Earth and Space News: July 2024

Wednesday, July 31, 2024

Uranian Moon Desdemona Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986

Summary: Uranian moon Desdemona was discovered in images taken Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Monday, Jan. 3, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U6, with inserted label as Desdemona: NASA Solar System Exploration (SSE), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Uranian moon Desdemona was discovered in images obtained Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Desdemona places among 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic spacecraft's flyby of the axially right-angle tilted Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. Desdemona numbers among 10 Uranian satellites discovered via Voyager 2 images. The space probe produced more than 7,000 photographs during its observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

Three Uranian satellites that were discovered via Voyager 2 images taken Wednesday, Jan. 13, 1986, were listed in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discoveries were reported by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the sixth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Desdemona received the provisional designation of S/1986 U6, as stated in the circular issued by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Desdemona was identified with a revolution period of 11.39 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 62,700 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 30 kilometers.

The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 30 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 30 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemic Roman numeral designation Uranus XV, abbreviated UXV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.

Desdemona shared its discovery date with two other Uranian satellites, yet-unnamed Belinda and Rosalind. The provisional designation of S/1986 U6 recognized Desdemona as the sixth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and credited it as the trio's third discoveree. As the trio's first discoveree and as the fourth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, Rosalind was designated provisionally as S/1986 U4. Sequencing as the trio's second discoveree and as the fifth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, Belinda was designated provisionally as S/1986 U5.

Voyager 2 carries a two-camera system comprising a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm) and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 millimeters. As with all 10 Voyager 2-discovered Uranian satellites, Desdemona, Belinda and Rosalind were captured in 15.36-second exposures obtained by the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to William Mann Owen Jr. and Stephen P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

Desdemona is positioned as an inner satellite in the Uranian system. The 13 Uranian inner satellites orbit inside the orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the Uranian system's five large moons. Desdemona orbits between the system's third outermost ε (epsilon) ring and second outermost ν (nu) ring. Desdemona neighbors with Bianca (S/1986 U9), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Ophelia (S/1986 U8) and Portia (S/1986 U1) in the densely-populated space between the two rings.

Desdemona members in the nine-member Portia Group of Uranian satellites. The group namesakes its largest member, Portia, and also includes Belinda (S/1986 U5), Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Perdita (S/1986 U10) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4). The Portia Group reveal similar orbits and photometric properties, as established in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by the group's definer and namer, Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona.

The Portia Group's nine members crowd between ε (epsilon) ring and the outermost μ (mu) ring. Their "tightly packed" orbits cover a radial span of 20,000 kilometers, as determined in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites," published by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. (Robert) Showalter in the April 2015 issues of The Astronomical Journal. The group's members are sensitive to short-term and long-term orbital instability and evince the potential for such "chaotic behavior" as orbit crossings or collisions. Dynamic linkages with Cressida and Portia dominate Desdemona's orbital variations, according to the team's findings.

Eventual orbit crossing and "probable subsequent collision" are predicted for Cressida and Desdemona by SETI Institute planetary astronomers Robert S. French and Mark R. Showalter in "Cupid is Doomed: An Analysis of the Stability of the Inner Uranian Satellites," published in the August 2012 issue of Icarus. The encounter is placed at a timescale from 10 to the fifth power (10^5; 100 thousand; 100,000) to 10 to the 7th power (10^7; 10 million; 10,000,000) years.

Calculations of Cressida's density and mass help refine timescales. Cressida has a density of 0.86 grams, plus/minus 0.16, per cubic centimeter and a mass of 2.4 kilograms, plus/minus 0.4, by 10 to the 17th power (10^17; 100 quadrillion), according to American planetary astronomer Robert O. Chancia, American planetary scientist Matthew M. Hedmen and American planetary astronomer Richard G. French in "Weighing Uranus’ Moon Cressida with the η Ring," published in the October 2017 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Consideration of Cressida's mass density places a possible collision between Cressida and Desdemona at a timescale of one million (1,000,000; 10^6) years.

Desdemona's name recalls the fatally defamed Venetian senator's daughter in Othello (full title: The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice), the Venice-set tragedy first published in 1623 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name conforms with the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union has labeled 27 Uranian satellites with systemic Roman numeral designations I to XXVII. Cressida is known as Uranus X, abbreviated as UX.

Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Monday, Jan. 3, 1986, discovery image of S/1986 U6, with inserted label as Desdemona: NASA Solar System Exploration (SSE), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus-Desdemona-NASA.gif

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (first; upper left edge) designation of Desdemona, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278; credits Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA: Public Domain, via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html; Permissions Content Use Policy (Public Domain), via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html

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Monday, July 29, 2024

Moons, Planets, Stars Are at ‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Early Morning

Summary: Moons, planets, stars as constellations, star clusters, star lines arranged as navigational star families are at ‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch early morning.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Five solar-system moons, three solar-system planets, abundant Milky Way stars as constellations, as star clusters, star lines as ancient Hawaiian navigational star families are at ‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch early morning.

University of Hawaii-Hilo ‘Imiloa Sky Watch (from Hawaiian ‘imi loa, “to search far”; ha wai ‘i, “breath life-force supreme”; hilo, “thread”) bares lunar, solar, stellar behaviors. Early morning during July 2024 configures five moons, of which our Moon counts as one and Callisto, Europa, Ganymede, Io count as four chief Jovian moons. Callisto, Europa, Ganymede, Io (from Greek κᾰ́λλος, “beautiful”; Εὐρώπη, “broad-eye/wide-face”; Γᾰνῠμήδης, “glad-plans”; Ῑ̓ώ, “lo!”) demand their discerning by deploying a pair of binoculars or by telescope.

Four Jovian (from Latin iovis, “day[‘s]/sky[‘s]”) moons embellish the early-morning eastern sky that ensconces their host planet, Jupiter (from Latin Iuppiter, “day-/sky-father”), in early-morning planetary trio.

Jupiter, as Kaawela (from Hawaiian ka’āwela, “Jupiter”), figures eastwardly with red-regolith (from Greek ῥῆγος λίθος, “blanket/rug stone”) planet Hokuula (Mars, from Hawaiian hōkū ula, “star red”).

The asterism Pleiades (from Greek Πλειάδες, from πλέω, “to sail”?), as the star cluster Makalii (from Hawaiian maka lii, “eye small”), groups eastwardly with both planets. Early-morning, southern skies house the gas giant Saturn, as the Hawaiian planet Makulu (from Hawaiian ma kulu, “liquid/water dripping”) near navigational star family, star line Kalupeakawelo. The Kite of Kawelo (from Hawaiian ka lupe a Kawelo, “the kite of Kawelo [from ka welo, “the family trait”]”) includes the Great Square of Pegasus.

‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch journeys moons, planets, stars, different from those in evening and night skies, in the early morning through eastern and southern skies.

Ancient Hawaiians knew four-star Great Square of Pegasus (from Greek Πήγασος, from πηγή, “fountain/spring/spring-fed fountain”?) as four-star Kite of Kawelo, the latter demigod ancestor of Kauaians.

Top left, top right, bottom left and bottom right respectively lodge Pegasus stars Scheat, Markab, Alpheratz and Algenib as Kawelo stars Manokalanipo, Kakuhihewa, Pi’ilani and Keawe. Scheat, Markab, Alpheratz and Algenib (from Arabic السَاعِد, “the forearm”; مَرْكَب, “boat/saddle”; سُرَّةُ الْفَرَس, “navel horse[‘s]”; الجَانِب, “the side”) muster different meanings in their Hawaiian counterparts. Manō ka lani pō, “shark the heavenly night[‘s]”; kakuhi hewa, “chart mistakenly”; pi’i lani, “climb heaven[ward]; ke awe, “the bearer” respectively nurture Manōkalanipō, Kākuhihewa, Piilani, Keawe.

‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch offers from moons, planets, stars in the early morning Jupiter and Mars near the seven-sisters Pleiades and Saturn near Kawelo’s kite.

Navigational star family and star line Kite of Kawelo possesses two other stars positioned north and four other stars positioned south, of its quartet near Saturn.

Northerly kite strings from Manokalanipo and Kakuhihewa respectively quest Iwakelii and Kamoi (Cassiopeia, from Hawaiian iwa ali’i, “frigatebird [Fregata minor] chief”; Cepheus, ka mō’i, “the king”). The kite string from Piilani reaches southerly Piikea, southeasterly Kalanikauleleaiwi (“the chief’s star’s bones”), southwesterly Kaikilani (pi’i kea, “becoming daylight”; ka iki lani, “the little chief[tess]”). The southerly kite string from Keawe stops at Kukaniloko (from Hawaiian kū kani loko, “to anchor sound within”), between the southern horizon and the southwestern horizon.

‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch teams moons, planets, stars in the early morning and a constellation, a planet and two star systems in the evening sky.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

'Imiloa Astronomy Center's Sky Watch for July 2024 features such astronomical events as the month's two prominent star families, Kaiwikuamoʻo The Backbone and Mānaiakalani The Fish Hook of Maui, and the dates of July's four primary lunar phases: Imiloa Astronomy Center, via Facebook July 3, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/imiloaastronomycenter/posts/pfbid0KZSt9w5ZqLtWMvZdmspvwLMcMU8ShpsgEX3bYEUmkS2C5hqYJ1CDsBcW9szpefmMl; via Facebook July 3, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/imiloaastronomycenter/posts/872829154864031/

Sky charts of Hawai'i's skies are issued monthly by the Big Island's 'Imiloa Astronomy Center as well as by O'ahu-based Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum's J. (Jhamandas) Watumull Planetarium: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, via Facebook June 29, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/BishopMuseum/posts/pfbid0dq1A8DWzsn6UDHo9RqMWrg1yukPDLDjfJqXyxuw23wXZX53c176vW5U2HZWSk3qsl

For further information:

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Available @ https://www.facebook.com/BishopMuseum/photos/a.167268692109/10151654494977110/

Campbell, Kimo. (Ed.). 1997. The Kumulipo: An Hawaiian Creation Myth. Second printing. Honolulu HI: Pueo Press. First Pueo Press edition. San Francisco CA: Pueo Press, 1978. First published by Boston MA: Lee and Shepard, 1897.
Available @ http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/ROWLAND/GG104/Readings/Liliuokalani_1897.pdf

"Hawaiian Lunar Month." Hokulea > 'Ike: Knowledge and Traditions > Wayfinding: Modern Methods and Techniques of Non-Instrument Navigation, Based on Pacific Traditions > Hawaiian Voyaging Traditions > Hawaiian Lunar Month.
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Joey; and Gerrit. "Average Weather For Hilo (By Month)." Love Big Island > Menu > Regions > Hilo > Highlights > Highlights For Hilo (City And Outdoors) > Guide to Hilo: Beaches, Favorites Activities, And Day Trips > Table of contents > Weather trends > Local Weather in Hilo > monthly average weather for Hilo. Updated 16 March 2021. Copyright 2011-2023.
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"July 2024 Sky Watch." 'Imiloa > Education & Outreach > Sky Lines & Sky Watch.
Available @ https://imiloahawaii.org/sky-charts

"June 2024 Sky Watch." 'Imiloa > Education & Outreach > Sky Lines & Sky Watch.
Available @ https://imiloahawaii.org/sky-charts

Kawaharada, Dennis. “Lunar Days.” Kapi’olani Community College > Asia-Pacific Digital Library > APDL > Traditions of O’ahu. Copyright Kapi’olani Community College 2001-2004. Last Modified Last Updated 27 February 2023.
Available @ https://guides.library.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/apdl/oahu/days#:~:text=Kukahi%20(first%20Ku)%3A%20moon,to%20the%20shore%20to%20fish.

Kawaharada, Dennis. “Traditions of O'ahu: Seasons & Months.” Kapi’olani Community College > Asia-Pacific Digital Library > APDL > Traditions of O’ahu. Copyright Kapi’olani Community College 2001-2004. Last Modified Last Updated 27 February 2023.
Available @ https://guides.library.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/apdl/oahu/months

"Lāhaina Noon." Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum > Astronomy Resources.
Available @ https://www.bishopmuseum.org/planetarium/astronomy-resources/lahaina-noon/

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2024. "Moons, Planets, Stars Are at ‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Early Morning." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/moons-planets-stars-are-at-imiloa-july.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2024. "The Backbone and The Chief’s Fishline Awe ‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/the-backbone-and-chiefs-fishline-awe.html#google_vignette

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 July 2024. "‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Assigns Lahaina Noon Dates, Places, Times." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/imiloa-july-2024-sky-watch-assigns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 July 2024. "‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Accepts Two First-Quarter Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/imiloa-july-2024-sky-watch-accepts-two.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 July 2024. "‘Imiloa July 2024 Sky Watch Adds One More To Ancient Moon Phases." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/imiloa-july-2024-sky-watch-adds-one.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 June 2024. "'Imiloa June 2024 Sky Watch Morning Planets, Star Cluster, Star Lines." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/06/imiloa-june-2024-sky-watch-morning.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2024. "‘Imiloa June 2024 Sky Watch Moon Phases Admit Summer Solstice June 20." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/06/imiloa-june-2024-sky-watch-moon-phases.html#google_vignette

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 June 2024. "‘Imiloa June 2024 Sky Watch Addresses Backbone Star Line Kaiwikuamo’o." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/06/imiloa-june-2024-sky-watch-addresses.html

Thompson, Nainoa. "Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars." Hawaiian Voyaging Traditions > Home > Menu > 'Ike: Knowledge and Traditions > Ho'okele: On Wayfinding > Nainoa Thompson On Wayfinding > Wayfinding: Modern Methods and Techniques of Non-Instrument Navigation, Based on Pacific Traditions > Hawaiian Star Lines.
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"Traditional month names, 1895." nupepa. Posted 11 November 2013. Powered by WordPress.
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"Weather in Hilo in July 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
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Wednesday, July 24, 2024

Uranian Moon Belinda Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986

Summary: Uranian moon Belinda was discovered in images taken Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Uranian moon Belinda was discovered in images acquired Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Belinda numbers among 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic interstellar spacecraft's flyby of the cyan-colored, side-spinning planetary ice giant Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. Voyager 2 supplied the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Voyager Science Imaging Team with more than 7,000 photographs during the space probe's observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

Discoveries of three satellites via Voyager 2 images dated Monday, Jan. 13, 1986, were recorded in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discoveries were revealed by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the fifth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Belinda was designated provisionally as S/1986 U5, according to the announcement in the circular published by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Belinda was profiled with a revolution period of 14.93 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 75,100 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 30 kilometers.

Belinda shared its discovery date with two other Uranian satellites, yet-unnamed Rosalind and Desdemona. The provisional designation of S/1986 U5 placed Belinda as the fifth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and also as the trio's second discoveree. Sequenced as the fourth new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and as the trio's first discoveree, Rosalind was designated provisionally as S/1986 U4. As the sixth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986 and as the trio's third discoveree, Desdemona was assigned the provisional designation of S/1986 U6.

The Voyager 2 spacecraft utilizes a two-camera system comprising a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm) and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 miilimeters. As with all satellites imaged by Voyager 2, Belinda was captured in 15.36-second exposures taken with the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to W.M. Owen Jr. and S.P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

Belinda classifies as an inner satellite. The orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the system's five major moons, parameterizes the orbits of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites. Belinda's orbit occurs between the ν (nu) and μ (mu) rings, the respectively second and first outermost Uranian rings.

Irregularly shaped astronomical bodies influence fluctuations in the brightness of rotational lightcurves. Belinda's rotational lightcurve suggests a "very oblong" shape, according to "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona.

Belinda belongs to the nine-member Portia Group of Uranian satellites, as explained by Erich Karkoschka, the group's identifier and namer, in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus. The group is headed by and named for its largest member, Portia (S/1986 U1). The other seven members comprise Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Perdita (S/1986 U10) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4). Similarities in orbits and photometric properties distinguish the group.

Belinda shares a "nearly neutral response" at the wavelength range of 1.5 to 2.0 μm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum with Portia Group members Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Portia and Rosalind, as found by French observatory scientist Christophe Dumas, American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist Bradford A. Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) and American simulation hypothesis supporter and Voyager mission scientist Richard J. (John) Terrile (born March 22, 1951) in "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck" (page 1083), published in the August 2003 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Their shared neutrality emerged from a multiband photometric analysis of images of the inner Uranian system obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). The findings confirm the "similar photometric behavior" by which Erich Karkoschka linked nine inner satellites into the Portia Group.

Dynamical interactions between Portia Group members dominate orbital eccentricity variations, as ascertained in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites," published by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. (Robert) Showalter in the April 2015 issues of The Astronomical Journal. Belinda experiences short-term and long-term orbital instability by way of perturbations from Cupid (S/2003 U2) and Perdita (S/1986 U10). Cupid and Perdita are positioned as the respectively innermost and outermost satellites, with Belinda sandwiched between its two neighbors, in the trio of Cupid-Belinda-Perdita.

Belinda and Cupid usually are the first of the inner satellites to engage in orbit crossings, according to simulations by SETI Institute planetary astronomers Robert S. French and Mark R. Showalter in "Cupid is Doomed: An Analysis of the Stability of the Inner Uranian Satellites," published in the August 2012 issue of Icarus. Belinda and Cupid's crossing is projected on a timescale of 10 to the third power (10^3; one thousand; 1,000) to 10 to the seventh power (10^7; 10 million; 10,000,000) years. The pair's expected collision may yield a single satellite, CupBel. CupBelPer may emerge from an eventual collision between CupBel and Perdita.

Belinda's name recalls the central character, who never recovers her stolen lock of hair, in "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first printed anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744). The satellite's naming reflects the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters in Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" or in plays by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union also has assigned Roman numerals I to XXVII as systemic designations to 27 Uranian satellites. Belinda is registered as Uranus XIV, abbreviated UXIV.

Near-infrared (NIR) wide-field image obtained Monday, Sep. 4, 2023, by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap and dim inner and outer rings; annotations identify nine of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites (top, clockwise: Perdita, Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet) and Titania (upper left center), Oberon (upper right center), Umbriel (center right), Miranda (lower center) and Ariel (lower center right) as the system's five major moons; image credits NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (second from right upper top edge of image) designation of Belinda with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

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