Summary: Uranian moon Juliet was discovered in images taken Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.
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| Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U2, with inserted label as Juliet: NASA Solar System Exploration (SSE), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons |
Uranian moon Juliet was discovered in images obtained Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.
Juliet numbers among 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic interstellar space probe's unique flyby of the cyan-colored, planetary ice giant Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. The Voyager Science Image Team received more than 7,000 photographs from the spacecraft's observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.
Two satellites were discovered in Voyager 2 images obtained Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, as reported on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) to British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010) in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986. As the second new satellite of Uranus discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Juliet was assigned the provisional designation of S/1986 U2, according to the report in the circular distributed by the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Juliet's profile was identified as a revolution period of 11.83 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body distance, at 64,350 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 40 kilometers.
The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 40 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 40 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemically designated Roman numeral XV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.
Juliet shares its discovery date of Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, with Portia. As the first new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, Portia received the provisional designation of S/1986 U1.
The discovery images of Juliet were obtained by the spacecraft's narrow angle camera, according to W.M. Owen Jr. and S.P. Synott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal. The images reveal Juliet's location between the Uranian system's ε (epsilon) ring, the third outermost of the Uranian system's 13 rings, and Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the system's five round moons. The epsilon ring comprises 70 percent of the Uranian system's ring area, with width ranges of 20 kilometers at periapse and 96 kilometers at apoapse, according to Bradford A. Smith and 39 co-authors (including American astronomer and science communicator Carl Sagan [Nov. 9, 1934-Dec. 20, 1996]) in "Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results" (page 50), published in the July 4, 1986, issue of Science.
Juliet is classified as an inner satellite. The Uranian system's 13 inner moons orbit inside the orbit of Miranda, also known as Uranus V (UV). Juliet orbits in the satellite-dense area between the ε (epsilon) and ν (nu) rings, the respectively third and second outermost rings in the Uranian system.
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| "Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (fourth arrow; lower right edge) designation of Juliet, with arrow pointing to its location; the bright star diagonally below Juliet is Kaus Borealis (Lambda Sagittarii; λ Sagittarii; abbreviated Lambda Sgr, λ Sgr); image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons |
Juliet is classified as an inner satellite. The Uranian system's 13 inner moons orbit inside the orbit of Miranda, also known as Uranus V (UV). Juliet orbits in the satellite-dense area between the ε (epsilon) and ν (nu) rings, the respectively third and second outermost rings in the Uranian system.
Fluctuations in the brightness of rotational lightcurves indicate irregularly shaped bodies. Based upon its rotational lightcurve, Juliet has a "very oblong" shape, according to Erich Karkoschka in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus. Photometric properties of four rings and 16 satellites, including Juliet, in the Uranian system were based upon images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1997.
Juliet belongs to the Portia Group of Uranian satellites. Portia heads the nine-member group, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. Similar orbits and photometric properties unite the Portia Group, according to Erich Karkoschka.
The densely packed orbital space occupied by members of the Portia Group measures a radial span of 20,000 kilometers, according to American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Dynamic linkages form group subsets that induce orbital eccentricity variations in subset satellites. Portia links dynamically with both Desdemona and Juliet. Orbital eccentricity variations in Juliet are dominated by interactions with Portia.
Juliet namesakes the female title role in Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy first published in 1597 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The moon's name observes the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.
The International Astronomical Union has assigned Roman numerals I to XXVII as systemic designations to 27 Uranian satellites. Juliet has received the IAU-assigned systemic Roman numeral designation of Uranus XI, abbreviated as UXI.
Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.
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| Near-infrared (NIR) wide-field image obtained Monday, Sep. 4, 2023, by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap and dim inner and outer rings; annotations identify nine of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites (top, clockwise: Perdita, Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet) and Titania (upper left center), Oberon (upper right center), Umbriel (center right), Miranda (lower center) and Ariel (lower center right) as the system's five major moons; image credits NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI: Cady Coleman @Astro_Cady, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 3, 2024 |
Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.
Image credits:
Image credits:
Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U2, with inserted label as Juliet: NASA Solar System Exploration (SSE), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus-Juliet-NASA.gif
"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (fourth arrow; lower right edge) designation of Juliet, with arrow pointing to its location; the bright star diagonally below Juliet is Kaus Borealis (Lambda Sagittarii; λ Sagittarii; abbreviated Lambda Sgr, λ Sgr); image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Near-infrared (NIR) wide-field image obtained Monday, Sep. 4, 2023, by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap and dim inner and outer rings; annotations identify nine of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites (top, clockwise: Perdita, Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet) and Titania (upper left center), Oberon (upper right center), Umbriel (center right), Miranda (lower center) and Ariel (lower center right) as the system's five major moons; image credits NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI: Cady Coleman @Astro_Cady, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 3, 2024, @ https://twitter.com/Astro_Cady/status/1742597423199846693; NIR image Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png; via NASA James Webb Space Telescope Mission @ https://www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-rings-in-holidays-with-ringed-planet-uranus/
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