Best Practices Affect Nonselective and Selective Root Pruning

Summary: Best practices affect nonselective and selective root pruning, according to the article Best Practices for Root Pruning in June 2023 Arborist News.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

Root pruning accounts for the survival of American elm trees (Ulmus americana) afflicted by the first Unitedstatesian appearance of Dutch elm vascular disease. The planted rows on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., adopt an aesthetic appearance today, 50 to 70 years after their peak affliction from the 1950s through the 1970s. The National Park Service admitted appropriate cultural treatments such as pruning, sanitation and watering schedules -- adopted by authors Larry Costello, Richard Hauer, E. Thomas Smiley and Gary Watson in their article Best Practices for Root Pruning in the Arborist News issue for June 2023 -- to advance tree health and stability ; Saturday, Nov. 11, 2006, image of Veterans Day celebration, National Mall, Washington DC, photographed by OSD/AFIS, Cherie A. Thurlby: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Best practices affect nonselective and selective root pruning, according to Best Practices for Root Pruning by co-authors Larry Costello, Richard Hauer, E. Thomas Smiley and Gary Watson in June 2023.

Root pruning battles health-backfiring, stability-battering defects; infrastructure-interfering damaged foundations, disrupted underground utilities, lifted sidewalks, sewer-plugged pipes; and vascular disease such as Dutch elm and oak wilt. Fungus and tree species; heartwood-exposing, large-diameter, trunk-proximitous root-pruning; soil moisture and temperature compound circling, stem-girdling roots and root decay compartmentalizable with small-diameter root-cutting only root sapwood. Nonselective and selective root pruning respectively, not always safely, do targeted cuts of discovered, exposed roots and soil-excavating, soil-trenching along a predetermined line for indiscriminate root-severing.

Nonselective root-pruning emphasizes root defect-mitigating, soil excavation-prepping, infrastructure damage-minimizing root-removing even as temporary pavement-lifting solutions entail root-shaving, without sharp-angle cuts, maximally one-third root diameter from heartwood.

Co-authors Larry Costello, Richard Hauer, E. Thomas Smiley and Gary Watson in their article Best Practices for Root Pruning in the Arborist News issue for June 2023 advocate appropriate nonselective and selective root pruning for tree health and stability concerns. Root connections, unless carefully altered by appropriate nonselective and selective root pruning, afflict adjacent trees with such vascular diseases as Dutch elm disease and oak wilt; "Disease Cycle of Oak Wilt, illustrated by Julie Martinez, in Joseph G. O'Brien, Manfred E. Mielke, Dave Starkey and Jennifer Juzwik, How to Identify, Prevent and Control Oak Wilt (USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area, NA-FR-01-11, August 2011), Figure 3, page 7: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Pre-pruning excavation facilitates root diameter- and location-appropriate chisels; hand pruners; hand, oscillating, reciprocal, small-chain saws; and loppers selective pruning beyond sinker roots or outside root-branch unions.

Root-pruning cuts guard against parent root-cutting when root-removing at root origin points and generate clean-cut root diameters perpendicular to growth direction and respective of intact bark. Nonselective root pruning heralds soil-excavating or trenching changing grade for construction; installing trench pipes or wires; removing or replacing pavement or sidewalk without intentional tree root-targeting. Pre-excavation root pruner-cut line on the excavation-line tree side and Dosko, Imants or Vermeer clean-cut, mechanical, nonselective root-pruning tools impede backhoe-, excavator-, trencher-crushed, splintered, torn roots.

Best practices for nonselective and selective root pruning join moist shade of moist burlap and the crushed, torn edge-pruning of 1-plus-inch (2.5-plus-centimeter) diameter exposed root ends.

Chisels; hand pruners (secateurs); hand, oscillating, reciprocating and small-chain saws; and loppers; amount to appropriate nonselective and selective root pruning tools. Backhoes, excavators and trenchers amount to inappropriate tools that announce crushed, splintered, torn roots; Tuesday, Aug. 6, 2019, 15:43, image of "Collection of secateurs kindly donated by Mrs M Dewey in memory of her husband Bernard," Breamore House, Hampshire, western South East England: Twotonetoo, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Nursery container-buried stems with container-wall roots growing circularly and excessive soil over root collar area root systems kindle stem-girdling roots (SGRs) across or around trunk bases.

Elms (Ulmus), hackberry (Celtis), linden (Tilia), maple (Acer) and Zelkova log early-autumn color, canopy-branch dieback, gradual terminal-growth reduction, partial or total root-flare absence, small-leaf aboveground-decline symptoms. Crown pruning and fertilization never may replace removing SGRs even as mulch- and soil-covered root-collar areas and mulch- and soil-contacting stem tissue may make SGRs recur. Tree age, condition, root configuration, species and such soil characteristics as root-obstructing underground necessitate cuts minimally six times breast-height diameter, for maximally 25 percent root-system loss.

Best practices for nonselective and selective pruning obtain root cuts, at or behind which adventitious roots observe same-direction elongation as original roots, farthest possible from trunks.

Stem-girdling roots (SGRs) annoy such urban-forest trees as elm (Ulmus), hackberry (Celtis), linden (Tilia), maple (Acer) and zelkova (Zelkova). Norway maples (Acer platanoides) answer less and less to urban-forest aesthetics because of its antipathy to anti-girdling antidotes; Acer platanoides, illustrated by Walter Müller, in Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, in wort und bild, für schule und haus, Band III (1888), Plate 325: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Soil density, soil moisture, species and temperature predict respective 18-inch (45-centimeter) midwestern and 6-foot (2-meter) subtropical annual root extensions for USDA Hardiness Zones 5 and 9.

Auxin, carbohydrates, growth hormones, mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth regulators, root growth-stimulating vitamin components and seaweed extracts queue behind efficacious mulching, organic-matter incorporation and fertilization cultural treatments. Root loss requires five-year monitoring for such first-, same-season, water-stress symptoms as early color change; defoliation; drooping, dull leaves and branch tips; and scorched leaf margins. It seeks such symptoms next growing season as shortened twig elongation, late leaf-out, open and sparse canopies, atypical and smaller leaf size and premature leaf loss.

Fertilization apart for nutrient deficiencies never triggers substantial root development even as dieback pruning, height reduction and removal thwart root-related whole-tree failure from extreme root loss.

Nonselective and selective root pruning antagonize root-system nutrient- and water-absorbing capacities. They appal hormone synthesis and stored energy. They arrest canopy growth. Some species such as post oak (Quercus stellata) assume poor recovery from root loss not appropriately attained. Elm (Ulmus),locust (Robinia) and London plane and sycamore (Platanus) attempt healthier, more lasting, stabler recoveries from root injury and loss; Wednesday, July 23, 2014, 12:16, image of "The Houston Campsite Oak, a Post Oak (Quercus stellata) in Grapevine Springs Preserve, Coppell, Texas, United States, is where Sam Houston and his agents camped in 1843 while successfully negotiating a peace treaty with Native American tribes. The Works Progress Administration built the retaining wall in 1936 to protect the slope from erosion.": Larry D. Moore (User: Nv8200pa), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Root pruning accounts for the survival of American elm trees (Ulmus americana) afflicted by the first Unitedstatesian appearance of Dutch elm vascular disease. The planted rows on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., adopt an aesthetic appearance today, 50 to 70 years after their peak affliction from the 1950s through the 1970s. The National Park Service admitted appropriate cultural treatments such as pruning, sanitation and watering schedules -- adopted by authors Larry Costello, Richard Hauer, E. Thomas Smiley and Gary Watson in their article Best Practices for Root Pruning in the Arborist News issue for June 2023 -- to advance tree health and stability ; Saturday, Nov. 11, 2006, image of Veterans Day celebration, National Mall, Washington DC, photographed by OSD/AFIS, Cherie A. Thurlby: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg

Co-authors Larry Costello, Richard Hauer, E. Thomas Smiley and Gary Watson in their article Best Practices for Root Pruning in the Arborist News issue for June 2023 advocate appropriate nonselective and selective root pruning for tree health and stability concerns. Root connections, unless carefully altered by appropriate nonselective and selective root pruning, afflict adjacent trees with such vascular diseases as Dutch elm disease and oak wilt; "Disease Cycle of Oak Wilt, illustrated by Julie Martinez, in Joseph G. O'Brien, Manfred E. Mielke, Dave Starkey and Jennifer Juzwik, How to Identify, Prevent and Control Oak Wilt (USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area, NA-FR-01-11, August 2011), Figure 3, page 7: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oak_Wilt_cycle.gif; via New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NY DEC) @ https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/oakwiltusda.pdf

Chisels; hand pruners (secateurs); hand, oscillating, reciprocating and small-chain saws; and loppers; amount to appropriate nonselective and selective root pruning tools. Backhoes, excavators and trenchers amount to inappropriate tools that announce crushed, splintered, torn roots; Tuesday, Aug. 6, 2019, 15:43, image of "Collection of secateurs kindly donated by Mrs M Dewey in memory of her husband Bernard," Breamore House, Hampshire, western South East England: Twotonetoo, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Collection_of_secateurs.jpg

Stem-girdling roots (SGRs) annoy such urban-forest trees as elm (Ulmus), hackberry (Celtis), linden (Tilia), maple (Acer) and zelkova (Zelkova). Norway maples (Acer platanoides) answer less and less to urban-forest aesthetics because of its antipathy to anti-girdling antidotes; Acer platanoides, illustrated by Walter Müller, in Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, in wort und bild, für schule und haus, Band III (1888), Plate 325: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4321141; Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/7982374259/; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Acer_platanoides0_clean.jpg

Nonselective and selective root pruning antagonize root-system nutrient- and water-absorbing capacities. They appal hormone synthesis and stored energy. They arrest canopy growth. Some species such as post oak (Quercus stellata) assume poor recovery from root loss not appropriately attained. Elm (Ulmus),locust (Robinia) and London plane and sycamore (Platanus) attempt healthier, more lasting, stabler recoveries from root injury and loss; Wednesday, July 23, 2014, 12:16, image of "The Houston Campsite Oak, a Post Oak (Quercus stellata) in Grapevine Springs Preserve, Coppell, Texas, United States, is where Sam Houston and his agents camped in 1843 while successfully negotiating a peace treaty with Native American tribes. The Works Progress Administration built the retaining wall in 1936 to protect the slope from erosion.": Larry D. Moore (User: Nv8200pa), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons (Attribution Specification: Reuse without attribution is a violation of the license. The photographer's name and the link to the license are required. A link back to this source is requested. Example: Larry D. Moore, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.) @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Houston_campsite_oak.jpg

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html