Earth and Space News: June 2023

Thursday, June 29, 2023

Herodes Built Empty Tomb of Regilla at Triopion as Memorial, Not Tomb

Summary: Wealthy Athenian Greek Herodes Atticus built the empty Tomb of Regilla at Triopion as a memorial, not as a tomb, for his murdered younger Roman wife.

Herodes Atticus's Tomb of Regilla, built near Rome's Via Appia in second century CE, according to 18th-century etching by Venetian Italian architect, artist and engraver Giovanni Battista, or Giambattista, Piranesi (Oct. 4, 1720-Nov. 9, 1778), Vedute di Roma (1779): Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Wealthy Athenian Greek Herodes Atticus built the empty Tomb of Regilla at Triopion, along Rome's Via Appia, as a memorial, not as a tomb, for his murdered wealthy, younger Roman wife.

In 160 CE, the year of his consulship, Roman consul Appius Annius Atilius Bradua charged his brother-in-law, Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; Roman name: Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes; 101-177 CE), a wealthy Greek rhetorician with Roman citizenship, with the murder of eight months pregnant Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla (125-160 CE), known as Regilla. Bradua's sister and Herodes Atticus's younger, wealthy Roman patrician wife had received a fatal kick to her abdomen from one of her husband's freedmen, Alcimedon. Herodes Atticus was acquitted by a senatorial court, and Alcimedon was never punished.

Post-murder, Herodes Atticus displayed uncontrolled grief, assessed as genuine by some and as fake by others. He sought to memorialize Regilla via extensive dedications in his native Greece and in her native Italy.

A massive project in Italy entailed reconfiguring Regilla's estate, located at mile marker three of Rome's Via Appia, as a garden sanctuary named Triopion (Ancient Greek: Τριόπιον), after the sanctuary of Greek mythology's Demeter (Roman mythology's Ceres) in southwestern Asia Minor (modern-day western Anatolia). Regilla's Triopion incorporated natural landscapes of meadows, orchards and vineyards with built environments of a cenotaph (Ancient Greek: κενός, kenós, “empty” + τάφος, táphos, “tomb”), or mnemeion (ancient Greek: μνημεῖον; from μνήμη, mnḗmē, “memory” + -εῖον, -eîon, from μνᾰ́ομαι, mnáomai, “I am mindful of”) for Regilla and a temple for Demeter, according to German classical archaeologist Barbara Elisabeth Borg in "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered" (page 317), published in 2018 in Visual Histories of the Classical World.

Regilla's cenotaph, designated as the Sepulchre of Annia Regilla (Sepolcro di Annia Regilla), the tomb of Annia Regilla (Tomba di Annia Regilla) or the tomb of Regilla (Tomba di Regilla), is sited on a Via Appia-facing plateau above the Almone River (Latin: Almo; Italian: Almone). The cenotaph presents a pleasing polychrome of yellow bricks as structural elements and red bricks for decorative accents. A free-standing front porch has disappeared from the structure.

A cenotaph is a symbolically empty grave, as explained by Welsh author, graphic artist and photographer David John in "Herodes Atticus" on his online travel guide, My Favourite Planet. It is possible that Triopion's Tomb of Regilla never entombed Regilla, for, although her actual gravesite remains a mystery, Regilla's burial is thought to have taken place near Athens. Also, if the Tomb of Regilla originated as an actual sepulchre, then her remains, once having been there, were removed.

A definitive endorsement of the Tomb of Regilla as a memorial, not as a tomb, is provided by two marble steles found at Triopion in the early 17th century. Stele A and Stele B present "Epitaph of Regilla" by second century CE Greek physician and poet Marcellus of Side (Ancient Greek: Μάρκελλος Σιδήτης, Marcellus Sidetes; Latin: Marcellus Sidetes). The poem honors Regilla as "she of the beautiful ankles," who is "neither mortal, nor divine." A "deme of Athens holds her tomb, which is likened to a temple, according to the translation of "Epitaph of Regilla" by British classicist and Ancient Greek literature textual critic Malcolm Davies and American classicist and social historian Sarah B. Pomeroy (born March 13, 1938), presented in "Marcellus of Side’s Epitaph on Regilla (IG XIV 1389): An Historical and Literary Commentary" (page 12), published in Prometheus in 2012 (also quoted and summarized by David John in "Herodes Atticus" My Favourite Planet).

Although many scholars equate the "beautiful, ornate temple tomb" with Regilla, Barbara Borg has questioned the association. She has found "no evidence for its patron." Also, the structure is located "almost a linear mile" to the north of the sacred cluster of the Nympheum of Egeria (Italian: il Ninfeo di Egeria; Latin: Nymphaeum Euuu), the Sacred Wood or Grove (Bosco Sacro) and the Temple of Demeter, which was converted to la Chiesa di (the Church of) Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella in the 10th century (Borg, pages 322-323).

Sunday, March 20, 2011, 11:43, image of Tomb of Regilla, Parco della Caffarella (Caffarella Park), Parco Regionale Appia Antica (Appian Way Regional Park), Caffarella Valley: Roundtheworld, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella (originally Temple of Demeter) and Bosco Sacro, sacred grove dedicated to Regilla, lie in public area (aree pubblichee) near Via Appia Pignatelli: August 2009 image of Comune di Roma Map of Valle della Caffarella, part of Parco Regionale Appia Antica (Appian Way Regional Park), southern Rome: Notafly, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ValledellaCaffarellaMap.JPG

For further information:

Bodel, John. "Monumental Villas and Villa Monuments." Journal of Roman Archaeology, vol. 10 (1997): 3-35.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/1997.1.MonumentalVillas.JRA.10/mode/1up

Borg, Barbara E. "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered." Pages 317-330. In: Catherine M. Draycott, Rubina Raja, Katherine Welch and William T. Wootton, eds., Visual Histories of the Classical World: Essays in Honour of R.R.R. Smith. Studies in Classical Archaeology, vol. 4. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2018.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340655030_Herodes_Atticus_in_Rome_The_Triopion_reconsidered_in_C_M_Draycott_R_Raja_K_Welch_and_W_T_Wootton_eds_Visual_Histories_of_the_Classical_World_Essays_in_Honour_of_RRR_Smith_Turnhout_Brepols_2019_317-30

Canina, Luigi. "Edifizio principale della villa di Erode Attico esistente al miglio III della via Appia." Gli Edifizj Antichi dei Contorni di Roma Cogniti Per Alcune Reliquie, Descritti e Dimostati Nella Loro Intera Architettura. Volume VI: Tavole Dalla VH Alla CC. Roma: Stabil. Topogr. di G.A. Bertinelli, MDCCCLVI [1856].
Available @ https://arachne.uni-koeln.de/Tei-Viewer/cgi-bin/teiviewer.php?manifest=BOOK-ZID860890

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." In: Walter Scheidel and Brent Shaw, eds., Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 070801. July 1, 2008.
Available via SSRN (Social Science Research Network) @ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1427349

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." Pages 125-162. In: Tim Whitmarsh, ed., Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. (Cambridge University Press, 2010) 125-162.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/8957440/_Making_Space_for_Bicultural_Identity_Herodes_Atticus_Commemorates_Regilla_in_T_Whitmarsh_ed_Local_Knowledge_and_Microidentities_in_the_Imperial_Greek_World_Cambridge_University_Press_2010_125_162

Graindor, Paul. Un Milliardaire Antique: Hérode Atticus et sa Famille. Recueil de travaux publiés par la Faculté des lettres, cinquième fascicule. Le Caire: Imprimerie Misr, 1930.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5682013w.texteImage

John, David. "Demeter and Persephone -- Part 2." My Favourite Planet > English > People.
Available @ http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/english/people/d1/demeter-2.html

John, David. "Herodes Atticus." My Favourite Planet > English > People.
Available @ http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/english/people/h1/herodes-atticus.html

Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Higher up the valley, on a spur of the hill above the springs of Egeria, stands the Temple of Ceres and Faustina, now called S. Urbano alla Caffarella. It belongs to the Barberinis, who take good care of it, as well as of the sacred grove of ilexes which covers the slope to the south of the springs. The vestibule is supported by four marble pillars, but, the intercolumniations having been filled up by Urban VIII, in 1634, the picturesqueness of the effect is destroyed. Here Herodes dedicated to the memory of his wife a statue, minutely described in the second Triopian inscription, alluded to above. Early Christians took possession of the temple and consecrated it to the memory of Pope Urbanus, the martyr, whose remains were buried close by, in the crypta magna of the Catacombs of Praetextatus. Pope Paschal I caused the Confession of the church to be decorated with frescoes representing the saint from whom it was named, with the Virgin Mary, and S. John. In the year 1011 the panels between the pilasters of the cella were covered with paintings illustrating the lives and martyrdoms of Caecilia, Tiburtius, Valerianus and Urbanus, and, although injured by restorations, these paintings form the most important contribution to the history of Italian art in the eleventh century. We have therefore under one roof and within the four walls of this temple, the names of Ceres, Faustina, Herodes and Annia Regilla, coupled with those of S. Caecilia and S. Valerianus, of Paschal I., and Pope Barberini; decorations in stucco and brick of the time of Marcus Aurelius; paintings of the ninth and eleventh centuries; and all this variety of wealthy intrusted to the care of a good old hermit, whose dreams are surely not troubled by the conflicting souvenirs of so many events." Pages 292-293. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries, pages 253-305; Via Appia, pages 286-305. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/page/292/mode/1up
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/home.html
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Pagan and Christian Rome. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/home.html
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome: A Companion Book for Students and Travelers. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1897.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://ia600202.us.archive.org/35/items/cu31924028273997/cu31924028273997.pdf

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Primo: A. 1000-1530. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1902.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi01lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Secondo: Gli Ultimi Anni di Clemente VII e Il Pontificato di Paolo III (A. 1531-1549). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1903.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi02lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Terzo: Dalla Elezione di Giulio III Alla Morte di Pio IV. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1908.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi03lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Quarto: Dalla Elezione di Pio V Alla Morte di Clemente VIII (7 Gennaio 1566 - 3 Marzo 1605). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1913.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi04lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. ". . . the Valle della Caffarella is full of souvenirs of Herodes Atticus and Annia Regilla, who are brought to mind by their tombs, by the sacred grove, by the so-called Grotto of Egeria, and by the remains of their beautiful villa. . . . As regards the Sacred Grove, there is no doubt that its present beautiful ilexes continue the tradition, and flourish on the very spot of the old grove, sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, CVIVS HAEC PRAEDIA FVERVNT." Pages 287-294. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/page/287/mode/1up
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/6*.html#sec25
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Woods sacred to the deity were called 'luci' in opposition to 'silvae' or 'nemora,' which names designate an ordinary forest. It is remarkable, indeed, that one of the luci should have survived through the events of centuries, and should still be flourishing, still venerated, still called by its classic name of 'Bosco Sacro.' I allude to the cluster of fine ilexes on the west side of the valley della Caffarella, near the so-called grotto of the 'ninfa Egeria' and the church of S. Urbano. Inscriptions discovered in that neighborhood[1] show that these lands once belonged to Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus; that after her death in childbirth the lands were consecrated to the gods; that they contained wheat-fields, vineyards, olive groves, pastures, a village named Triopium, a temple dedicated to Faustina under the title of New Ceres, a burial plot placed under the protection of Minerva and Nemesis, and lastly a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla. The remains of the Triopium are to be seen in the Vigna Grandi; the family tomb is represented by the exquisite little building known as the 'tempio del Dio Redicolo,' the temple of Ceres and Faustina by the church of S. Urbano. As regards the sacred grove, there is no doubt that the present trees continue the tradition and live on the very spot sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, 'cuius haec praedia fuerunt.'" Pages 120-121. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft/page/120/mode/1up
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "Did Herodes Atticus Genuinely or Fakely Grieve for His Murdered Wife?" Earth and Space News. May 18, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/did-herodes-atticus-genuinely-or-fakely.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Did Herodes Atticus Have Eight Months Pregnant Wife, Regilla, Killed?" Earth and Space News. May 11, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/did-herodes-atticus-have-eight-months.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Disrespect From Second Son Increased Herodes's Grief for His Daughters." Earth and Space News. June 1, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/disrespect-from-second-son-increased.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Atticus Dedicated His Wife's Land Along Via Appia as Triopion." Earth and Space News. Thursday, June 15, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/herodes-atticus-dedicated-his-wifes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter Became Sant'Urbano Alla Caffarella." Earth and Space News. Thursday, June 22, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/herodes-atticuss-temple-of-demeter.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Dedicated Wife's Via Appia Land to Her as Light of the House." Earth and Space News. Thursday, June 8, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/herodes-dedicated-wifes-via-appia-land.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Atticus's Wife's Ancestral Estate Was Near Quintilii's Villa." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 4, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/herodes-atticuss-wifes-ancestral-estate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Marcus Aurelius Liking Trojan Quintilii Brothers Upset Herodes Atticus." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 27, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/marcus-aurelius-liking-trojan-quintilii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Within Five Years of His Wife's Murder, Herodes Grieved His Daughters." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 25, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/within-five-years-of-his-wifes-murder.html

Noreen, Kirstin. "Sant-Urbano Alla Caffarella, Rome: The Reconstruction of an Ancient Memorial." Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, vol. 47 (2002): 57-82.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238792

Piranesi, Giambattista. "Veduta del Tempio delle Camene, anticamente circondato da un bosco nella valle di Egeria, si fede fuori de Porta Latina nella valle detta la Gaffarella. A Spelonca d'Egeria. B Tempio di Bacco oggi S. Urbano. Cavlier Piranesi del e inc." Vedute di Rome. [Rome]: Pressa l'Autore a Strada Felice nel Palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de monti, 1779.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011111214/page/n128/mode/1up

Piranesi, Giambattista. Vedute di Rome. [Rome]: Pressa l'Autore a Strada Felice nel Palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de monti, 1779.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011111214/
]]

Quilici, Lorenzo. "La Valle della Caffarella e il Triopio di Erode Attico." Capitolium, vol. 43 (1968): 329-47.

Rhodes, Dennis E. (Everard). "Pompilio Totti: Publisher, Engraver, Roman Antiquary." Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. 37 (1969): 161-172.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310678

Smith, William. "Triopium." Page 1231. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. In two volumes. Volume II Iabadius-Zymethus. London: Walton and Maberley; John Murray, M.DCCC.LVII [1857].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofgree02smit/page/1231/mode/1up

Totti, Pompilio. "Di S. Urbano. 20. Allargandoſi verſo la Caffarella in un luogo alto rimiraſi un'antico tempio di Bacco fatto a mattoncini, ma con portico di colonne di marmo, e ſotto ha un'Oratorio oue S. Urbano catechizzaua, e battessaua, si che da queſto luogo dicono eſſere ſtato condotto al martirio; & eſſendo ſtato al detto S. Urbano dedicato, ma per lungheza di tempo tra ſterpi, & hedere ſepolto, hora dal feliciſſimo Urbano VIII nel 1634 e ſtato ſcoperto, e di nuoua fabbrica rabbellito; e d'antiche, e deuote figure è ornato, e proueduto d'ogni coſa neceſſaria; perche i giorni feſtiui vi ſi celebri meſſa a beneficio, e commodo de'conuicini habitanti.
"A piedi d'un Chriſto ſopra la porta di dentro vi ſono queſte lettere.
"Bonizzo. frt
"A. XPI. MXI.
"E nelle pitture d'intorno vi ſu ſcorgono alcuni belli riti dell'antica Chieſa.
"Nella meza colonna, ò baſe, che ſoſtiene il pilo dell'acqua Santa, ſon lettere Greche, che ſignificano.
"Arae Dionyſij Apronianus Sacerdos.
"Poiche era appreſſo li Greci l'iſteſſo Bacco, che Dioniſio, e però eſſendo S. Urbano in luogo di Bacco riuerito, altri in una ſua cronologia di lui ſcriſſe. Pro Baccho coli coepit. E qui preſſo v'e una lapide rotta, che dice.
"Deſora Elpidia inlaeſi genitalis tori,
"Femina ſingulari pudicitia, rari exempli,
"Femina, que bene bibendo maritali
". . . e culta eſt diſciplina, que vixit annos xxxiiij
"menſes xj. dies vj. quieſcit in pace.
"qui fecit marito ſuo Heterio annos xviij.
"conpari merenti fecit.
"Oue per gli errori, & per li ſentimenti duriſcorgeſi eſſer del ſecolo rozzo; nè vi ſi raccoglie altro dalla forma del dire, ſe non che ella fuſſe Chriſtiana; e ſta la ſua effigie nel fine della lapide con le mani aperte quaſi aſpettando la gloria da Dio. Queſto luogo fù ritrouato dal Sig. Sebaùtiano Biliardo." Pages 128-129. Ritratto di Roma Moderna. Roma Moderna Distinta in Sei Giornate; Giornata Seconda: Rione di Ripa, pages 91-165. Roma: Per il Mascardi, ad instanza di Pompilio Totti, M.D.C.XXX VIII [1638].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/ritrattodiromamo00tott/page/128/mode/1up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. Iscrizioni Greche Triopee, Ora Borghesiane: Con Versioni ed Osservazioni. In Roma: Nella stamperia Pagliarini, MDCCXCIV [1794].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/iscrizionigreche00visc/page/n3/mode/2up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. "Iscrizioni Greche Triopee, Ora Borghesiane: Con Versioni ed Osservazioni." Pages 237-362. Opere Varie, Italiane e Francesi. Milano: Co' Torchi della Società Tip. de' Classici Italiana, MDCCCXXVII [1827].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia01visc/page/237/mode/1up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. "T. XIV. Ara o Mensa di Bacco." Tavola XIV. Opere Varie, Italiane e Francesi. Vol. II. Milano: Presso Antonio Fortunato Stella e Figli, MDCCCXXIX [1829].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia02visc/page/n563/mode/1up

Wednesday, June 28, 2023

Hevelius Introduced Three-Headed Snake Constellation Cerberus in 1687

Summary: Johannes Hevelius introduced Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake constellation in 1687 as a starry monster grasped by Hercules the Hero's left hand.

Hercules the Hero (center) with Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake (center right) and Vulpecula the Fox with Anſer (Anser) the Goose (right center); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. H: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Seventeenth-century Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius introduced Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake constellation in 1687 as a starry monster held captive in the firm grasp of constellation Hercules the Hero's left hand.

Johannes Hevelius (Polish: Jan Heweliusz; Jan. 28, 1611-Jan. 28, 1687) featured Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake constellation as one of 10 constellations that he had visualized in Prodromus Astronomiae. The three-volume compendium comprised the Prodromus; a star catalogue, Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum; and a star atlas, Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia. Hevelius's death left the Prodromus Astronomiae unfinished and the catalogue and star atlas, which had been printed in 1687, unpublished. The astronomer-selenographer's wife, Polish astronomer Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann Hevelius (Polish: Elżbieta Koopman Heweliusz; Jan. 17, 1647–Dec. 22, 1693), finished the Prodromus and then published all three volumes, under the sole authorship of her husband, in 1690.

Hevelius presented Cerberus as the ninth of his 10 newly created constellations in Chapter VIII, De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis, of section Tabulae Solares Novae ("New Solar Tables") in the Prodromus. Although he described Cerberus as a "triple-headed, infernally voracious dog," Hevelius depicted the constellation as a three-headed snake.

In Greek mythology, Cerberus represented the last of the 12 labors undertaken by Hercules (Heracles; Greek: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklḕs, "glory of Hera") as penance for his Hera-induced rageful murder of his wife, Theban Princess Megara (Ancient Greek: Μεγάρα), and their sons. Cerberus (Greek: Κέρβερος Kérberos) was a three-head dog, with a serpentine tail and a profusion of snakes protruding from his body and mane, who ferociously guarded the gates of the Underworld to foil escape attempts by the souls of the dead.

Anser and Vulpecula (center) with Hercules (upper left) and Cerberus (left center); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. L: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Hevelius connected his ninth new constellation, Cerberus, with his eighth constellatory creation, double-figured Vulpecula the Fox and the Anser the Goose. With the stolen Goose in his mouth, the Fox runs swiftly to gift voracious Cerberus with his captive anserous prey.

"De Cerbero. Dicta haec Vulpecula, furto ſurripuit Anſerem, quam in ore gerens veloci curſu ad Cerberum, Tricipitem nempe illum Canem infernalem voracem deportat, quò Jentaculum & ſolatium quaſi habeat, antequam ab Hercule clavamjam exporrigente, occidatur. Sic ut haec Vulpecula cum Anſere, etiam juxta fabulas Poetarum, & Aſtrologorum Regulas, convenienter hoc loco reponi à me potuerit. Haud minùs benè factum, quòd Herculi, Cerberum ſiniſtrâ manu tenendum tradiderim," Hevelius explained (page 117).

Hevelius depicted his Cerberus constellation in five illustrations in Firmamentum Sobiescianum, the third volume of Prodromus Astronomiae. The main depiction, in Tavola H, centers on Hercules the Hero with Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake in his left hand and with neighbors Vulpecula the Fox and Anser the Goose. Tavola I focuses on Lyra the Lyre with neighbors Hercules and Cerberus. Tavola L centers on Anser and Vulpecula with neighbors Hercules and Cerberus. Tavola P depicts Hercules and Cerberus as neighbors of Serpentarius, alternative name of Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer. Tavola R shows Cerberus and Vulpecula with Anser as neighbors of Aquila the Eagle and Antinous the Lover of Roman Emperor Hadrian.

Aquila (center) with Cerberus (upper left) and Vulpecula (upper right) with Anser (upper center); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. R: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

As with all of Hevelius's constellations, figures are reversed, depicted "back to front," as if on a celestial globe, as noted by English constellation history biographer Ian Ridpath (born May 1, 1947) in his post on "Hevelius and Firmamentum Sobiescianum" on his Star Tales website. Depictions from the perspective of an outsider looking into a celestial globe reverse, or create mirror images of, the actual appearance of starry figures as viewed by an Earth-based observer situated as an insider looking outward at a celestial globe.

Hevelius created Cerberus from four faint stars in southwestern Hercules the Hero constellation. The cerberic quartet comprised the quartet known modernly as 93 Herculis (93 Her), 95 Herculis (95 Her), 102 Herculis (102 Her) and 109 Herculis (109 Her), according to Ian Ridpath's "Cerberus" in Chapter Four: Obsolete Constellations on his Star Tales website.

The quartet's moderate brightness allows for visibility in dark sky locations and bare or no visibility in light pollution-affected skies, according to Iacopo Sassarini's The Sky Live website. Hypergiant 93 Herculis and variable, visual double 109 Herculis are orangeish yellow hued. Variable, double giant 95 Herculis casts a white-hued light. Double sub-giant 102 Herculis is blue-white hued.

Four constellations arc around Hercules-held Cerberus the Three-Headed Snake. Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer, known to Hevelius as Serpentarius, neighbors to the south. Aquila the Eagle flies to the southwest of the Three-Headed Snake. To the west, Vulpecula the Fox bears mouth-held prey Anser the Goose while Sagitta the Arrow targets westward, away from Cerberus. Lyra the Lyre lies to the west-northwest.

Serpentarius (center) with Hercules (center left) and Cerberus (center right); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. P: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Cerberus is considered an obsolete constellation. The Three-Headed Snake constellation did not number among the 88 modern constellations approved by the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) inaugural General Assembly, held May 1922 in Rome, Italy.

Although constellation Cerberus has been disbanded and re-absorbed as unfigured stars in constellation Hercules, the quartet's presence in night skies remains. Skygazers still may improve their unaided or aided eyesight by embellishing Hercules with a serpentine captive.

As part of constellation Hercules, Cerberus shares the Hero's visibility range. Full visibility is available for observers located between latitudes 90 degrees north and 38 degrees south. Observers at latitudes 38 degrees south to 86 degrees south experience partial visibility of the Hero, according to Ian Ridpath's "Constellations -- 1" table on his Star Tales website.

Hercules the Hero encompasses an area of 1,225.1 square degrees, which claims 2.970 percent of the area of the night sky. The Hero's areal spread accords it placement as the fifth largest of the 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Right ascension (abbreviated RA; symbol α) coordinates for the Herculean constellation extend from 15 hours (h) 48 minutes (m) 29.9005 (s) to 18h 57m 49.5029s, according to the constellation boundary tables on the International Astronomical Union's website. The equatorial coordinate system's right ascension likens to terrestrial longitude.

Declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) coordinates for constellation Hercules span plus 3.6735139 to plus 51.3242683. In the equatorial coordinate system, declination similarizes to geographic latitude.

April through November qualify as best Herculean viewing months for Northern Hemisphere observers. Hercules favors June through September as best viewing months for Southern Hemisphere skygazers, according to James Miller in "Star Constellation Facts: Hercules," posted April 14, 2015, to his website, Astronomy Trek.

Hercules climbs especially high in the sky through the summer in Northern Hemisphere skies. The constellation's Herculean height facilitates sighting of its Keystone asterism. The quadrilateral comprises Epsilon Herculis (ε Herculis; abbreviated ε Her, Epsilon Her), Zeta Herculis (ζ Herculis; abbreviated ζ Her, Zeta Her), Eta Herculis (η Herculis; abbreviated η Her, Eta Her) and Pi Herculis (π Herculis; abbreciated π Her, Pi Her). The Keystone outlines the Hero's pelvis, according to Ridpath's "Stars of Hercules" in Chapter Three: The Celestial Eighty-Eight on his Star Tales website. The Keystone lies to the northeast of Cerberus.

Lyra (center) with Hercules (left) and Cerberus (lower left); Hevelius's depiction from perspective of outsider looking into celestial globe reverses actual east-west appearance of sky for Earth-based observer as insider looking outward at celestial globe; J. Hevelii, Firmamentum Sobiescianum (MDCXC [1690]), Fig. I: Public Domain, via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Allen, Richard Hinckley. "Cerberus. . . . This sub-constellation, a former adjunct of Hercules, but now entirely disregarded by astronomers, is supposed to have originated with Hevelius in his Firmamentum Sobiescianum, although Flammarion asserts that it was on the sphere of Eudoxos with the Branch. . . . it probably was only made for the purpose of mythological completeness, as the death of this watch-dog of Hades fitly rounded out the circle of Hercules' twelve labors. Others have said that the figure typified the serpent destroyed by the Hero while it was infesting the country around Taenarum, the Μέτωπον of Greece, the modern Cape Matapan." Pages 159-160. Star-Names and Their Meanings. New York NY; Leipzig, Germany; London, England; Paris, France: G.E. Stechert, 1899.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/starnamesandthe00allegoog/page/159/mode/1up
Available via Penelope-University of Chicago @ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Cerberus*.html

Byrd, Deborah. "Hercules is between 2 bright stars: Vega and Arcturus." EarthSky > Tonight. April 7, 2023.
Available @ https://earthsky.org/tonight/two-stars-lead-to-constellation-hercules/

Hevelii, Johannis. "Cur Vulpecula cum Anſere eo in loco fuerit rejecta. Ex Stellis autem iſtis, quae inter Aquilam & Lyram, ſub Cygno, haud procul à Cerbero, horribili illo & voraci animali, vel à Cane infernali Tricipiti (prout Poetae fabulantur) videntur, numero 27, nimirùm cum unâ olim jam cognitâ, & 26 novis meis à me ſolummodò obſervatis, ſimul cum illâ planè novâ, quae Anno primùm 1672 apparuit, ac per biennium in Coelo fulſit, volui Vulpeculam cum Anſere, in ſpatio Coeli benè apto, & quidem tale animalculum quod admodùm Aſtutum, vorax, & furax eſt, reponere. Attento, quòd Aquila & Lyra ejusdem ſint naturae; nimirùm rapaces & edaces: ne non & hae Stellae in Vulpeculâ, cum illis in Aquilâ & Lyrâ conſtitutis, eandem conſeervent naturam." Page 117. Prodromus Astronomiae cum Catalogo Fixarum, & Firmamentum Sobiescianum: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Tabulae Solares Novae, pages 51-142. Caput VIII De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis," pages 108-124. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133609
Available via National Digital Library Polona @ https://polona.pl/item-view/049ab5c8-5726-4a52-ad1b-48f3f475c4f2?page=73
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "De Cerbero. Dicta haec Vulpecula, furto ſurripuit Anſerem, quam in ore gerens veloci curſu ad Cerberum, Tricipitem nempe illum Canem infernalem voracem deportat, quò Jentaculum & ſolatium quaſi habeat, antequam ab Hercule clavamjam exporrigente, occidatur. Sic ut haec Vulpecula cum Anſere, etiam juxta fabulas Poetarum, & Aſtrologorum Regulas, convenienter hoc loco reponi à me potuerit. Haud minùs benè factum, quòd Herculi, Cerberum ſiniſtrâ manu tenendum tradiderim." Page 117. Prodromus Astronomiae cum Catalogo Fixarum, & Firmamentum Sobiescianum: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Tabulae Solares Novae, pages 51-142. Caput VIII De Numero Aſteriſmorum & Stellarum, tum nonnullis Rebus animadverſione dignis," pages 108-124. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133609
Available via National Digital Library Polona @ https://polona.pl/item-view/049ab5c8-5726-4a52-ad1b-48f3f475c4f2?page=73
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Cerberus." Page 282. Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum ad Annum Christi M DCC Completum. Pages 269-308. In: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133777
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Hercules." Pages 288-289. Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum ad Annum Christi M DCC Completum. Pages 269-308. In: Prodromus Astronomiae . . . Quibus additus est uterq[ue] Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum, tam major ad Annum 1660, quàm minor ad Annum completum 1700. Acceſſ Corollarii loco Tabula Motus Lunae Libratorii, Ad bina ſecula proximè ventura prolongata, brevi cum Deſcriptione, ejus ue uſu. Gedani [Gdansk]: Typis Johannis-Zachariae Stollii, M DC XC [1690].
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/133784
Available via Google Books Read Free of Charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/JOHANNIS_HEVELII_PRODROMUS_ASTRONOMIAE/OEPatgAACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
Available via Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology Catalog @ https://catalog.lindahall.org/discovery/delivery/01LINDAHALL_INST:LHL/1284873740005961

Hevelii, Johannis. "Hercules." Pages 361-362. Machinae Coelestis. Liber Quartus, Rerum Uranicarum Observationes, Gedani. Gedani [Gdansk]: Simon Reiniger, M DC LXXIX [1679].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/Machinacoelesti2Heve/page/361/mode/1up

International Astronomical Union. "Leo Constellation boundary." International Astronomical Union > Astronomy for the Public > Themes > The Constellations > Charts and Tables.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/
Available @ https://www.iau.org/static/public/constellations/txt/her.txt

Marriner, Derdriu. "Four Star Keystone Asterism Contains Hercules Globular Cluster." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sep. 27, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/four-star-keystone-asterism-contains.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Crater Parents Seven Satellites at West Oceanus Procellarum." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 18, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/hevelius-crater-parents-seven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Canes Venatici Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 17, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/hevelius-introduced-canes-venatici.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Leo Minor the Lesser Leo Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 5, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/hevelius-introduced-leo-minor-lesser.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Lynx Constellation in 1687 as Visible to Lynx-Eyed." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 25, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/hevelius-introduced-lynx-constellation.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Mons Maenalus constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 24, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/hevelius-introduced-mons-maenalus.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hevelius Introduced Sextans the Sextant Constellation in 1687." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 10, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/hevelius-introduced-sextans-sextant.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lynx Zigzags Lengthily Between Ursa Major and Auriga the Charioteer." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 1, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/lynx-zigzags-lengthily-between-ursa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Near Side Hevelius Crater Honors Polish Astronomer Johannes Hevelius." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/near-side-hevelius-crater-honors-polish.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Serpens the Serpent Constellation Is the Only Two Part Constellation." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 26, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/serpens-serpent-constellation-is-only.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Summer Triangle of Altair With Deneb and Vega Dramatizes Summer Nights." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 10, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/summer-triangle-of-altair-with-deneb.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Venusian Crater Corpman Honors Astronomer Elisabeth Koopman Hevelius." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023.
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Sassarini, Iacopo. "95 Herculis." The Sky Live > Objects > Constellations & Deep Sky Objects > All Constellations > Hercules > Complete list of stars in Hercules.
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Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/109-herculis-star

Tuesday, June 27, 2023

Winterkill, Anglicized from Vetrarmein, Airs Icelandic Names and Words

Summary: Winterkill, anglicized from Vetrarmein, sixth thriller in the Dark Iceland sextet authored by Ragnar Jónasson, airs Icelandic names and words.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

Siglufjörður (Romanized Sigufjördur, "sailing fjord") harbor accommodates adopted and native-born, native-bred locals and long-stay, overnight and short-stay guests, passersby, tourists and visitors with an attractive, comfortable, modern hotel. Sigufjördur Detective Inspector Ari Thór Arason ("eagle thunder eagle's son") allows ex-girlfriend Kristín ("Christ-bearer") and their son, Stefnir ("helmsman, steersman"), to abide in his Eyrargata ("gravel-bank street") residence. He appreciates ample hotel-room accommodations that assure his absenting himself for maximal attention to nursing-home employee and tipster Ugla ("[short-eared] owl [Asio flammeus scientifically, brandugla locally]") and minimal activities with his houseguests; Friday, July 14, 2017, 18:44, image of Siglufjörður, mainland Iceland's northernmost town, on same-named fjord: Smiley.toerist, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Winterkill, anglicized from Vetrarmein, sixth thriller in the Dark Iceland sextet about Siglufjörður (Romanized Sigufjördur) Detective Inspector Ari Thór Arason by Ragnar Jónasson, airs Icelandic names and words for Icelandic-English vocabulary lists.

The final, last, sixth thriller bears names from Mannanafnanefnd (Icelandic Naming Committee, Personal Names Committee, “Man Name Committee” literally) 20th- and 21st-century lists from 1991 onward. Baldvina (“bold, capable, dangerous, defiant, horrible, quick, strong friend”), Dóra (“gift, thunder”?), Hafdís (“ocean, sea goddess”), Jenný (“gracious god”) and Jónina (“dove”) comprise feminine first names. So do Kristín (“Christ-bearer”), Rósa (“fame, horse, mirth, red, rose”), Salvör (“sun spring”), Sara (“lady, princess”) and Selma (“faithfulest, god helmet, good view, happy famous, sun-man”?).

Ugla (“[short-eared] owl [Asio flammeus scientifically, brandugla locally]”) and Unnur (“to love” or “wave”?) Svavarsdóttir (“[free, independent southwest German] Swabian’s daughter”) exemplify feminine forenames and patronyms.

Bjarki (“bearcub [Ursus maritimus scientifically, hvitabjörn and ísbjörn locally]”) Víkingsson (“bay-inhabitant’s son”), Bolli (“drinking juglet”) and Eggert (“awe strong, weapon-edge strong”) form masculine forenames and patronyms.

Finnbogi (“wanderer bow”), Guðjón (Romanized Gudjón, “good god is gracious”) Helgason (“holy [one’s] son”) and Hávardar (“battle, high, [or] horse guard”) generate masculine forenames and patronyms. So have Hersir (“[district] chieftain, [district] lord”), Jóhann (“god is gracious”), Ögmundur (“awe, terror, weapon-edge protection, protector”) and Ragnar (“advice army”) Jónasson (“god is gracious’ son”). Stefnir (“helmsman, steersman”), Svavar (“[free, independent southwest German] Swabian”), Thorleifur (“thunder heir”), Thormódur Hávardarson (“thunder-courage battle, high, horse guard’s son”?) and Tómas (“twin”) invoke masculine names.

Feminine and masculine first names and patronymic (from Greek πᾰτήρ, “father” and ὄνῠμᾰ, “name”) surnames join other Icelandic names and words in Winterkill, anglicized from Vetrarmein.

Cinnamon buns, doughnuts and syrup cookies kindle the respective terms hnútar (“knot” literally), kleinur ("little") and sírópskökur as food names and words for Icelandic-English vocabulary lists.

Aðalgata (Romanized Adalgata, “characteristic, hallmark, specialty street”), Akureyri (“sandbank field”), Eyrargata ("gravel-bank street") and Grundargata (“ground street”) locate among Icelandic names and words as place nouns. Hlíðarvegur (Romanized Hlídarvegur, “hillside, mountainside, slope road, way”), Hvanneyrarbraut (“gravel-bank course, path, way”) and Norðurgata (Romanized Nordurgata, “north street”) model more proper nouns of Icelandic places. Ólafsfjörður (Romanized Ólafsfjördur, “ancestor['s], great-grandfather['s] daughter, descendant, heir, inheritance, legacy, son, remnant, widow”), Reykjavík ("smoky bay"), Siglufjörður (Romanized Sigufjördur, "sailing fjord") number among proper place names.

Siglunes (“sailing cape, headland, peninsula, promontory”) and Skarðsdalur (Romanized Skardsdalur, “cleft, pass valley”) offer place nouns to Icelandic names and words in Winterkill, anglicized from Vetrarmein.

Strákagöng (Strakar Tunnel, “boys['] corridor, passage, tunnel” literally) west of Siglufjördur and Suðurgata (Romanized Sudurgata, “south street”) both position themselves among proper nouns of Icelandic place.

Héðinsfjarðargöng (Romanized Hédinsfjardargöng, “fur-, skin-jacket fjord tunnel”), Múlagöng (“headland tunnel”) and Strákagöng qualify as quintessential tunnels for queuing Norðurland (Romanized Nordurland, “north country”) traffic around Siglufjördur. People and place names represent proper nouns, with capitalized first letter, even as things rank among common nouns, with first letter uncapitalized, or as proper nouns. Radio Rás (“channel") 1, radio, television and Wi-Fi channels, serve as proper-noun things even as rás ("duct, flow, flow-through channel, run, running speed”) shows common-noun thingness.

Jónas Ragnarsson’s and Katrín (“both, faraway, 100, pure”?) Guðjónsdóttir’s (Gudjónsdóttir, “good gracious god’s daughter”) first-born’s Winterkill (Vetrarmein anglicized) transmits Icelandic names, Icelandic words, Icelandic-English vocabulary lists.

Canada accounts for the world-greatest numbers of 21st-century citizens of Icelandic ancestry and of Iceland-born migrants. Three territories and ten provinces accumulate resident Icelandic Canadians, whose culture and language adapt to English- and French-language contexts and naming conventions. The former Rural Municipality of Siglunes ("sailing cape, headland, peninsula, promontory") in Manitoba, central Canada, attracts the attention of historian Bjarki (“bearcub [Ursus maritimus scientifically, hvitabjörn and ísbjörn locally]”) Víkingsson (“bay-inhabitant’s son”) and therefore of high-school student Unnur ("to love" or "wave"?) Svavarsdóttir ("[free, independent southwest German] Swabian's daughter"). Province-mandated amalgamation authorized assembling the Rural Municipality of Eriksdale and the Rural Municipality of Siglunes into the Municipality of West Interlake Jan. 1, 2015; Thursday, April 18, 2013, UploadWizard-created Map of Distribution of People of Icelandic Origin or Ancestry in Canada and Continental United States: Denrödadalahästen2, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

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Marriner, Derdriu. 20 June 2023. "Hot Chocolate Awes Easter Crowds in Winterkill, Anglicized From Sigló." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2023. "Quentin Bates Adds a Translation to Outside, Anglicized From Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 6 June 2023. "Winterkill Anglicizes What Jean-Christophe Salaün Frenchified as Sigló." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 May 2023. "David Warriner Anglicizes Winterkill From Vetrarmein By Way of Sigló." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 23 May 2023. "Perhaps Falls Are Jumps in Winterkill, Anglicized From Vetrarmein." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/perhaps-falls-are-jumps-in-winterkill.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 May 2023. "Harborside Rooms and Violent Deaths Add Stayover Traffic to Winterkill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 9 May 2023. "Whiteout, Anglicized From Andkör, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2023. "Flaming Coffee Sambuca Acts as a Christmas Toast in Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2023. "Axel Sveinsson Lighthouses Add Jobs and Attract Tourists in Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2023. "Whiteout Admits Northern Landscapes Akin to Jón Stefánsson Paintings." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 11 April 2023. "Jóhann Jónsson Adds Autumn Flowers to Andköf, Anglicized as Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 4 April 2023. "A Baby Arrives Auspiciously in Whiteout, Anglicized From Andkör." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 28 March 2023. "A Northern Lighthouse Inadvertently Admits Adverse Traffic in Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 21 March 2023. "Rupture, Anglicized From Rof, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 14 March 2023. "Coffees Appear Black or Milky, Poisoned or Sugary in Rupture." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 7 March 2023. "Rupture, Anglicized From Rof, Acknowledges Ásgrímur Jónsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2023. "Thorleifur Ragnar Jónasson Acquaints Us With Adverse Areas in Rupture." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2023. "Past Actions Affect Present Anxieties in Rupture, Anglicized From Rof." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2023. "Tunnels Accelerate Justice and Traffic in Rupture, Anglicized From Rof." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2023. "Icelandic Names and Words Are in Blackout, Anglicized From Myrknætti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2023. "Biscuits, Burgers, Chips, Dried Fish Appeal to Police in Blackout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2023. "Thorleifur Ragnar Jónasson Accuratizes Volcanic Glaciers in Blackout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 17 January 2023. "Jón Gudmundsson the Learned Accounts for Poetic Advice in Blackout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 10 January 2023. "Seven Are Taciturn About Death in Blackout, Anglicized From Myrknætti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 3 January 2023. "Summerhouses Add to Crime Rates in Blackout, Anglicized From Myrknætti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 27 December 2022. "Nattblinda, as Nightblind, Appends a Poem by Freysteinn Gunnarsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 20 December 2022. "Nattblinda, as Nightblind, Appends Spring Returns to the Valley." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2022. "Nattblinda, Anglicized Nightblind, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 6 December 2022. "Náttblinda, Anglicized Nightblind, Admits Fresh Buns, Coffee and Pizza." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/nattblinda-anglicized-nightblind-admits.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 November 2022. "Thórbergur Thórdarson Assuages Anxiety in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/thorbergur-thordarson-assuages-anxiety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2022. "Thorsteinn Jónsson Advises All Are Astray in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/thorsteinn-jonsson-advises-all-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2022. "Abandoned Areas Are Awful for New Hires in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/abandoned-areas-are-awful-for-new-hires.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2022. "Active Tunnels Adjust to Awful Weather in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/active-tunnels-adjust-to-awful-weather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2022. "Snjóblinda, Anglicized Snowblind, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/snjoblinda-anglicized-snowblind.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2022. "Indian Rice Affirms Area Affluence in Snjóblinda, Anglicized Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/indian-rice-affirms-area-affluence-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2022. "Kjarval Adorns a Retired Diplomat’s Walls in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/kjarval-adorns-retired-diplomats-walls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2022. "Gunnlaugur Blöndal Art Assuages Sailors in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/gunnlaugur-blondal-art-assuages-sailors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2022. "House and Job for Two Years Are Alluring in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/house-and-job-for-two-years-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2022. "Locals and Tourists Adore Fish and Theatre in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/locals-and-tourists-adore-fish-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-archives.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2022. "Ham and Ptarmigan Are Christmas Meats in Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/ham-and-ptarmigan-are-christmas-meats.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Acquaints Us With Davíd Stefánsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Alludes to Thorsteinn Th. Thorsteinsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-alludes-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2022. "Five Deaths Affect 16 Lives in Thorpid, Anglicized The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/five-deaths-affect-16-lives-in-thorpid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2022. "Ring Road Accesses Northeast Iceland for Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/ring-road-accesses-northeast-iceland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Appends Party of Two." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-appends.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2022. "Icelandic Rock Ptarmigans Avoid Blizzards and Hunters in Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/icelandic-rock-ptarmigans-avoid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2022. "Veröld Accepted Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti, Anglicized Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/verold-accepted-icelandic-standalone.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2022. "Victoria Cribb Anglicizes Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti Into Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/victoria-cribb-anglicizes-icelandic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2022. "Four Friends and One Enemy Are Indoors in Outside, Anglicized from Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2022. "Adverse Weather Afflicts East Iceland in Outside, Anglicized From Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Appends The Silence of the Falling Snow." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2022. "Mistur, as The Mist, Appends Christmas Apples by Katrín Guðjónsdóttir." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2022. "Mistur, anglicized The Mist, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2022. "Hulda Ate Icelandic Food Christmas Eve in Mistur, Anglicized The Mist." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Acknowledges Halldór Laxness at Christmas." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Acquaints Us With Olaf Olafsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2022. "Accidental and Violent Deaths Aggrieve Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Angles Ring Road Along Coastal Iceland." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Allows Icelandic Cuisine Takeout Pizza." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized as The Island, Acquaints Us With Bessastadir." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2022. "Seven Deaths Afflict One Detective in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2022. "Fjords and Isles Are Accessible in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2022. "Icelandic Cuisine Americanizes Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
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