Greenland Sleeper Shark Natural History Illustrations and Photographs

Summary: Icelanders and Greenland sleeper shark natural history illustrations respectively know all about kæstur hákarl and little of live specimens' life cycles.

(center left) "Fig. 5 The eye of the Greenland Shark." (lower left) "Fig. 3. Greenland Shark, 12 1/2 Feet in Length." (lower right) "Fig. 4 Underside View of the Greenland Shark." (lower center) "Scale, 3/8ths of an Inch to a Foot." (bottom left) "Drawn by W. Scoresby Jun." (bottom right) "W. & D. Lizars Sculpt."
Illustrations of the Greenland sleeper shark, under synonym Squalus borealis, by British Anglican clergyman, Arctic explorer, scientist and whaler William Scoresby (Oct. 5, 1789-March 21, 1857) include parasitic copepod Ommatokoita elongata attached to the Greenland shark's eye; W. Scoresby, An Account of the Arctic Regions, with a History and Description of the northern Whale-Fishery (1820), vol. II, Plate XV: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Greenland sleeper shark natural history illustrations and photographs act as artistic analyses of behavioral patterns, distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances of sea fishes that Icelanders appreciate as fermented shark meat.

Greenland sleeper sharks, preferentially of all sleeper shark species, become kæstur hákarl ("fermented shark" meat) through a violent beating away of bodily fluids and temporary burial. They carry as common names gray, ground and gurry sharks for body color, feeding niches and scavenging preferences and sleeper sharks for slow, sluggish swimming styles. The scientific name Somniosus microcephalus describes the Squaliformes shark order member's "sleepy, little head," due to docile deportment around parasitic copepods, potential prey and predatory fishers.

Scientific explanations by Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723-Aug. 6, 1799) and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider (Jan. 18, 1750-Jan. 12, 1822) encourage Greenland sleeper shark natural history illustrations.

Greenland sleeper shark natural history illustrations since 1801, photographs since 1995 and videos since 2003 furnish few and far-between facts concerning frequenters of cold, remote depths.

Bloch and Schneider gave the general distribution ranges of their Greenland sleeper shark specimen of undescribed provenance as Habitat in mari glaciali ("Habitat in glacial seas"). Distribution maps in the 21st century have Greenland sleeper sharks in the Arctic Ocean off northeastern Canada, northeastern and northwestern Greenland, northeastern Norway and northwestern Russia. They include the North Atlantic ocean off eastern Canada, the eastern United States through Massachusetts, eastern Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom and Europe from France through Norway.

Greenland sleeper shark natural history illustrations and photographs sometimes jumble food chains into the Somniosidae family members' journeys between continental shelves and slopes and inshore zones.

distribution map for Greenland sleeper shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Chris_huh, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Greenland sleeper shark distribution ranges keep closer to brackish and shallow ocean water surfaces during winter's decreasing temperatures and to ocean floors during summer's rising temperatures.

Their life cycles lead Greenland sleeper sharks to depths 7,217.85 feet (2,200 meters) below the surface and to temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius). Greenland sleeper sharks mix deep-water, low-profile, summertime and fall movements between July and September and fall, wintertime and springtime high-profile, near-surface movements between October and May. They need amphipods, brittle stars, capelins, chars, crabs, eels, haddock, halibuts, herring, jellyfishes, lumpfishes, narwhals, redfishes, salmon, sculpins, seabirds, seals, skate, snails, squid, urchins and wolfishes.

Greenland sleeper shark natural history illustrations and photographs offer blue-, brown-, purple-gray 11- to 21-foot- (3.35- to 6.40-meter-) long, 1,543.24- to 2,248.72-pound (700- to 1,020-kilogram) bodies.

Physically and sexually mature females, possibly 150 years old or more, produce generally, maximally or minimally 10 live-birthed 14- to 17-inch- (3.56- to 43.18-centimeter-) long embryos.

Blunt-snouted, cone-headed, suctoral-mouthed, torpedo-bodied adults queue up 48- to 53-cusped lower jaws, paddle-like pectoral fins, ridged tail fins, small gill slits and two spineless dorsal fins. Breeding and birthing behaviors and months remain as mysterious as navigation and predation, despite cornea-attached, cornea-damaging, vision-destructive Ommatokoita elongata parasites, through olfactory openings and sound detection. Annual 0.19- to 0.39-inch (0.5- to 1-centimeter) growth rates and radiocarbon-dated eye lens crystals suggest 272- to 512-year-old Greenland specimens as the world's longest-lived, second-largest shark.

Photographs and publications, not Greenland sleeper shark natural history illustrations, respectively treat transformations into kæstur hákarl and buoyancy and deep-water tolerances through trimethylamine N-oxide and urea.

"1600 lb. Greenland Shark in Workshop. Mounted by F.B. Webster and assistants," Plate 16, in Frank Blake Webster, ed., Results in Taxidermy, Illustrated by 140 Half-Tone Reproductions from Photographs of Specimens Mounted 1867 to 1905 (Published by Sarah Shaw Webster; Boston, MA: The Marsh Press, 1905; Plate 16). George Edwin Browne (Nov. 23, 1846-Jan. 15, 1908) and Walter Reaves Zappey (May 6, 1878-Feb. 20, 1914) assisted American ornithological publisher, taxidermist and naturalists' supply dealer Frank Blake Webster (June 16, 1850–Nov. 6, 1922) in the Frank Blake Webster Company's workshop, which was established in 1888; "Practically all Work Represented Executed by George E. Browne, 44 years’ experience; Frank B. Webster, 38 years’ experience; Walter R. Zappey, 9 years’ experience. Exceptions credited under plates," according to note by F.B. Webster on the second page of "Index to Plates" (https://archive.org/details/resultsintaxider00webs/page/n8/mode/1up). : The Library of Congress, The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item, via Internet Archive

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

(center left) "Fig. 5 The eye of the Greenland Shark." (lower left) "Fig. 3. Greenland Shark, 12 1/2 Feet in Length." (lower right) "Fig. 4 Underside View of the Greenland Shark." (lower center) "Scale, 3/8ths of an Inch to a Foot." (bottom left) "Drawn by W. Scoresby Jun." (bottom right) "W. & D. Lizars Sculpt."
Illustrations of the Greenland sleeper shark, under synonym Squalus borealis, by British Anglican clergyman, Arctic explorer, scientist and whaler William Scoresby (Oct. 5, 1789-March 21, 1857) include parasitic copepod Ommatokoita elongata attached to the Greenland shark's eye; W. Scoresby, An Account of the Arctic Regions, with a History and Description of the northern Whale-Fishery (1820), vol. II, Plate XV: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9722230;
Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/accountofarcticr02scor/page/n608/mode/1up;
"Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)," via Shark References @ https://shark-references.com/species/view/Somniosus-microcephalus;
"Squalus borealis Scoresby, 1820," via GBIF @ https://www.gbif.org/species/5216450

distribution map for Greenland sleeper shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Chris_huh, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somniosus_microcephalus_distmap.png

"1600 lb. Greenland Shark in Workshop. Mounted by F.B. Webster and assistants," Plate 16, in Frank Blake Webster, ed., Results in Taxidermy, Illustrated by 140 Half-Tone Reproductions from Photographs of Specimens Mounted 1867 to 1905 (Published by Sarah Shaw Webster; Boston, MA: The Marsh Press, 1905; Plate 16). George Edwin Browne (Nov. 23, 1846-Jan. 15, 1908) and Walter Reaves Zappey (May 6, 1878-Feb. 20, 1914) assisted American ornithological publisher, taxidermist and naturalists' supply dealer Frank Blake Webster (June 16, 1850–Nov. 6, 1922) in the Frank Blake Webster Company's workshop, which was established in 1888; "Practically all Work Represented Executed by George E. Browne, 44 years’ experience; Frank B. Webster, 38 years’ experience; Walter R. Zappey, 9 years’ experience. Exceptions credited under plates," according to note by F.B. Webster on the second page of "Index to Plates" (https://archive.org/details/resultsintaxider00webs/page/n8/mode/1up). : The Library of Congress, The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/resultsintaxider00webs/page/n24/mode/1up;
The Library of Congress, The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57994996;
Library of Congress, The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse, via Library of Congress @ https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.resultsintaxider00webs/?sp=25;
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taxidermied_Greenland_shark.jpg

For further information:

Benz, George W. "Greenland Shark Somniosus microcephalus." In: Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, Paul V. Loiselle and Neil Schlager, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 4, Fishes I: 156-157. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Blochii, M.E.; Jo. Gottlob Schneider. 1801. "29. [Squalus] microcephalus." Systema Ichthyologiae Iconibus ex Illustratum. Post Obitum Auctoris Opus Inchoatum Absolvit, Correxit, Interpolavit: 135. Berolini [Berlin, Germany]: Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5475232
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/meblochiidoctori00bloc#page/135/mode/1up