Herodes Dedicated Wife's Via Appia Land to Her as Light of the House

Summary: After the murder of his wife, Regilla, wealthy Athenian rhetorician Herodes Atticus dedicated her Via Appia Land to her as Regilla Light of the House.

An inscribed slab found on Regilla's property along Via Appia honors her as "Regilla light of the house;" Friday, Feb. 15, 2013, 12:52:59, image of slab inscribed with "Regilla light of the household," Via Appia, Chiesa di San Nicola a Capo di Bove, Rome, Latium region, central western Italy: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

After the murder of his wife, Regilla, ca. 160 CE, Herodes Atticus, a wealthy Athenian Greek rhetorician with Roman citizenship, dedicated her Via Appia Land south of Rome to her as 'Regilla Light of the Household.'

Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; 101-177 CE) divided his time between Rome and Greece until 146 CE. His activities in Rome included serving as a senator in 124 CE, as a consul in 143 CE and, from 141 to 146 CE, as a tutor of adoptive imperial princes Lucius Verus (Dec. 15, 130-January 169 CE) and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE) during the reign (July 11, 138-March 7, 161 CE) of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE). After 146 CE, he primarily lived with his wife and their children in Greece, where his possessions included "three impressive villas," according to German classical archaeologist Barbara Elisabeth Borg in "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered" (pages 317, 319, 325), published in 2018 in Visual Histories of the Classical World.

Herodes Atticus had married wealthy Roman patrician teenager Appia Annia Regilla (full name: Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla; 125-160 CE), known as Regilla, in 139 CE, according to American classicist Barbara F. McManus (Oct. 5, 1942-June 19, 2015) in "Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, and Regilla: Civic Donors" on VRoma, the "Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics" that she co-directed. When in Rome, they resided at a property, in Regilla's name, located south of Rome at mile marker three on Via Appia. The specifics of Regilla's ownership are unknown. She may have gained possession of the property as part of her dowry, as her own personal property or as an inheritance, as suggested by American classicist Maud W. Gleason in "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla" (footnote 70, page 143), published in Tim Whitmarsh's Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World in 2010.

Regilla died in the eighth month of her pregnancy ca. 160 CE from a kick to her abdomen. Regilla's brother, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, known as Bradua, brought charges of murder against Herodes Atticus for ordering the kick to be made by one of his freedmen, Alcimedon. A senatorial court decided in favor of the grieving husband's innocence, and Alcimedon, who remained in Herodes's service, escaped punishment.

Herodes Atticus gained possession of Regilla's Via Appia estate after her death. The specifics of his possession are unclear. The modality of property transmission may have been by dotal pact, fideicommissum for their children or testament, as suggested by Maud Gleason (footnote 70, pages 15-16). Fidescommissum (Latin: fides, "faith" + commissus, past participle of committo, "to combine, hold together") entails the bequeathal of a benefit to a beneficiary, who then is obligated to bequeath the benefit to another, such as a child in the beneficiary's potestas (Latin: potestas, "legal authority").

Herodes Atticus dedicated all or part of Regilla's estate along Rome's Via Appia as a sanctuary in her memory after her murder in 160 CE; "a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla" (pages 120-121), in R. Lanciani, New Tales of Old Rome (1901), page 121: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

As part of his display of extreme grief over his wife's death, Herodes Atticus dedicated Regilla's estate along Via Appia as a sanctuary to her. It is unclear whether Herodes Atticus designated the entirety of Regilla's land or only an unknown portion of the estate as a sanctuary, as concluded by Barbara Bohr (page 327).

A bilingual, Greek and Latin, dedication on a grey marble column numbers among the finds originating from Regilla's property along Via Appia. The 198-centimeter high column has experienced transformations and relocations throughout its discoveries and rediscoveries, according to Welsh author, graphic artist and photographer David John in "Herodes Atticus" on his online travel guide, My Favourite Planet. Around 309 CE, during the reign (Oct. 28, 306-Oct. 28, 312 CE) of Roman Emperor Maxentius (278-Oct. 28, 312 CE), the column was reused as a milestone. The other side of the column was reinscribed as a marker for the seventh mile on Via Appia from Porta Capena, the southern gateway in Rome's 4th century BCE, defensive Servian Wall (Latin: Murus Servii Tullii; Italian: Mura Serviane).

During the Middle Ages, which were framed by the collapse of Roman civilization in the fifth century to beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century, the grey marble column was relocated northeasterly to the Sant'Eusebio Monastery (Italian: chiesa di sant'Eusebio; Latin: Sancti Eusebii) on Esquiline Hill (Latin: Collis Esquilinus; Italian: Esquilino), one of the Seven Hills of Rome. Roman Catholic Cardinal Alessandro Albani (Oct. 15, 1692-Dec. 11, 1779), also an antiquities collector and dealer, subsequently purchased the column for his collection. The column now is held in the collection of the Capitoline Museums (Italiane: Musei Capitolini; Latin: Musea Capitolina), located on the Capitoline Hill (Italian: Campidoglio; Latin: Mons Capitolinus), one of the Seven Hills of Rome.

The grey marble stone's bilingual dedication, with words run together in Greek and in Latin, describes Herodes Atticus's wife with an endearing epithet and acknowledges her status as possessor of the estate. The Greek inscription occupies four lines: "(line one) Αννια Ρηγιλλα (line two) Hρωδουγυνητοφως (line three) τηςοικιαςτινοςταυ (line four) ταταχωριαγεγοναν." The Latin inscription comprises six lines: "(line one) Annia Regilla (line two) Herodis uxor (line three) lumen domus (line four) cuius haec (line five) praesia (line six) fuerunt" (David John, "Herodes Atticus," My Favourite Planet). The inscription translates as: "Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes, light of the house, to whom these estates [praedia; plural of praedium, "estate") belonged" (Borg, page 320).

marble column found along Via Appia and now in collection of Rome's Capitoline Museums; drawing of marble column with bilingual dedication that translates in English as "Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes, light of the house, to whom these estates belonged;" in Christian Hülsen, "Zu den Inschriften des Herodes Atticus," Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, band 45 (1890), opposite page 320: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

An inscribed slab found on Regilla's property on Via Appia honors her as "Regilla light of the house;" Friday, Feb. 15, 2013, 12:52:59, image of slab inscribed with "Regilla light of the house," Via Appia, Chiesa di San Nicola a Capo di Bove, Rome, Latium region, central western Italy: Carole Raddato (Following Hadrian), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/9089398189/

Herodes Atticus dedicated all or part of Regilla's estate along Rome's Via Appia as a sanctuary in her memory after her murder in 160 CE; "a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla" (pages 120-121), in R. Lanciani, New Tales of Old Rome (1901), page 121: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft/page/121/mode/1up

marble column found along Via Appia and now in collection of Rome's Capitoline Museums; drawing of marble column with bilingual dedication that translates in English as "Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes, light of the house, to whom these estates belonged;" in Christian Hülsen, "Zu den Inschriften des Herodes Atticus," Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, band 45 (1890), opposite page 320: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/rheinischesmuseu45rheiuoft/page/n338/mode/1up

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Lanciani, Rodolfo. ". . . the Valle della Caffarella is full of souvenirs of Herodes Atticus and Annia Regilla, who are brought to mind by their tombs, by the sacred grove, by the so-called Grotto of Egeria, and by the remains of their beautiful villa. . . . As regards the Sacred Grove, there is no doubt that its present beautiful ilexes continue the tradition, and flourish on the very spot of the old grove, sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, CVIVS HAEC PRAEDIA FVERVNT." Pages 287-294. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
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Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Woods sacred to the deity were called 'luci' in opposition to 'silvae' or 'nemora,' which names designate an ordinary forest. It is remarkable, indeed, that one of the luci should have survived through the events of centuries, and should still be flourishing, still venerated, still called by its classic name of 'Bosco Sacro.' I allude to the cluster of fine ilexes on the west side of the valley della Caffarella, near the so-called grotto of the 'ninfa Egeria' and the church of S. Urbano. Inscriptions discovered in that neighborhood[1] show that these lands once belonged to Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus; that after her death in childbirth the lands were consecrated to the gods; that they contained wheat-fields, vineyards, olive groves, pastures, a village named Triopium, a temple dedicated to Faustina under the title of New Ceres, a burial plot placed under the protection of Minerva and Nemesis, and lastly a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla. The remains of the Triopium are to be seen in the Vigna Grandi; the family tomb is represented by the exquisite little building known as the 'tempio del Dio Redicolo,' the temple of Ceres and Faustina by the church of S. Urbano. As regards the sacred grove, there is no doubt that the present trees continue the tradition and live on the very spot sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, 'cuius haec praedia fuerunt.'" Pages 120-121. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
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von Rohden, Paul. "Annius 32: Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, Consul ordinarius 160 n. Chr. mit T. Clodius Vibius Varus, CIL VI 2896. Orelli 2322 = Wilmanns 119 (in diesen beiden Inschriften der vollständige Name). CIL VI 162 (Appius Annius Bradua). 768 (Bradua). III p. 959 (Bradua) vgl. CIG III 4661 p. 1183 (. . . ου Αν . . .). 6411 p. 1267 (Βρα . . .). Als Consular klagte Bradua den Sophisten (Ti. Claudius Atticus) Herodes wegen angeblichen Mordes seiner (des Bradua) Schwester und des Herodes Gattin, (Appia Annia) Regilla (Nr. 125), an. Philostr. vit. soph. II 1, 8. Vielleicht war er auch ein Bruder des Appius (Annius) Gallus Cos. desig. ca. 150 und Vater des M. [A]tilius [A]tti[cus] in der Inschrift von Olympia. Archaeol. Ztg. 1878, 96 nr. 156; s. den Stammbaum unter Nr. 49. Vgl. auch Appius Bradua CIL XV 826." Seite 2264. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE), Band I,2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1894.
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Whitmarsh, Tim, ed. Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. Greek Culture in the World. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Wright, [Emily] Wilmer Cave [France]. "A charge of murder was also brought against Herodes, and it was made up in this way. . . . This speech was reported indoors to Herodes, and when he heard it he removed the signs of mourning from his house, for fear he should become the laughingstock of wise men." Pages 158-163. Philostratus and Eunapius: The Lives of the Sophists, Book II.1.557-559, pages 162-169. The Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, MCMXXII [1922].
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