Summary: Uranian moon Cressida was discovered in images taken Thursday, Jan. 9, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.
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| Images obtained, at a range of 4.8 million miles, by Voyager 2 on Saturday, Jan. 18, 1986, depict (top to bottom) Cressida (S/1986U3) nine days after Thursday, Jan. 9, discovery; Rosalind (S/1986U4) five days after Monday, Jan. 13 discovery; and Portia (S/1986U1) 15 days after Portia's Friday, Jan. 3, discovery: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech, May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Voyager Mission |
Uranian moon Cressida was discovered in images obtained Thursday, Jan. 9, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.
Cressida numbers among 11 Uranian satellites that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic interstellar spacecraft's flyby of Uranus, the solar system's cyan-colored, planetary side spinner, from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. During its observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, Voyager 2 returned more than 7,000 photographs to the Voyager Science Imaging Team, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.
The discoveries of six new satellites, including Cressida, from images returned by Voyager 2 in the first half of January 1986 were printed in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discovery information was reported by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the third new Uranian satellite discoverd in 1986, yet-unnamed Cressida was recognized with the provisional designation of S/1986 U3 in the circular published by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Cressida's details included its Jan. 9, 1986, discovery date as well as a revolution period of 11.13 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 61,750 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 40 kilometers.
The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 40 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 40 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemic designation Roman numeral XV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.
Cressida classifies as an inner Uranian satellite. The orbits of the 13 inner satellites in the Uranian system are confined by the orbit of Miranda. The innermost and smallest of the Uranian system's five major moons orbits beyond the μ (mu) ring, the outermost of the system's 13 rings.
Cressida orbits between the ν (nu) and ε (epsilon) rings, the respectively second and third outermost Uranian rings. Cressida shares the satellite-rich space with Bianca (S/1986 U9), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Ophelia (S/1986 U8) and Portia (S/1986 U1).
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| "Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (second from left; bottom edge) designation of Cressida, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons |
Cressida orbits between the ν (nu) and ε (epsilon) rings, the respectively second and third outermost Uranian rings. Cressida shares the satellite-rich space with Bianca (S/1986 U9), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Ophelia (S/1986 U8) and Portia (S/1986 U1).
Irregularly shaped astronomical bodies influence fluctuations in the brightness of rotational lightcurves. A positive correlation between elongation and brightness evidence Cressida's prolateness, as determined in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope" (page 59), published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona. The study's photometric analyses were based upon 41 images taken in 1997 with the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS).
Cressida belongs to the nine-member Portia Group of Uranian satellites, named by Erich Karkoschka for the group's largest member, Portia (S/1986 U1). Similar orbits and photometric properties characterize the Portia Group. Belinda (S/1986 U5), Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Perdita (S/1986 U10) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4) tally as the group's other eight members.
The Portia Group represents the solar system's "most tightly packed system of moons" (5. Discussion), as described by Robert O. Chancia and Matthew M. Hedmen of the University of Idaho and Richard G. French of Massachusetts' Wellesley College in "Weighing Uranus’ Moon Cressida with the η Ring," published in the October 2017 issue of The Astronomical Journal. The group's orbits suggest instability on "short timescales" and exhibit sensitivity to the masses of the group's members. Cressida's density of 0.86 grams, plus/minus 0.16, per cubic centimeter and mass of 2.4 kilograms, plus/minus 0.4, by 10 to the 17th power (10^17; 100 quadrillion) were calculated with reference to variations in the radius of the η (eta) ring. The seventh ring outward from Uranus comprises a broad outer component and a narrow inner component. The calculation of Cressida's mass qualifies as "the first direct measurement" of the mass of an inner satellite in the Uranian system, as acknowledged by the authors.
Density and mass information help to constrain determinations of future crossings, or collisions, in the Uranian ring system. Cressida's orbit may cross with Desdemona's orbit in around one million (1,000,000; 10^6; 10 to the sixth power) years, according to calculations of Cressida's mass density by the authors.
The densely packed orbital space occupied by members of the Portia Group encompasses a radial span of 20,000 kilometers, according to American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Chaotic orbital changes ascertained by the researchers over a timescale of 100 to 1,000 years reflect mutual perturbations among subsets formed by Portia Group members. Cressida's interactions with inner neighbor Bianca and outer neighbor Desdemona dominate orbital variations exhibited by Bianca and Desdemona. Cressida and Cupid are considered "major players" in the instability of the Portia Group's orbits.
Cressida's name associates with the daughter of Trojan priest and defector Calchas in Troilus and Cressida, the Trojan War-set play first published in 1623 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name follows the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.
The International Astronomical Union has enumerated 27 Uranian satellites with systemic Roman numeral designations I to XXVII. Cressida is known as Uranus IX, abbreviated as UIX.
Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.
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| Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal |
Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.
Image credits:
Image credits:
Images obtained, at a range of 4.8 million miles, by Voyager 2 on Saturday, Jan. 18, 1986, depict (top to bottom) Cressida (S/1986U3) nine days after Thursday, Jan. 9, discovery; Rosalind (S/1986U4) five days after Monday, Jan. 13 discovery; and Portia (S/1986U1) 15 days after Portia's Friday, Jan. 3, discovery: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech, May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Voyager Mission @ https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/galleries/images-voyager-took/uranus/#gallery-8 (specific image URL); https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/galleries/images-voyager-took/uranus/ (gallery URL)
"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (second from left; bottom edge) designation of Cressida, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg
Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278; credits Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA: Public Domain, via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html; Permissions Content Use Policy (Public Domain), via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html
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