Uranian Moon Rosalind Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986

Summary: Uranian moon Rosalind was discovered in images taken Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U4, with inserted circle and label as Rosalind: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Uranian moon Rosalind was discovered in images acquired Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Rosalind belongs to the group of 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the interstellar robotic spacecraft's flyby of cyan-colored, side-spinning ice giant Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. The space probe provided the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Voyager Science Imaging Team with more than 7,000 photographs, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

Discoveries of three satellites via Voyager 2 images obtained Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, were noted in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discovery information was reported by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the fourth new satellite of Uranus discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Rosalind was given the provisional designation of S/1986 U4, according to the announcement in the circular published by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Rosalind was described with a revolution period of 13.41 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 69,920 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 30 kilometers.

The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 30 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 30 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemic designation Uranus XV, abbreviated UXV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.

Rosalind shared its discovery date with two other Uranian satellites, yet-unnamed Belinda and Desdemona. The provisional designation of S/1986 U4 recognized Rosalind as the fourth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and credited it as the trio's first discoveree. Discerned as the trio's second discoveree and as the fifth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, Belinda was designated provisionally as S/1986 U5. Desdemona's provisional designation of S/1986 U6 qualified it as the sixth Uranian satellite discovery in 1986 and as the trio's third discoveree.

The Voyager 2 space probe features a two-camera system composed of a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm) and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 millimeters. As with all 10 Voyager 2-discovered Uranian satellites, the Jan. 13 trio of discoverees was captured in 15.36-second exposures obtained by the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to William Mann Owen Jr. and Stephen P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (right; bottom edge) designation of Rosalind, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Rosalind classifies as an inner satellite in the Uranian system. The orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the Uranian system's five large moons, encloses the 13 Uranian inner satellites. Rosalind orbits between the ν (nu) and μ (mu) rings, the respectively second and first outermost Uranian rings.

Rosalind belongs to the nine-member Portia Group of Uranian satellites, as determined in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by the group's identifier and namer, Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona. Headed by and named for the group's largest member, the Portia Group also comprises Belinda (S/1986 U5), Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2) and Perdita (S/1986 U10). Similarities in orbits and photometric properties unite the Portia Group.

Findings of shared photometic properties among seven members of the Portia Group, in confirmation of Erich Karkoschka's definition of the group, were reported by French observatory scientist Christophe Dumas, American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist Bradford A. Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) and American simulation hypothesis supporter and Voyager mission scientist Richard J. (John) Terrile (born March 22, 1951) in "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck" (page 1083), published in the August 2003 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Belinda, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia and Rosalind evince a "nearly neutral response" at the wavelength range of 1.5 to 2.0 μm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, according to a multiband photometric analysis of images of the inner Uranian system obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS).

Rosalind distinguishes itself with a generally "quiescent" orbit, as reported by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Their investigations of orbital variations in the orbits of the Portia Group's members over a timescale of 100 to 1,000 years found a single instance of perturbation-induced variation, from "coupled behavior" with Belinda and Perdita, in Rosalind's orbit. Contrastingly, the domination of orbital eccentricity variations by interactions through dynamic linkages with one or two neighboring satellites characterize the other eight members of the Portia Group.

Rosalind's name links with the daughter of the exiled Duke in "As You Like It," the pastoral comedy first published in 1623 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name complies with the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union has distinguished 27 Uranian satellites with systemic Roman numeral designations I to XXVII. Rosalind is known as Uranus XIII, abbreviated as XIII.

Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U4, with inserted circle and label as Rosalind: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosalind.jpg

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (right; bottom edge) designation of Rosalind, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278; credits Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA: Public Domain, via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html; Permissions Content Use Policy (Public Domain), via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html

For further information:

Baisas, Laura. "Astronomers discover new moons orbiting Uranus and Neptune. The tiny satellites were spotted circling our solar system’s most far flung planets." Popular Science > Science > Space > Solar System > Moons. Feb. 26, 2024.
Available via Popular Science @ https://www.popsci.com/science/uranus-neptune-new-moons/

Bolles, Dana; and SMD (Science Mission Directorate) Team, eds. "Juliet." Our Solar System > Planets > Uranus > Moons > Facts > Unique Aspects > Juliet.
Available via NASA Science @ https://science.nasa.gov/uranus/moons/juliet/

Bolles, Dana; and SMD (Science Mission Directorate) Team. "Voyager 2: First to visit all four giant planets." NASA Science > Mission > Voyager 2.
Available via NASA Science @ https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-2/

Cady Coleman @Astro_Cady. "#OTD 1/3/1986: Using images the probe had taken, #Voyager2 scientist Steve Synnott discovered two of #Uranus's known moons: #Portia & #Juliet. https://theworld.org/stories/2017-01-01/why-moons-uranus-are-named-after-characters-shakespeare. New image: @NASAWebb @ESA_Webb @csa_asc #JWST #space #astronomy #planetaryscience." X (formerly Twitter). Jan. 3, 2024.
Available via X (formerly Twitter) @ https://twitter.com/Astro_Cady/status/1742597423199846693

Carnegie Science Earth & Planets Laboratory; and Scott S. Sheppard. "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced." Carnegie News > The Latest News > Breaking News. Feb. 23, 2024.
Available via Carnegie Science @ https://carnegiescience.edu/new-moons-uranus-and-neptune-announced

Cartwright, Richard J.; Chloe B. Beddingfield; Tom A. Nordheim; Catherine M. Elder; Julie C. Castillo-Rogez; Marc Neveu; Ali M. Bramson; Michael M. Sori; Bonnie J. Buratti; Robert T. Pappalardo; Joseph E. Roser; Ian J. Cohen; Erin J. Leonard; Anton I. Ermakov; Mark R. Showalter; William M. Grundy; Elizabeth P. Turtle; and Mark D. Hofstadter."The Science Case for Spacecraft Exploration of the Uranian Satellites: Candidate Ocean Worlds in an Ice Giant System." The Planetary Science Journal, vol. 2, no. 3 (June 2021): 120. DOI 10.3847/PSJ/abfe12.
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/abfe12

Dumas, Christophe; Bradford A. Smith; and Richard J. Terrile. "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck." The Astronomical Journal, vol. 126, no. 2 (Aug. 1, 2003): 1080-1085. DOI 10.1086/375909.
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/375909
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/375909/fulltext/
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/375909/pdf

Duncan, Martin J.; and Jack J. Lissauer. "Orbital Stability of the Uranian Satellite System." Icarus, vol. 125, issue 1 (January 1997): 1-12. DOI 10.1006/icar.1996.5568.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..125....1D/abstract
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103596955682

French, Richard G.; Rebekah I. Dawson; and Mark R. Showalter. "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites." The Astronomical Journal, vol. 149, no. 4 (April 2015): 142 (28 pages).
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/149/4/142
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/149/4/142/pdf

French, Robert S.; and Mark R. (Robert) Showalter. "Cupid is doomed: An analysis of the stability of the inner uranian satellites." Icarus, vol. 220, issue 2 (August 2012): 911-921. DOI 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.031. DOI 10.48550/arXiv.1408.2543
Available via arXiv @ https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.2543
Available via arXiv @ https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.2543.pdf
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Icar..220..911F/abstract
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103512002606

Green, Daniel W.E. "Brian Geoffrey Marsden (1937-2010)." The Observatory > Obituaries, vol. 131, no. 4 (April 2011): 108-109.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2011Obs...131..108G
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2011Obs...131..108G

Green, Daniel W.E. "S/1986 U 10." Harvard University Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams CBAT. International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 7171. May 18, 1999.
Available via CBAT @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07100/07171.html

Green, Daniel W.E. "Satellites of Uranus." Harvard University Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams CBAT. International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 8194. Sep. 3, 2003.
Available via CBAT @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08100/08194.html

Greicius, Tony; and Naomi Hartono. "Uranus Moon -- 1985U1." NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory > Images. June 21, 1999.
Available @ https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia01357-uranus-moon-1985u1

Hamilton, Calvin J. "Rosalind." Views of the Solar System > Image Index > Photos of Primary Targets > Uranus > Rosalind > Photo Archives: Rosalind.
Available @ https://solarviews.com/cap/uranus/portia.htm

Hamilton, Calvin J. "Rosalind." Views of the Solar System > Image Index > Photos of Primary Targets > Uranus > Rosalind > Photo Archives: Rosalind > Rosalind File #: uranus/rosalind.
Available @ https://solarviews.com/cap/uranus/rosalind.htm

Hamilton, Calvin J. "Rosalind Uranus XIII -- 1986U4." Views of the Solar System > Image Index > Photos of Primary Targets > Uranus > Rosalind > Photo Archives: Rosalind > Rosalind File #: uranus/rosalind > Related Document Rosalind.
Available @ https://solarviews.com/eng/rosalind.htm

International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). "Body: Uranus XI (Juliet). Description: Heroine of Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet. Date of Discovery: January 3, 1986. Discovery Location: Voyager 2. Discoverer: Voyager Science Team." IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets

International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). "Uranian System." IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets

Jacobson, R.A. (Robert A.). "The Orbits of the Inner Uranian Satellites from Hubble Space Telescope and Voyager 2 Observations." 1998. The Astronomical Journal, vol. 115, no. 3 (March 1998): 1195-1199.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....115.1195J/abstract
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/300263/pdf
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/300263
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/300263/pdf

Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "PIA01278: Hubble Tracks Clouds on Uranus." NASA JPL Photojournal. Image addition date 1999-05-21.
Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278

The John J. McCarthy Observatory. "Astronomical and Historical Events: 3rd History: Stephen Synnott discovers Uranus’ moons Juliet and Portia (1986)." Galactic Observer, vol. 8, no. 1 (January 2015): 14.
Available @ https://www.mccarthyobservatory.org/newsletters/jjmo_news_01_15.pdf

Karkoschka, Erich. "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope." Icarus, vol. 151, issue 1 (May 2001): 51-68. DOI 10.1006/icar.2001.6596.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..151...51K/abstract
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103501965960

Karkoschka, Erich. "Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites." Icarus, vol. 151, issue 1 (May 2001): 69-77. DOI 10.1006/icar.2001.6597.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..151...69K/abstract
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103501965972

Karkoschka, Erich (University of Arizona); and NASA. "Hubble Watches Uranus." NASA Hubblesite > News > News Releases. Release ID 1997-36. Release date Nov. 20, 1997 12:00AM (EST).
Available via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103501965972?via%3Dihub

Karkoschka, Erich (University of Arizona); and NASA. "Uranus, July 28,1997 (Annotated)." NASA Hubblesite > Media > Images. Release ID 1997-36. Release date Nov. 20, 1997 12:00AM (EST)
Available via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Caliban and Sycorax Orbit With Respectively Low and High Eccentricity." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 20, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/caliban-and-sycorax-orbit-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Gertrude Is Largest Known Crater on Largest Uranian Moon Titania." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 19, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/01/gertrude-is-largest-known-crater-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hamlet Is Largest Known Crater on Second Largest Uranian Moon Oberon." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 26, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/01/hamlet-is-largest-known-crater-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Margaret Was Discovered Aug. 29, 2003, as Ninth Uranian Irregular Moon." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, August 17, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/margaret-was-discovered-aug-29-2003-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Nine Uranian Irregular Moons Were Discovered Between 1997 and 2003." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 6, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/nine-uranian-irregular-moons-were.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Prospero, Setebos and Stephano Were Recovered May, June and August 2000." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 3, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/prospero-setebos-and-stephano-were.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Stuart Eves Credits William Herschel With Uranian Epsilon Ring in 1789." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/stuart-eves-credits-william-herschel.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Trinculo, Ferdinand and Francisco Were Discovered Aug. 13, 2001." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 10, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/trinculo-ferdinand-and-francisco-were.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Irregular Moons Caliban and Sycorax Were Discovered Sept. 6, 1997." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 13, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/uranian-irregular-moons-caliban-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Cressida Was Discovered Jan. 9, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 10, 2024.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Juliet Was Discovered Jan. 3, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 3, 2024.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Portia Was Discovered Jan. 3, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 26, 2024.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Puck Was Discovered Dec. 30, 1985, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 12, 2024.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moons Prospero, Setebos and Stephano Were Discovered July 1999." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 27, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/uranian-moons-prospero-setebos-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranus the Blue Green Ice Giant: Sideways Seventh Planet From the Sun." Earth and Space News. Friday, March 13, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/03/uranus-blue-green-ice-giant-sideways.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranus Discovery 234 Years Ago on March 13, 1781, by Sir William Herschel." Earth and Space News. Friday, March 13, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/03/uranus-discovery-234-years-ago-on-march.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Voyager 2 Images December 1985 to January 1986 Revealed 11 New Moons." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 5, 2024.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. "William Herschel Discovered First Two Uranian Moons on Jan. 11, 1787." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 12, 2011.
https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/01/william-herschel-discovered-first-two.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "William Herschel First Glimpsed Uranian Ring System on March 4, 1787." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 2, 2011.
https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/william-herschel-first-glimpsed-uranian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "William Herschel Observed Flattened Polar Regions on Uranian Disk." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 23, 2011.
https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/william-herschel-observed-flattened.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "William Herschel Saw Uranian Rings But Puzzling Views Created Doubt." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 9, 2011.
https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/william-herschel-saw-uranian-rings-but.html

Marsden, Brian G., ed. "Satellites and Rings of Uranus." Harvard University Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams CBAT. International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4168. Jan. 27, 1986.
Available via CBAT @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04100/04168.html#item1

Marsden, Brian G., ed. "Satellites of Uranus." Harvard University Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams CBAT. International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164. Jan. 16, 1986.
Available via CBAT @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04100/04164.html#Item1

Marsden, Brian G., ed. "Satellites of Uranus and Neptune." Harvard University Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams CBAT. International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4159. Jan. 9, 1986.
Available via CBAT @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04100/04159.html

Marsden, Brian G., ed. "Satellites of Uranus: Corrigendum." Harvard University Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams CBAT. International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165. Jan. 17, 1986.
Available via CBAT @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04100/04165.html#Item6

Munsell, Kirk, acting ed. "Uranus: Moons: Rosalind." NASA Solar System Exploration (SSE) > Planets > Uranus > Moons > 8. Rosalind.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20070801203825/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Ura_Rosalind

NASA Hubblesite. "Features in the Uranus System." NASA Hubblesite > Images > Hubble Heritage.
Available via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2005/33/1798-Image.html

NASA Hubblesite. "Newly Discovered Moons and Rings of Uranus (Annotated)." NASA Hubblesite > Image > Hubble Heritage.
Available via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2005/33/1801-Image.html

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and Naomi Hartono, page ed. "Voyager Mission Celebrates 30 Years Since Uranus." NASA > Solar System. Jan. 22, 2016.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/voyager-mission-celebrates-30-years-since-uranus/

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics. "Planetary Satellite Discovery Circumstances." NASA JPL SSD (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics) > Planetary Satellites. These data were last updated 2023-May-23.
Available via NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics (SSD) @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/discovery.html

Overbye, Dennis. "Bradford Smith, Who Showed Postcards From Outer Space, Dies at 86." The New York Times > Obituaries. July 11, 2018.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/obituaries/bradford-smith-86-dies-showed-postcards-from-outer-space.html

Owen, W.M. (William Mann), Jr.; and S.P. (Stephen P.) Synnott. "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus." The Astronomical Journal, vol. 93 (May 1987): 1268-1271. DOI 10.1086/114409.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AJ.....93.1268O/abstract
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1987AJ.....93.1268O
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1987AJ.....93.1268O

Paradis, Samuel; Chris Moeckel; and Imke de Pater. "Near-IR photometry of the small Uranian satellites with Keck at phase angles 0–2°." Icarus, vol. 391 (February 2023): Article 115331.
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103522004237

Plotner, Tammy. What's Up 2007: 365 Days of Skywatching by Tammy Plotner. Universe Today, Nov. 29, 2006.
Available @ https://fatduck.org/nonhtml/365days2007.pdf
Available via Lulu Press @ https://www.lulu.com/shop/tammy-plotner/whats-up-2007-365-days-of-skywatching/paperback/product-584371.html

Pultarova, Tereza. "Scientists create most detailed map of Uranus' mysterious auroras to date." Space > The Universe > Solar System > Uranus. Last updated Oct. 19, 2021.
Available @ https://www.space.com/uranus-observation-infrared-aurora-map

Sabia, Steven. "NASA’s Webb Rings in Holidays With Ringed Planet Uranus." NASA > Missions > James Webb Space Telescope. Dec. 18, 2023. Last updated Jan 09, 2024.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-rings-in-holidays-with-ringed-planet-uranus/

Sfair, R. (Rafael); and S.M. (Silvia Maria) Giuliatti Winter. "Orbital evolution of the μ and ν dust ring particles of Uranus." Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 505, issue 2 (October 2009: 845-852. DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/200911886.
Available via Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) @ https://www.aanda.org/component/article?access=bibcode&bibcode=&bibcode=2009A%2526A...505..845SFUL
Available via Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) @ https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2009/38/aa11886-09.pdf
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26A...505..845S/abstract
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2009/38/aa11886-09.pdf

Showalter, Mark R.; and Jack J. Lissauer. "The Second Ring-Moon System of Uranus: Discovery and Dynamics." Science, vol. 311, issue 5763 (Feb. 17, 2006): 973-977. DOI 10.1126/science.1122882.
Available @ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1122882

Smith, B. A.; G.A. Briggs; G.E. Danielson; A.F. Cook; M.E. Davies; G.E. Hunt; H. Masursky; L.A. Soderblom; T.C. Owen; C. Sagan; and V.E. Suomi. "Voyager Imaging Experiment." Space Science Reviews, vol 21, issue 2 (November 1977): 103-127. DOI 10.1007/BF00200847.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SSRv...21..103S/abstract
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1977SSRv...21..103S
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1977SSRv...21..103S

Smith, B.A.; L.A. Soderblom; R. Beebe; D. Bliss; J.M. Boyce; A. Brahic; G.A. Briggs; R.H. Brown; S.A. Collins; A.F. Cook II; S.K. Croft; J.N. Cuzzi; G.E. Danielson; M.E. Davies; T.E. Dowling; D. Godfrey; C.J. Hansen; C. Harris; G.E. Hunt; A.P. Ingersoll; T.V. Johnson; R.J. Krauss; H. Masursky; D. Morrison; T. Owen; J.B. Plescia; J.B. Pollack; C.C. Porco; K. Rages; C. Sagan; E.M. Shoemaker; L.A. Sromovsky; C. Stoker; R.G. Strom; V.E. Suomi; S.P. Synnott; R.J. Terrile; P. Thomas; W.R. Thompson; and J. Veverka. (4 July 1986). "Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results". Science, vol. 233, issue 4759 (July 4, 1986): 43–64. DOI 10.1126/science.233.4759.43.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233...43S/abstract
Available via Zenodo @ https://zenodo.org/records/1230972

Uri, John. "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus." NASA > History. Jan. 22, 2021.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/history/35-years-ago-voyager-2-explores-uranus/

Weishaupt, Jeff. "How Many Moons Does Uranus Have? (Facts, & FAQ)." Optics Mag > Blog. Last updated July 15, 2023.
Available @ https://opticsmag.com/how-many-moons-does-uranus-have/

Wilford, John Noble. "Evidence of Magnetic Field Is Found." The New York Times > Special to The New York Times. Jan. 24, 1986.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/24/us/evidence-of-magnetic-field-is-found.html

Williams, David "Dave" R. "Rosalind (UXIII, S/1986 U4)." NSSDCA (NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive) Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet > Bulk Parameters > Lesser Satellites. Last updated Feb. 21, 2019.
Available via NASA GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) NSSDCA (NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive) @ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uraniansatfact.html

Williams, David "Dave" R. "Uranus Rings Fact Sheet." NSSDCA (NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive) > Solar System Exploration > Uranus > Uranian Rings Fact Sheet. Last updated Oct. 14, 2015.
Available via NASA GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) NSSDCA (NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive) @ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranringfact.html

Zendexor. "Uranus." Solar System Heritage > Our Solar System > Uranus and Its Moons.
Available @ https://www.solarsystemheritage.com/uranus.html