Earth and Space News: Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter Became Sant'Urbano Alla Caffarella

Summary: Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter, built near Rome's Via Appia ca. 160 CE, was converted in the 10th century to Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella.

Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter, built near Rome's Via Appia in second century CE and converted in 10th century to Chiesa di Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella, according to 18th-century etching by Venetian Italian architect, artist and engraver Giovanni Battista, or Giambattista, Piranesi (Oct. 4, 1720-Nov. 9, 1778), Vedute di Roma (1779), tavola 60: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Wealthy Athenian Greek Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter, built ca. 160 CE near Rome's Via Appia, was converted approximately eight centuries later, in the 10th century, to la Chiesa di (the Church of) Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella.

Herodes Atticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρώδης ὁ Ἀττικός; Roman name: Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes; 101-177 CE), a wealthy Greek rhetorician with Roman citizenship, was charged with the murder of his wife, Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla (125-160 CE), known as Regilla, by his brother-in-law, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, in 160 CE, the year of Bradua's consulship. A senatorial court acquitted Herodes Atticus, whose unpunished freedman, Alcimedon, was blamed for fatally kicking eight months pregnant Regilla in the abdomen.

Herodes Atticus expressed his grief, which was genuine according to some and fake according to others, by making dedications in Regilla's memory in Greece and in Italy. In Italy, Herodes Atticus redesigned all or part of Regilla's estate at mile marker three on Rome's Via Appia as a garden sanctuary in Regilla's name. He gave the sanctuary the name of Triopion (Ancient Greek: Τριόπιον) to namesake the garden sanctuary of ancient Greek mythology's goddess of the Earth, harvests and seasons, Demeter (Ancient Greek: Δημήτηρ, Dēmḕtēr) at Knidos (Ancient Greek: Κνίδος, Knídos), an ancient port city on Cape Triopion (Ancient Greek: Τριόπιον; modern-day Cape Krio) in Caria region (Ancient Greek: Καρία, Karía), southwestern Asia Minor (modern-day western Anatolia [Ancient Greek: Ανατολία, Anatolía; Armenian: Անատոլիա, Anatolia; Turkish: Anadolu]).

The temple on Herodes Atticus's Triopion was dedicated to Ceres, Roman mythology's equivalent of Demeter, and to the new Ceres, Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius, according to American medieval art historian Kristin (Joanne) Noreen in "Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella, Rome: The Reconstruction of an Ancient Memorial" (page 71), published in 2002 in Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Through her father's lineage, Regilla was related to Annia Galeria Faustina (Faustina maggiore, "Faustina the Elder"; ca. 105-ca. 140 CE), wife of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE). Antoninus Pius reigned from July 11, 138 CE until his death as the fourth of the "Five Good Emperors" in the Roman Empire's seven-member Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Herodes Atticus installed a seated statue of Regilla as a shrine to emphasize her "posthumous semidivine status" with the two Ceres (Noreen, page 71).

A cylindral altar was discovered in the temple's crypt in 1616. An encircling snake, carved in relief, and an inscription (ΕΣΤΙΑΙ ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΥ ΑΠΡΩΝΙΑΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΟΦΑΝΤΗΣ) dedicating the altar to Dionysus (Ancient Greek: Διόνυσος, Dionysos) by Apronianos Hierofantes seemed to encourage the association of the temple with Dionysus (Noreen, page 72). Greek mythology also knew Dionysus as Bacchus (Ancient Greek: Βάκχος Bacchos), a name later adopted by Roman mythology for the god of wine, orchards, viticulture, fertility and frenzied states.

The juxtaposed church-on-temple structure was deemed as originally a temple of Bacchus by early 17th-century antiquarian, author, engraver and publisher Pompilio Totti in Ritratto di Roma Moderna (page 128), published in 1638. Sited on a high spot, the ancient brick temple of Bacchus had a marble-columned portico. ". . . in un luogo alto rimiraſi un'antico tempio di Bacco fatto a mattoncini, ma con portico di colonne di marmo," as described by the Umbrian-born, Rome-transplant (ca. 1590-after Feb. 14, 1641). (British classicist Dennis Everard Richards [March 14, 1923-April 7, 2020] noted the obscurity of both Totti's birth and death dates [page 170] in "Pompilio Totti: Publisher, Engraver, Roman Antiquary," published in Papers of the British School at Rome in 1969.)

Yet, the dedication of the altar by Apronianos Hierofantes would correlate with the cult of Ceres incorporated into Herodes Atticus's design of Triopion, as clarified by Kirstin Noreen (page 72). Athenian priest Apronianos Hierofantes was entrusted with the rites comprising the mysteries performed in honor of Ceres.

Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella (originally Temple of Demeter) and Bosco Sacro, sacred grove dedicated to Regilla, lie in public area (aree pubblichee) near Via Appia Pignatelli: August 2009 image of Comune di Roma Map of Valle della Caffarella, part of Parco Regionale Appia Antica (Appian Way Regional Park), southern Rome: Notafly, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter (Roman: Ceres) contains a circular altar (ara) or table (mensa), encircled with a snake, carved in relief (center), and inscribed, above snake, with a dedication to Dionysus (Ancient Greek: Διόνυσος); "Ara o Mensa di Bacco," in E.Q. Visconti, Opere Varie Italiane e Francesi, vol. II (1829), Tavola XIV: via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia02visc/page/n563/mode/1up; Public Domain, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5s75sc1j?urlappend=%3Bseq=564; Public Domainn, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t5s75sc1j&seq=564

Boeckhius, Augustus. "26. In duabus columnis ex marmore Carystio, in via Appia tertio ab urbe lapide positis et apud sepulcrum Metellae repertis." Pages 42-46. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Auctoritate et Impensis Academiae Litterarum Regiae Borussicae. Volumen primum. Pars Prima: Tituli Antiquissima Scripturae Forma Insigniores. Berolini Ex Officina Academica, MDCCCXXVIII [1828].
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Borg, Barbara E. "Herodes Atticus in Rome: The Triopion Reconsidered." Pages 317-330. In: Catherine M. Draycott, Rubina Raja, Katherine Welch and William T. Wootton, eds., Visual Histories of the Classical World: Essays in Honour of R.R.R. Smith. Studies in Classical Archaeology, vol. 4. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2018.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340655030_Herodes_Atticus_in_Rome_The_Triopion_reconsidered_in_C_M_Draycott_R_Raja_K_Welch_and_W_T_Wootton_eds_Visual_Histories_of_the_Classical_World_Essays_in_Honour_of_RRR_Smith_Turnhout_Brepols_2019_317-30

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." In: Walter Scheidel and Brent Shaw, eds., Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 070801. July 1, 2008.
Available via SSRN (Social Science Research Network) @ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1427349

Gleason, Maud W. "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla." Pages 125-162. In: Tim Whitmarsh, ed., Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World. (Cambridge University Press, 2010) 125-162.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/8957440/_Making_Space_for_Bicultural_Identity_Herodes_Atticus_Commemorates_Regilla_in_T_Whitmarsh_ed_Local_Knowledge_and_Microidentities_in_the_Imperial_Greek_World_Cambridge_University_Press_2010_125_162

Graindor, Paul. Un Milliardaire Antique: Hérode Atticus et sa Famille. Recueil de travaux publiés par la Faculté des lettres, cinquième fascicule. Le Caire: Imprimerie Misr, 1930.
Available via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5682013w.texteImage

John, David. "Demeter and Persephone -- Part 2." My Favourite Planet > English > People.
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John, David. "Herodes Atticus." My Favourite Planet > English > People.
Available @ http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/english/people/h1/herodes-atticus.html

Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Higher up the valley, on a spur of the hill above the springs of Egeria, stands the Temple of Ceres and Fuastina, now called S. Urbano alla Caffarella. It belongs to the Barberinis, who take good care of it, as well as of the sacred grove of ilexes which covers the slope to the south of the springs. The vestibule is supported by four marble pillars, but, the intercolumniations having been filled up by Urban VIII, in 1634, the picturesqueness of the effect is destroyed. Here Herodes dedicated to the memory of his wife a statue, minutely described in the second Triopian inscription, alluded to above. Early Christians took possession of the temple and consecrated it to the memory of Pope Urbanus, the martyr, whose remains were buried close by, in the crypta magna of the Catacombs of Praetextatus. Pope Paschal I caused the Confession of the church to be decorated with frescoes representing the saint from whom it was named, with the Virgin Mary, and S. John. In the year 1011 the panels between the pilasters of the cella were covered with paintings illustrating the lives and martyrdoms of Caecilia, Tiburtius, Valerianus and Urbanus, and, although injured by restorations, these paintings form the most important contribution to the history of Italian art in the eleventh century. We have therefore under one roof and within the four walls of this temple, the names of Ceres, Faustina, Herodes and Annia Regilla, coupled with those of S. Caecilia and S. Valerianus, of Paschal I., and Pope Barberini; decorations in stucco and brick of the time of Marcus Aurelius; paintings of the ninth and eleventh centuries; and all this variety of wealthy intrusted to the care of a good old hermit, whose dreams are surely not troubled by the conflicting souvenirs of so many events." Pages 292-293. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries, pages 253-305; Via Appia, pages 286-305. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/page/292/mode/1up
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/home.html
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Pagan and Christian Rome. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/home.html
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome: A Companion Book for Students and Travelers. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1897.
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Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Primo: A. 1000-1530. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1902.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi01lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Secondo: Gli Ultimi Anni di Clemente VII e Il Pontificato di Paolo III (A. 1531-1549). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1903.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi02lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Terzo: Dalla Elezione di Giulio III Alla Morte di Pio IV. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1908.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi03lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. Storia Degli Scavi di Roma e Notizie Intorno le Collezioni Romane di Antichità. Volume Quarto: Dalla Elezione di Pio V Alla Morte di Clemente VIII (7 Gennaio 1566 - 3 Marzo 1605). Roma: Ermanno Loescher & Ca, 1913.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/storiadegliscavi04lanciala/

Lanciani, Rodolfo. ". . . the Valle della Caffarella is full of souvenirs of Herodes Atticus and Annia Regilla, who are brought to mind by their tombs, by the sacred grove, by the so-called Grotto of Egeria, and by the remains of their beautiful villa. . . . As regards the Sacred Grove, there is no doubt that its present beautiful ilexes continue the tradition, and flourish on the very spot of the old grove, sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, CVIVS HAEC PRAEDIA FVERVNT." Pages 287-294. Pagan and Christian Rome. Chapter VI Pagan Cemeteries. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/paganchristianro00lancuoft/page/287/mode/1up
Available via The University of Chicago Library LacusCurtius (formerly Penelope) @ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/6*.html#sec25
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22153/22153-h/22153-h.htm

Lanciani, Rodolfo. "Woods sacred to the deity were called 'luci' in opposition to 'silvae' or 'nemora,' which names designate an ordinary forest. It is remarkable, indeed, that one of the luci should have survived through the events of centuries, and should still be flourishing, still venerated, still called by its classic name of 'Bosco Sacro.' I allude to the cluster of fine ilexes on the west side of the valley della Caffarella, near the so-called grotto of the 'ninfa Egeria' and the church of S. Urbano. Inscriptions discovered in that neighborhood[1] show that these lands once belonged to Annia Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus; that after her death in childbirth the lands were consecrated to the gods; that they contained wheat-fields, vineyards, olive groves, pastures, a village named Triopium, a temple dedicated to Faustina under the title of New Ceres, a burial plot placed under the protection of Minerva and Nemesis, and lastly a grove sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla. The remains of the Triopium are to be seen in the Vigna Grandi; the family tomb is represented by the exquisite little building known as the 'tempio del Dio Redicolo,' the temple of Ceres and Faustina by the church of S. Urbano. As regards the sacred grove, there is no doubt that the present trees continue the tradition and live on the very spot sacred to the memory of Annia Regilla, 'cuius haec praedia fuerunt.'" Pages 120-121. New Tales of Old Rome. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd., 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtalesofoldrom00lancuoft/page/120/mode/1up
Available @ http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/New%20tales%20of%20old%20Rome%20(1906).pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "Did Herodes Atticus Genuinely or Fakely Grieve for His Murdered Wife?" Earth and Space News. May 18, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/did-herodes-atticus-genuinely-or-fakely.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Did Herodes Atticus Have Eight Months Pregnant Wife, Regilla, Killed?" Earth and Space News. May 11, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/did-herodes-atticus-have-eight-months.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Disrespect From Second Son Increased Herodes's Grief for His Daughters." Earth and Space News. June 1, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/disrespect-from-second-son-increased.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Atticus Dedicated His Wife's Land Along Via Appia as Triopion." Earth and Space News. Thursday, June 15, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/herodes-atticus-dedicated-his-wifes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Dedicated Wife's Via Appia Land to Her as Light of the House." Earth and Space News. Thursday, June 8, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/herodes-dedicated-wifes-via-appia-land.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Herodes Atticus's Wife's Ancestral Estate Was Near Quintilii's Villa." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 4, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/herodes-atticuss-wifes-ancestral-estate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Marcus Aurelius Liking Trojan Quintilii Brothers Upset Herodes Atticus." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 27, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/marcus-aurelius-liking-trojan-quintilii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Within Five Years of His Wife's Murder, Herodes Grieved His Daughters." Earth and Space News. Thursday, May 25, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/within-five-years-of-his-wifes-murder.html

Noreen, Kirstin. "Sant-Urbano Alla Caffarella, Rome: The Reconstruction of an Ancient Memorial." Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, vol. 47 (2002): 57-82.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238792

Piranesi, Giambattista. "Veduta del Tempio di Bacco, inoggi Chiesa di S. Urbano, distante due miglia da Roma fuori della Porta di S. Sebastiano. Esso è il più intero di questa forma che sia rimaso a Roma ai giorni noſtri, si nell'esterno che nell'interno. La sua Araſi conserva peranche nel Pronao colla iscrizione . . . Ara di Bacco, Aproniano Sacerdote. 1. Muri fra gl'Intercolonnj del Pronao, et barbacani pio. 2. Chiavi delle catene di ferro impiegatevi per lo stesso fine. 3. Avanzo dell'antica casa dell'Edituo. Gio. Batt. Piranesi Arch. F.Presso l'Autore a Strada Felice nel palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de' monti. 60." Vedute di Rome. [Rome]: Pressa l'Autore a Strada Felice nel Palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de monti, 1779.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011111214/page/n124/mode/1up

Piranesi, Giambattista. Vedute di Rome. [Rome]: Pressa l'Autore a Strada Felice nel Palazzo Tomati vicino alla Trinita de monti, 1779.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011111214/
]]

Quilici, Lorenzo. "La Valle della Caffarella e il Triopio di Erode Attico." Capitolium, vol. 43 (1968): 329-47.

Rhodes, Dennis E. (Everard). "Pompilio Totti: Publisher, Engraver, Roman Antiquary." Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. 37 (1969): 161-172.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310678

Smith, William. "Triopium." Page 1231. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. In two volumes. Volume II Iabadius-Zymethus. London: Walton and Maberley; John Murray, M.DCCC.LVII [1857].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofgree02smit/page/1231/mode/1up

Totti, Pompilio. "Di S. Urbano. 20. Allargandoſi verſo la Caffarella in un luogo alto rimiraſi un'antico tempio di Bacco fatto a mattoncini, ma con portico di colonne di marmo, e ſotto ha un'Oratorio oue S. Urbano catechizzaua, e battessaua, si che da queſto luogo dicono eſſere ſtato condotto al martirio; & eſſendo ſtato al detto S. Urbano dedicato, ma per lungheza di tempo tra ſterpi, & hedere ſepolto, hora dal feliciſſimo Urbano VIII nel 1634 e ſtato ſcoperto, e di nuoua fabbrica rabbellito; e d'antiche, e deuote figure è ornato, e proueduto d'ogni coſa neceſſaria; perche i giorni feſtiui vi ſi celebri meſſa a beneficio, e commodo de'conuicini habitanti.
"A piedi d'un Chriſto ſopra la porta di dentro vi ſono queſte lettere. "Bonizzo. frt
"A. XPI. MXI.
"E nelle pitture d'intorno vi ſu ſcorgono alcuni belli riti dell'antica Chieſa.
"Nella meza colonna, ò baſe, che ſoſtiene il pilo dell'acqua Santa, ſon lettere Greche, che ſignificano.
"Arae Dionyſij Apronianus Sacerdos.
"Poiche era appreſſo li Greci l'iſteſſo Bacco, che Dioniſio, e però eſſendo S. Urbano in luogo di Bacco riuerito, altri in una ſua cronologia di lui ſcriſſe. Pro Baccho coli coepit. E qui preſſo v'e una lapide rotta, che dice.
"Deſora Elpidia inlaeſi genitalis tori,
"Femina ſingulari pudicitia, rari exempli,
"Femina, que bene bibendo maritali
". . . e culta eſt diſciplina, que vixit annos xxxiiij
"menſes xj. dies vj. quieſcit in pace.
"qui fecit marito ſuo Heterio annos xviij.
"conpari merenti fecit.
"Oue per gli errori, & per li ſentimenti duriſcorgeſi eſſer del ſecolo rozzo; nè vi ſi raccoglie altro dalla forma del dire, ſe non che ella fuſſe Chriſtiana; e ſta la ſua effigie nel fine della lapide con le mani aperte quaſi aſpettando la gloria da Dio. Queſto luogo fù ritrouato dal Sig. Sebaùtiano Biliardo." Pages 128-129. Ritratto di Roma Moderna. Roma Moderna Distinta in Sei Giornate; Giornata Seconda: Rione di Ripa, pages 91-165. Roma: Per il Mascardi, ad instanza di Pompilio Totti, M.D.C.XXX VIII [1638].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/ritrattodiromamo00tott/page/128/mode/1up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. Iscrizioni Greche Triopee, Ora Borghesiane: Con Versioni ed Osservazioni. In Roma: Nella stamperia Pagliarini, MDCCXCIV [1794].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/iscrizionigreche00visc/page/n3/mode/2up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. "Iscrizioni Greche Triopee, Ora Borghesiane: Con Versioni ed Osservazioni." Pages 237-362. Opere Varie, Italiane e Francesi. Milano: Co' Torchi della Società Tip. de' Classici Italiana, MDCCCXXVII [1827].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia01visc/page/237/mode/1up

Visconti, Ennio Quirino. "T. XIV. Ara o Mensa di Bacco." Tavola XIV. Opere Varie, Italiane e Francesi. Vol. II. Milano: Presso Antonio Fortunato Stella e Figli, MDCCCXXIX [1829].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/operevarieitalia02visc/page/n563/mode/1up

"Ara o Mensa di Bacco," in E.Q. Visconti, Opere Varie Italiane e Francesi, vol. II (1829), Tavola XIV: Public Domain, via HathiTrust

Earth and Space News

Thursday, June 22, 2023

Herodes Atticus's Temple of Demeter Became Sant'Urbano Alla Caffarella

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