propiconazole injections nettled respective 77- and 86-percent survival rates 62 weeks after inoculations.

Propiconazole infusions and injections against laurel wilt respectively occasioned 2020-2021 trials with brown-margined, interveinal-discolored, most apparent phytotoxicity in sub-20.3-centimeter sassafras diameters and phytotoxic evidence-free 2019-2020 trials.

Laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) symptoms in stem of redbay tree (Persea borbonia) are revealed in tangential longitudal section as vascular staining caused by fungal introducer, redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus): Albert (Bud) Mayfield, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via IPM Images (Integrated Pest Management Images)

All 13 control, Harringtonia lauricola-inoculated, non-micro-injected trees in 2019-2020 trials presented precipitous declines and deaths even as 11 of 19 non-micro-infused inoculees in 2020-2021 trials perished.

Sixteen stems of 19 non-injected, but not one of 19 injected, 2019-2020 trial inoculees quartered reisolated Harringtonia lauricola 3 months post-inoculation, 4 months after propiconazole injections. Thirteen stems of 14 non-injected inoculees and 10 stems of 13 micro-injected, sapwood-sampled inoculees respectively revealed Harringtonia lauricola reisolation and its inhibited regrowth 12 months post-inoculation. The four co-authors suggest supplying propiconazole, micro-infused through shallow (perhaps 3.8-centimeter?) holes, to “physiologically active” (2023: page 12) layers away from xylem suspected of internal decay.

Propiconazole infusions, perhaps over propiconazole injections, teamed as preventive treatments, before spring dispersal flights of redbay ambrosia beetles, with annual retreatments, tackle laurel wilt in sassafras.

mortality of redbay trees (Persea borbonia) caused by laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) on Jekyll Island, Glynn County, Golden Isles of Georgia barrier islands, southeastern Georgia: Ronald F. Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via IPM Images (Integrated Pest Management Images)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

lateral and dorsal views of Ambrosiodmus species, scale 1.0 millimeters; (from top left) Ambrosiodmus devexulus, Ambrosiodmus lecontei, Ambrosiodmus lewisi, Ambrosiodmus minor; Demian F. Gomez et al., "North American Xyleborini north of Mexico," ZooKeys, ZooKeys 768 (2018): 19-68: Demain F. Gomez et al., CC BY 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xyleborus_(10.3897-zookeys.768.24697)_Figure_16.jpg; CC BY 4.0, via ZooKeys @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24697/list/9/

Laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) symptoms on avocado (Persea spp.) include early stage drooping and reddish- to purplish-tinging of leaves, then leaf browning as branches die and then dead leaf retention for as long as 12 months: Andrew Geering, QLD DEEDI (Queensland Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation), CC BY 3.0 Australia, via Pestinfo-Wiki (Pest Information Wiki) @ https://wiki.pestinfo.org/wiki/File:Raffaelea_lauricola_PaDIL141003a.jpg; CC BY 3.0 Australia, via Plant Health Australia @ https://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/pests/laurel-wilt/; via Harringtonia lauricola page of Pestinfo-Wiki (Pest Information Wiki) @ https://wiki.pestinfo.org/wiki/Harringtonia_lauricola#; CC BY 3.0 AU, via OpenMedia @ https://species-id.net/openmedia/File:Raffaelea_lauricola_PaDIL141003a.jpg; Andrew Geering, DEEDI, via PaDIL @ https://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/pest/141003

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Johnson, C.W.; R.O. Olantinwo; J. Hwang; and C. Brownie. January 2023. "Efficacy of Propiconazole for Prevention of Sassafras Mortality from Laurel Wilt Disease Using a Tree Micro-Injection and Micro-Infusion Delivery System." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(1):2-15.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Earth and Space News

Saturday, January 7, 2023

Propiconazole Infusions and Injections Arrest Laurel Wilt in Sassafras

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