Earth and Space News: Uranian Moon Belinda Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986

Summary: Uranian moon Belinda was discovered in images taken Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Uranian moon Belinda was discovered in images acquired Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Belinda numbers among 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic interstellar spacecraft's flyby of the cyan-colored, side-spinning planetary ice giant Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. Voyager 2 supplied the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Voyager Science Imaging Team with more than 7,000 photographs during the space probe's observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

Discoveries of three satellites via Voyager 2 images dated Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, were recorded in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discoveries were revealed by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the fifth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Belinda was designated provisionally as S/1986 U5, according to the announcement in the circular published by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Belinda was profiled with a revolution period of 14.93 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 75,100 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 30 kilometers.

The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 30 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 30 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemic Roman numeral designation Uranus XV, abbreviated UXV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.

Belinda shared its discovery date with two other Uranian satellites, yet-unnamed Rosalind and Desdemona. The provisional designation of S/1986 U5 placed Belinda as the fifth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and also as the trio's second discoveree. Sequenced as the fourth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and as the trio's first discoveree, Rosalind was designated provisionally as S/1986 U4. As the sixth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and as the trio's third discoveree, Desdemona was assigned the provisional designation of S/1986 U6.

The Voyager 2 spacecraft utilizes a two-camera system comprising a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm) and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 miilimeters. As with all satellites imaged by Voyager 2, Belinda was captured in 15.36-second exposures taken with the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to W.M. Owen Jr. and S.P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

Belinda classifies as an inner satellite. The orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the system's five major moons, parameterizes the orbits of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites. Belinda's orbit occurs between the ν (nu) and μ (mu) rings, the respectively second and first outermost Uranian rings.

Irregularly shaped astronomical bodies influence fluctuations in the brightness of rotational lightcurves. Belinda's rotational lightcurve suggests a "very oblong" shape, according to "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona.

Belinda belongs to the nine-member Portia Group of Uranian satellites, as explained by Erich Karkoschka, the group's identifier and namer, in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus. The group is headed by and named for its largest member, Portia (S/1986 U1). The other seven members comprise Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Perdita (S/1986 U10) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4). Similarities in orbits and photometric properties distinguish the group.

Belinda shares a "nearly neutral response" at the wavelength range of 1.5 to 2.0 μm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum with Portia Group members Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Portia and Rosalind, as found by French observatory scientist Christophe Dumas, American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist Bradford A. Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) and American simulation hypothesis supporter and Voyager mission scientist Richard J. (John) Terrile (born March 22, 1951) in "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck" (page 1083), published in the August 2003 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Their shared neutrality emerged from a multiband photometric analysis of images of the inner Uranian system obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). The findings confirm the "similar photometric behavior" by which Erich Karkoschka linked nine inner satellites into the Portia Group.

Dynamical interactions between Portia Group members dominate orbital eccentricity variations, as ascertained in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites," published by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. (Robert) Showalter in the April 2015 issues of The Astronomical Journal. Belinda experiences short-term and long-term orbital instability by way of perturbations from Cupid (S/2003 U2) and Perdita (S/1986 U10). Cupid and Perdita are positioned as the respectively innermost and outermost satellites, with Belinda sandwiched between its two neighbors, in the trio of Cupid-Belinda-Perdita.

Belinda and Cupid usually are the first of the inner satellites to engage in orbit crossings, according to simulations by SETI Institute planetary astronomers Robert S. French and Mark R. Showalter in "Cupid is Doomed: An Analysis of the Stability of the Inner Uranian Satellites," published in the August 2012 issue of Icarus. Belinda and Cupid's crossing is projected on a timescale of 10 to the third power (10^3; one thousand; 1,000) to 10 to the seventh power (10^7; 10 million; 10,000,000) years. The pair's expected collision may yield a single satellite, CupBel. CupBelPer may emerge from an eventual collision between CupBel and Perdita.

Belinda's name recalls the central character, who never recovers her stolen lock of hair, in "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first printed anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744). The satellite's naming reflects the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters in Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" or in plays by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union also has assigned Roman numerals I to XXVII as systemic designations to 27 Uranian satellites. Belinda is registered as Uranus XIV, abbreviated UXIV.

Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.

Near-infrared (NIR) wide-field image obtained Monday, Sep. 4, 2023, by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap and dim inner and outer rings; annotations identify nine of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites (top, clockwise: Perdita, Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet) and Titania (upper left center), Oberon (upper right center), Umbriel (center right), Miranda (lower center) and Ariel (lower center right) as the system's five major moons; image credits NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (second from right upper top edge of image) designation of Belinda with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278; credits Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA: Public Domain, via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html; Permissions Content Use Policy (Public Domain), via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html

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Wednesday, July 24, 2024

Uranian Moon Belinda Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986

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