Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses

Summary: An article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry November 2019 analyzes urban tree responses to structural growing media versus supported pavement treatments.

Study 2, a four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media which began at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in 2014, entailed six treatments, including StrataCell™ modules: Bartlett Tree Experts @bartletttreeexperts, via Facebook July 24, 2014

The article Comparison of Tree Responses to Different Soil Treatments Under Concrete Pavement, for Arboriculture & Urban Forestry November 2019, addresses urban trees rooted in structural growing media versus supported pavement treatments.

Supported pavement structural systems bridge lightly compacted soils and bring pedestrian and vehicle loads on pavement away from the top soil layer and into the subsoil. Structural growing media soil mixes can compact sufficiently to constitute subbases for pavement that carries pedestrian and vehicle weights and that conduces to tree root growth. The fully compactable Cornell Mix, first gravel-based structural soil (GBSS), displayed 30 percent void space, 0.8-inch (1.9-centimeter) diameter crushed gravel and 20 percent clay loam soil.

Structural growing media embrace nutrient and water-porous expanded slate (ES) as gravel substitutes and rooftop garden components and sand-based structural soil (SBSS) as controlled-gradation loamy sand.

The co-authors figure load-bearing SBSS like non-load-bearing soil formulated for Amsterdam, New York, at 70 to 80 percent of maximum soil density on Proctor compaction tests.

Co-authors Kelby Fite, E. Thomas Smiley and James Urban give GBSS and supported pavement treatments as generating about 20 and 90 percent of volume for soil. They had as research goal comparative tree growth and health in limited soil volumes of structural growing media under concrete pavement or of supported pavement treatments. Ninety cherries (Prunus serrulata 'Snowgoose'), elms (Ulmus parvifolia 'Bosque') and magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora 'Little Gem') inhabited 90 1.97-foot- (0.6-meter-) deep, 9.84-foot- (3-meter-) long and wide blocks.

No tree roots journeyed past Biobarrier™ around, and Typar™ 3301 geotextile below, compacted control, ES, expanded slate structural soil (ESSS), GBSS and supported pavement treatment sides.

Thirty-six 1.64-foot- (0.5-meter-) deep, 4.92-foot- (1.5-meter-) long and wide compacted control, GBSS, open control, SBSS, Silva Cells™ and Stratacells™ treatments kept Study 2 tuliptrees (Liriodendron chinense).

Supported pavement treatments logged significantly higher visually rated foliage color, 2004-2012, and the largest trees, with ESSS the smallest, with Study 1's end Oct. 23-25, 2017. Color ratings as marked by Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings manifested yearly variations, without any significant differences, among the five concrete-covered Study 1 treatment systems. Open controls, Silva Cells™ and Stratacells™ netted Study 2's greatest caliper, height and spread measurements for 2016-2017 and highest foliar color ratings in mean SPAD readings.

Compacted control, GBSS and SBSS treatments; Silva Cells™; and Silva Cells™ and Stratacells™ obtained fewest large-rooted, lowest-measured growth; longest pavement-parallel root growth; and deepest root growths.

Study 1 and Study 2 present the greatest tree growth and health in low-density, non-compacted soil media treatments under supported pavement or with open soil surfaces.

Few but large-diameter roots, water retention and low inter-stone spaces queued up Study 1's great GBSS concrete cracking, high ES mortality and low ESSS growth rates. High-moisture compacted soil and low-moisture SBSS realized Study 2's lowest root development and, with compacted control treatments, the significantly less subsidence of soil without heavy compaction. One Urban Trees + Soil researcher and two Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories researchers suggest no best-product low-density subpavement soils that support loads away from growing media.

Low-density soils beneath supported pavement systems tend to self-compact and trigger subsidence and pavement-bottom and soil-surface gaps where unwelcome urban wildlife such as treacherous snakes translocate.

StrataCell™ modules, developed and patented globally by Citygreen® Systems, were one of six treatments used in Study 2's four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories: Citygreen @Citygreen Systems, via Facebook Nov. 5, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Study 2, a four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media which began at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in 2014, entailed six treatments, including StrataCell™ modules: Bartlett Tree Experts @bartletttreeexperts, via Facebook July 24, 2014, @ https://www.facebook.com/bartletttreeexperts/posts/10152358154823842

StrataCell™ modules, developed and patented globally by Citygreen® Systems, were one of six treatments used in Study 2's four-year study of supported pavement versus structural growing media at Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories: Citygreen @Citygreen Systems, via Facebook Nov. 5, 2013, @ https://www.facebook.com/CitygreenSystems/photos/a.531815533578601/541849042575250/

For further information:

Bartlett Tree Experts @bartletttreeexperts. 24 July 2014. "We recently began construction on a new urban soils research plot at our Research Labs in Charlotte, NC. We will be looking at root and tree growth in different soil mixes or structures under pavement. Plots will include compacted soil, sand-based structural soil, gravel-based structural soil, Silva Cells and Strata Cells. We are looking forward to learning more from this research, spearheaded by our own Dr. Tom Smiley!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/bartletttreeexperts/posts/10152358154823842

Citygreen @Citygreen Systems. 5 November 2013. " / Strata Cell Advantages / StrataCell modules assemble form an interconnected matrix, so applied loads are shared evenly and lateral strength maximized. http://hub.am/1a5U90H." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/CitygreenSystems/photos/a.531815533578601/541849042575250/

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Smiley, E. Thomas; James Urban; and Kelby Fite. November 2019. "Comparison of Tree Responses to Different Soil Treatments Under Concrete Pavement." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): 303-314.

Ajanta Cave 28: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: Ajanta cave 28 assumes less advanced and ancient aspects among Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year in central-west India.

Ajanta Cave 28 is sited at the westernmost end (upper left) of the Ajanta Caves complex; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, west-central India; Saturday, Sep. 24, 2011, 19:47: Deviprasad, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, Wikimedia Commons

Ajanta cave 28 acts as a pillared veranda unattached to any accommodations and avails none of the world-acclaimed Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year of European access in Maharashtra.

Perhaps military and political battles between Asmaka kings and Satavahana dynasty Emperor Harishena's two sons, from 477 to 500, barred itinerant artisans building beyond the veranda. Itinerant artisans commenced constructing Ajanta cave 28 during the second building phase, 1,300 to 1,600 years ago, in the 1,300- to 2,300-year-old, 30-cavern Ajanta Caves complex. They designed Ajanta cave 28 as a covered, pillared veranda to dormitory cells for Waghora (from Sanskrit व्याघ्र, "tiger") River bend glen artisans, merchants and monks.

Itinerant artisans in the northwestern extension of the Sahyadri (from Sanskrit सह्याद्रि, "benevolent") Hills excavated Ajanta cave 28 from volcanic basalt rock downward, outward and sideward.

One window each fits between the left wall and leftmost pillar, that pillar and the next, and that second leftmost and the cave façade middle pillar.

One window each goes between the right wall and rightmost pillar, that pillar and the next, and that second rightmost and the cave façade middle pillar. The Ajanta cave 28 façade perhaps had, or not, a lattice wood screen over each of its windows and a wood door in its exterior entrance. It invited its itinerant artisans over rough sculpted floors, past rough sculpted walls and under rough sculpted ceilings within an incomplete veranda for an unexcavated monastery.

Ajanta cave 28 juggles amorphous, dark interiors without crisp edges or straight lines in the 200th anniversary year of European access to Ajanta cave wall paintings.

Ajanta cave 28 knows the last position on the horseshoe-shaped, 1,968.5-foot- (600-meter-) long loop of the Ajanta Caves from its eastern entry to its western end.

Numbering systems look at physical location, except for Ajanta caves 15A/30 and 29, from the eastern, upper end, not at construction sequence or European discovery date. Walking paths, made since the first known European access April 28, 1819, move tourists from the Archaeological Survey of India on-site offices to the Ajanta Caves. They negotiate tourists directly past, or indirectly through the first of three Waghora River bend glen bridges and walking paths to, Ajanta Caves 1 through 29.

Ajanta cave 28 offers for tourists perhaps the least altered organization of surrounding natural space in the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings.

Ajanta cave 28 preserves the only veranda without chaitya (from Sanskrit चैत्य, "funeral mound, pedestal, pile") prayer halls or vihara (from Sanskrit विहार, "walking [hall]") monasteries.

The unexcavated monastery cells for the Ajanta cave 28 veranda perhaps queue up with such simpler known floor plans as Ajanta caves 8, 21 and 27. All vihara monastery caves, bigger or smaller, less or more ancient as respectively second-phase and first-phase excavations, reveal two stone-sculpted beds with stone-sculpted pillows per cell. Sleep-over artisans, merchants and monks spent non-sleeping segments in chaitya caves to see and study painted, sculpted stories and symbols about Buddha (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened").

Ajanta cave 28, because of its incompleteness and remoteness, takes in no tourists of Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year of European access.

closeup of Ajanta Cave 28, an unfinished vihara cave at the westernmost end of the Ajanta Caves complex; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, west-central India; Wikimedia Commons detail of Saturday, Sep. 24, 2011, image created Thursday, Oct. 26, 2017, via UploadWizard: Deviprasad, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Ajanta Cave 28 is sited at the westernmost end (upper left) of the Ajanta Caves complex; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, west-central India; Saturday, Sep. 24, 2011, 19:47: Deviprasad, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ajanta_caves_from_a_distance.JPG

closeup of Ajanta Cave 28, an unfinished vihara cave at the westernmost end of the Ajanta Caves complex; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, west-central India; Wikimedia Commons detail of Saturday, Sep. 24, 2011, image created Thursday, Oct. 26, 2017, via UploadWizard: Deviprasad, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ajanta_Cave_28_exterior.jpg

For further information:

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Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2019. "Ajanta Cave 5: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2019. "Ajanta Cave 4: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 22." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 20." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 23: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 21: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 15: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 7." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2019. "Mandana Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2019. "Warli Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/warli-wall-paintings-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 11." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2019. "Ajanta Cave 6: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 18." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_2.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2019. "Ajanta Cave 25: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/ajanta-cave-25-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh Achieved at An Quang the Aims of Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-achieved-at-quang-aims.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2019. "Engaged Buddhism of Thich Nhat Hanh Allies With Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/engaged-buddhism-of-thich-nhat-hanh.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Parallax Press and Ajanta Cave 17.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, La Boi and Ajanta Cave 16 Ace Outstanding Inner Peace.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-la-boi-and-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Van Hanh and Ajanta Cave 1.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at-van.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2019. “Indra's Net Affects Thich Nhat Hanh, Phap Van and Ajanta Cave 2.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/indras-net-affects-thich-nhat-hanh-phap.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Phuong Boi and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-phuong.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Stream Entering Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-stream-entering.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Thai Plum Village and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-thai-plum-village-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, AIAB Hong Kong and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-aiab-hong-kong-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, EIAB Germany and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-eiab-germany-and-ajanta.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Deer Park Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-deer-park-monastery-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Blue Cliff Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-blue-cliff-monastery.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Plum Village Tradition and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-plum-village-tradition.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 13.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 12.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 8.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 15A/30.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_1.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Pithora Wall Art.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 29.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 26 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-26-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 19 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-19-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings in Ajanta Cave 9.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2019. “Ancient Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Inscriptions in Ajanta Cave 10.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2019. “Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings Ailing at World Heritage Centre Site.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Sir John Herschel Made Three Observations of the Bow Tie Nebula NGC 40

Summary: John Herschel made three observations of the Bow Tie Nebula NGC 40, the planetary nebula discovered Nov. 25, 1788, by his father, William Herschel.

On Dec. 20, 1829, English polymath Sir John Herschel made his first of three observations of NGC 40, a planetary nebula in constellation Cepheus discovered by his father, Uranus discoverer Sir William Herschel, Nov. 25, 1788; 1829 miniature watercolor of John Herschel by Swiss portrait painter Alfred Edward Chalon, painted as complement to portrait of Margaret Brodie Stewart (Aug. 16, 1810-Aug. 3, 1884) for their marriage March 3, 1829: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Sir John Herschel made three observations of the Bow Tie Nebula NGC 40, a planetary nebula in Cepheus the King constellation discovered Nov. 25, 1788, by his father, Sir William Herschel.

German-British astronomer and composer Sir Frederick William Herschel (Nov. 15, 1738-Aug. 25, 1822) discovered NGC 40 seven years eight-plus months after his March 13, 1781, discovery of Uranus, the solar system’s seventh planet. Sir William made his discovery of NGC 40 at his last residence, known as Observatory House, in Slough, Royal County of Berkshire, South East England.

Sir William’s discovery of NGC 40 appears in his Catalogue of a Second Thousand of New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, published in 1789. The discovery is entered as number 58 in the category of "IV. Fourth claſs. Planetary nebulae.”

Sir William’s only child, English polymath Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (March 7, 1792-May 11, 1871), shared his father’s interest in astronomy. In 1852, Sir John named the four then-known moons of his father’s planet: Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon.

In 1833, Sir John published Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Made at Slough, With a Twenty-Feet Reflector, Between the Years 1825 and 1833. The astronomical catalogue comprised his and his father’s observations. He arranged the catalogue’s entries “in order of right ascension,” the celestial equivalent of terrestrial longitude.

Sir William’s Cepheid planetary nebula appears as entry number 8 in Sir John’s 1833 publication. Sir William’s designation for his discovery, IV-58, is given as the synonym for entry number 8. Sir John noted three observations of his entry number 8.

The observations were made during sweeps 228, 378 and 380. Sweep 228 occurred Dec. 20, 1829. Sweep 378 took place Oct. 29, 1831. On Nov. 2, 1831, Sir John conducted sweep 380. Sir William and Sir John referred to their telescopic surveys of the sky as “sweeps of the heavens.”

Sir John began entry number 8 with details from sweep 378 (Oct. 29, 1831), which occurred chronologically as the second of his three observations. He described his observation of IV-58 as: “A * 10 m with strong neb atmosph 15” diameter. Exactly R and p suddenly fading away makes a D * class 5 with a * preceding.” His description translates as: “A star of the 10th magnitude with strong nebulous atmosphere, diameter of 15 arc seconds. Exactly round and pretty, suddenly fading away, makes a class 5 double star with a preceding star.”

The second set of details for entry number 8 came from sweep 380 (Nov. 2, 1831), which was actually the third, or most recent, of his three observations. His second observation remarked: “The L * of a D * strongly affected with a neb burr. Pos 241°^.4; △ AR = 25^s; 10 and 12 m.” His description translates as: “The large star of a double star strongly affected with a nebulous burr. Angle of position measured 241°^.4 by the micrometer; right ascension 25 seconds. 10th and 12th magnitude.”

Sweep 228 (Dec. 20, 1829), which chronologically marked Sir John’s first sighting of IV-58, supplied the third set of details for entry number 8. Sir John noted: “A star 11 m with a luminous atm 30 or 40” diam.” His description translates as: “A star of the 11th magnitude with a luminous atmosphere, diameter of 30 or 40 arcseconds.”

In 1865, Sir John published Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. The catalogue’s entry number 20 links with his 1833 catalogue’s entry number 8 and with Sir William’s IV-58 entry. He constructed his descriptions in the 1865 catalogue by assembling and comparing all observations and remarks given in his and his father’s catalogues. Sir John’s composite description of object IV-58 derived from his father’s sole discovery observation and from Sir John’s three observations.

Entry number 20 bears the composite description: “vF; vS; R; vsmbM *10; *12 241°^.4; 25^s.” The description translates as: “Very faint; very small; round; very suddenly much brighter in the middle, star of the 10th magnitude; star of the 12th magnitude, micrometrically measured 241°.4; 25 seconds.”

Sir William’s IV-58 and Sir John’s synonymous entries are now known as NGC 40. Danish-Irish astronomer John Louis Emil Dreyer (Feb. 13, 1852-Sept. 14, 1926) published A New General Catalogue in 1888 as a compilation of discoveries and observations by the father-and-son Herschels; Sir William’s sister Caroline (March 16, 1750-Jan. 9, 1848); and other observational astronomers.

The takeaway for Sir John Herschel’s three observations of the Bow Tie Nebula NGC 40 is that the English polymath’s observations revisited the Cepheid planetary nebula discovered Nov. 25, 1785, by his father, Uranus discoverer Sir William Herschel.

Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 (Wide Field Planetary Camera 2) color image of NGC 40 (lower left), with the planetary nebula's central star; RA 00:12:56.42, DEC 72:31:37.0; Nov. 10, 1995; image NGC40 (color) WFPC2 f814w/f555w PC1 06119_01: HLA (Hubble Legacy Archive), via HLA-STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

On Dec. 20, 1829, English polymath Sir John Herschel made his first of three observations of NGC 40, a planetary nebula in constellation Cepheus discovered by his father, Uranus discoverer Sir William Herschel, Nov. 25, 1788; 1829 miniature watercolor of John Herschel by Swiss portrait painter Alfred Edward Chalon, painted as complement to portrait of Margaret Brodie Stewart (Aug. 16, 1810-Aug. 3, 1884) for their marriage March 3, 1829: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Herschel00.jpg

Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 (Wide Field Planetary Camera 2) color image of NGC 40 (lower left), with the planetary nebula's central star; RA 00:12:56.42, DEC 72:31:37.0; Nov. 10, 1995;  image NGC40 (color) WFPC2 f814w/f555w PC1 06119_01: HLA (Hubble Legacy Archive), via HLA-STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute) @ http://hla.stsci.edu/hlaview.html#Inventory|filterText%3D%24filterTypes%3D|query_string=ngc%2040

For further information:

Bratton, Mark. The Complete Guide to the Herschel Objects: Sir William Herschel’s Star Clusters, Nebulae and Galaxies. Cambridge UK; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia; Madrid, Spain; Cape Town, South Africa; Singapore; São Paulo, Brazil; Delhi, India; Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City, Mexico: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Dreyer, J.L.E. (John Louis Emil). “No. 40.” In: “A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Being the Catalogue of the Late Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart., Revised, Corrected, and Enlarged.” Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. XLIX, part I: 15. London, England: Royal Astronomical Society, 1888.
Available @ https://ia800501.us.archive.org/14/items/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich.pdf
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435078053089?urlappend=%3Bseq=21

Dreyer, J.L.E. (John Louis Emil). “A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Being the Catalogue of the Late Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart., Revised, Corrected, and Enlarged.” Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. XLIX, part I. London, England: Royal Astronomical Society, 1888.
Available @ https://ia800501.us.archive.org/14/items/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich.pdf
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435078053089

Dreyer, J.L.E. (John Louis Emil). “A Supplement to Sir John Herschel’s ‘General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars.’ (Read February 26, 1877.).” The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. XXVI (March 1878). Dublin, Ireland: Royal Irish Academy, 1878.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/supplementtosirj00dreyrich/

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. Received October 16, -- Read November 19, 1863.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year MDCCCLXIV [1864]. Vol. 154: 1-137. London, England: Taylor and Francis, MDCCCLXV (1865).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (Natural History Museum Library, London) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54093164
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108864

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “No. 8.” In: “Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Made at Slough, With a Twenty-Feet Reflector, Between the Years 1825 and 1833. Received July 1, -- Read November 21, 1833.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 123 (1833): 365.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108003?seq=7#metadata_info_tab_contents

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “No. of Catalogue: 20.” In: “Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. Received October 16, -- Read November 19, 1863.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year MDCCCLXIV [1864]. Vol. 154: 46. London, England: Taylor and Francis, MDCCCLXV (1865).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (Natural History Museum Library, London) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54093209
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108864?seq=46#metadata_info_tab_contents

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Made at Slough, With a Twenty-Feet Reflector, Between the Years 1825 and 1833. Received July 1, -- Read November 21, 1833.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 123 (1833): 359-505.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108003

Herschel, Sir John F.W. (Frederick William). Results of Astronomical Observations Made During the Years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope: Being the Completion of a Telescopic Survey of the Whole Surface of the Visible Heavens, Commenced in 1825. London, England: Smith, Elder and Co., 1847.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/resultsofastrono00hers/

Herschel, Sir John F.W. (Frederick William). “Synoptic Table of the Dates of the Sweeps.” In: Results of Astronomical Observations Made During the Years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope: Being the Completion of a Telescopic Survey of the Whole Surface of the Visible Heavens, Commenced in 1825: 130-131. London, England: Smith, Elder and Co., 1847.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/resultsofastrono00hers/page/130

Herschel, William. “IV. 58.” In: “Catalogue of a Second Thousand of New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; With a Few Introductory Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens. Read June 11, 1789.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. LXXIX, part II (1789): 248. London, England: Lockyer Davis and Peter Elmsly, Printers to The Royal Society, MDCCLXXXIX.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51828778
Available via JSTOR @https://www.jstor.org/stable/106695

Herschel, William. “IV-64.” In: “Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, Planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens. Read July 1, 1802.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year MDCCCII [1802] [vol. 92], part II: 520. London, England: W. Bulmer and Co., MDCCCII.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Libraries) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49130839
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (University of Toronto -- Robarts Library) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22894708
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/107131

Herschel, William. “Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, Planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens. Read July 1, 1802.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year MDCCCII [1802] [vol. 92], part II: 477-528. London, England: W. Bulmer and Co., MDCCCII.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Libraries) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49130796
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (University of Toronto -- Robarts Library) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22894665
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/107131

Herschel, William. “Catalogue of a Second Thousand of New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; With a Few Introductory Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens. Read June 11, 1789.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. LXXIX, part II (1789): 212-255. London, England: Lockyer Davis and Peter Elmsly, Printers to The Royal Society, MDCCLXXXIX.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51828742
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/106695

Herschel, William. “Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. Read April 27, 1786.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. LXXVI, part II (1786): 457-499. London, England: Lockyer Davis and Peter Elmsly, Printers to The Royal Society, MDCCLXXXVI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48283813
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/106639

Lassell, W. (William). “Beobachtungen der Uranus-Satelliten.” Astronomische Nachrichten, vol. 34 (vier und dreissigster band), no. 812: 325-328. June 1852.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1852AN.....34..325.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951000600709p?urlappend=%3Bseq=183

Marriner, Derdriu. “Bow Tie Nebula NGC 40 Is a Planetary Nebula in Constellation Cepheus.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 6, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/bow-tie-nebula-ngc-40-is-planetary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Globular Cluster NGC 5634 Lies Midway Between Iota and Mu Virginis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 27, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/globular-cluster-ngc-5634-lies-midway.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herschel Crater Hosts Eight Satellites in South Central Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/herschel-crater-hosts-eight-satellites.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Crater Herschel Honors German-British Astronomer William Herschel." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/lunar-crater-herschel-honors-german.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Star Hopping Between Gamma Cassiopeiae and Gamma Cephei Locates NGC 40." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 13, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/star-hopping-between-gamma-cassiopeiae.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Uranus the Blue Green Ice Giant: Sideways Seventh Planet From the Sun.” Earth and Space News. Friday, March 13, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/03/uranus-blue-green-ice-giant-sideways.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Uranus Discovery 234 Years Ago on March 13, 1781, by Sir William Herschel.” Earth and Space News. Friday, March 13, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/03/uranus-discovery-234-years-ago-on-march.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “William Herschel Discovered Bow Tie Nebula NGC 40 Nov. 25, 1788.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 20, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/william-herschel-discovered-bow-tie.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “William Herschel Discovered NGC 665 and NGC 673 Sept. 4, 1786.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 28, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/william-herschel-discovered-lenticular.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “William Herschel Discovered NGC 6818, Little Gem Nebula, Aug. 8, 1787.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/william-herschel-discovered-ngc-6818.html

Mullaney, James. The Herschel Objects and How to Observe Them. AST Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York NY: Springer Science+Business Media LLC, 2007.

Mullaney, James; Wil Tirion. The Cambridge Atlas of Herschel Objects. Cambridge, England; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia; Madrid, Spain; Cape Town, South Africa; Singapore; São Paulo, Brazil; Delhi, India; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City: Mexico: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

O’Meara, Steve. Herschel 400 Observing Guide: How to Find and Explore 400 Star Clusters, Nebulae, and Galaxies Discovered by William and Caroline Herschel. Cambridge, England; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia; Madrid, Spain; Cape Town, South Africa; Singapore; São Paulo, Brazil: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Steinicke, Wolfgang. “’Historic WH’ Columns.” Astronomie-Homepage von Wolfgang Steinicke > Current Matters: Historic WH > Discovery and Cataloguing of Nebulae and Star Clusters > 2. Historical Catalogues: W. Herschel: Historic WH > “Historic WH” -- Explanation. Jan. 14, 2018.
Available @ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/Expl_Hist_WH.htm

Steinicke, Wolfgang. Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue. Jan. 14, 2018.
Available @ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/rev2000/Explan.htm#3.2