Uranian Moon Rosalind Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986

Summary: Uranian moon Rosalind was discovered in images taken Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U4, with inserted circle and label as Rosalind: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Uranian moon Rosalind was discovered in images acquired Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Rosalind belongs to the group of 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the interstellar robotic spacecraft's flyby of cyan-colored, side-spinning ice giant Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. The space probe provided the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Voyager Science Imaging Team with more than 7,000 photographs, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

Discoveries of three satellites via Voyager 2 images obtained Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, were noted in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discovery information was reported by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the fourth new satellite of Uranus discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Rosalind was given the provisional designation of S/1986 U4, according to the announcement in the circular published by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Rosalind was described with a revolution period of 13.41 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 69,920 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 30 kilometers.

The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 30 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 30 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemic designation Uranus XV, abbreviated UXV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.

Rosalind shared its discovery date with two other Uranian satellites, yet-unnamed Belinda and Desdemona. The provisional designation of S/1986 U4 recognized Rosalind as the fourth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and credited it as the trio's first discoveree. Discerned as the trio's second discoveree and as the fifth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, Belinda was designated provisionally as S/1986 U5. Desdemona's provisional designation of S/1986 U6 qualified it as the sixth Uranian satellite discovery in 1986 and as the trio's third discoveree.

The Voyager 2 space probe features a two-camera system composed of a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm) and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 millimeters. As with all 10 Voyager 2-discovered Uranian satellites, the Jan. 13 trio of discoverees was captured in 15.36-second exposures obtained by the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to William Mann Owen Jr. and Stephen P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (right; bottom edge) designation of Rosalind, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Rosalind classifies as an inner satellite in the Uranian system. The orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the Uranian system's five large moons, encloses the 13 Uranian inner satellites. Rosalind orbits between the ν (nu) and μ (mu) rings, the respectively second and first outermost Uranian rings.

Rosalind belongs to the nine-member Portia Group of Uranian satellites, as determined in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by the group's identifier and namer, Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona. Headed by and named for the group's largest member, the Portia Group also comprises Belinda (S/1986 U5), Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2) and Perdita (S/1986 U10). Similarities in orbits and photometric properties unite the Portia Group.

Findings of shared photometic properties among seven members of the Portia Group, in confirmation of Erich Karkoschka's definition of the group, were reported by French observatory scientist Christophe Dumas, American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist Bradford A. Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) and American simulation hypothesis supporter and Voyager mission scientist Richard J. (John) Terrile (born March 22, 1951) in "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck" (page 1083), published in the August 2003 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Belinda, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia and Rosalind evince a "nearly neutral response" at the wavelength range of 1.5 to 2.0 μm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, according to a multiband photometric analysis of images of the inner Uranian system obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS).

Rosalind distinguishes itself with a generally "quiescent" orbit, as reported by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Their investigations of orbital variations in the orbits of the Portia Group's members over a timescale of 100 to 1,000 years found a single instance of perturbation-induced variation, from "coupled behavior" with Belinda and Perdita, in Rosalind's orbit. Contrastingly, the domination of orbital eccentricity variations by interactions through dynamic linkages with one or two neighboring satellites characterize the other eight members of the Portia Group.

Rosalind's name links with the daughter of the exiled Duke in "As You Like It," the pastoral comedy first published in 1623 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name complies with the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union has distinguished 27 Uranian satellites with systemic Roman numeral designations I to XXVII. Rosalind is known as Uranus XIII, abbreviated as XIII.

Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U4, with inserted circle and label as Rosalind: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosalind.jpg

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (right; bottom edge) designation of Rosalind, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278; credits Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA: Public Domain, via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html; Permissions Content Use Policy (Public Domain), via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html

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