Washington's Third Executive Mansion Stood on Philadelphia's High Street

Summary: George Washington's third executive mansion stood on Philadelphia's High Street as the oldest of the first U.S. president's three official residences.

"Residence of Washington in High Street, Philada.," by England-born, Philadelphia immigrant lithographer and watercolorist William L. Breton (ca. 1773/1776-Aug. 14, 1855), based upon 1823 sketch by American antiquarian John Fanning Watson (June 13, 1779-Dec. 23, 1860), in John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia (1830), opposite page 361: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

George Washington's third executive mansion stood on Philadelphia's High Street ostensibly as the oldest of his three presidential residences, although a 1780 fire placed the mansion's substantial rebuild between the construction dates for his first and second official homes.

The President's House at 190 High Street, modernly renamed and renumbered as 526-530 Market Street, ostensibly qualified as the oldest of the new nation's first three presidential residences. The Samuel Osgood House's and the Alexander Macomb House's constructions dated to 1770 and 1787, respectively. Proprietary Tax Records for 1767 show a tax valuation in December for a "New House and Lot in M.W. [Middle Ward]" owned by Mary Lawrence Masters, according to independent historian Edward Lawler Jr. in "The Presidents House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark," published in the January 2002 issue of The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. The house may have been completed in 1768 (page 10).

Mary Lawrence Masters was the wealthy widow of William L. Masters (ca. 1720-Nov. 24, 1760), son of Thomas Masters (?-1723), who served two terms (Friday, Oct. 7, 1707-Friday, Oct. 5, 1708; Friday, Oct. 5, 1708-Friday, Oct. 4, 1709) as Philadelphia's seventh mayor. Mary's father was Thomas Lawrence I (Sep. 4, 1689-April 20, 1754), who served as Philadelphia's two-term 21st mayor (Friday, Oct. 3, 1727-Saturday, Oct. 2, 1728; Saturday, Oct. 2, 1728-Friday, Oct. 7, 1729), one-term 25th mayor (Friday, Oct. 1, 1734-Friday, Oct. 7, 1735) and one-term 39th mayor (Friday, Oct. 3, 1749-Friday, Oct. 2, 1750). He died in office as Philadelphia's 43rd mayor (Tuesday, Oct. 2, 1753-Friday, April 25, 1754).

Mary Lawrence Masters conveyed the High Street mansion Tuesday, May 19, 1772, as a present for the May 21 wedding of her daughter Mary "Polly" to Richard Penn Jr. (ca. 1736-May 27, 1811), a grandson of William Penn (Oct. 24 [O.S. Oct. 14], 1644-Aug. 10 [O.S. July 30], 1718)), English founder of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1775, Richard Penn relocated with his wife, mother-in-law Mary Lawrence Masters and sister-in-law to England. He encharged his agent, Tench Francis (?-Aug. 16, 1758), with his Pennsylvania affairs, including the High Street mansion's tenancy (page 12).

Subsequent occupants of the High Street mansion included William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe (Aug. 10, 1729-July 12, 1814), British land forces commander-in-chief during the American War of Independence (April 19, 1775-Sep. 3, 1783); Benedict Arnold (Jan. 14, 1741 [O.S. Jan. 3, 1740]-June 14, 1801), American Continental Army major general and British Army brigadier general; and John Holker (1745-1822), merchant and French consul to Philadelphia. On Sunday morning, Jan. 2, 1780, during Holker's tenancy, the house blazed with fire.

Philadelphia diarists Jacob Hiltzheimer and Elizabeth Sandwith Drinker (Feb. 27, 1735-Nov. 24, 1807) agreed that the first floor survived the fire. Philadelphia Quaker diarist Elizabeth Drinker lived on North Front Street near Elfreth's Alley in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia's historic Center City district and kept a diary from 1758 until her death. "1780. January 2. Richard Penn's large house up Market St took fire last night, and this Morning is consumed all but ye lower story," she reported (page 123), according to Extracts From the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, From 1759 to 1807, A.D., published by editor Henry D. (Drinker) Biddle (1831-1898) in 1889.

Mannheim, Germany-born, Philadelphia diarist Jacob Hiltzheimer (1729-Sep. 14, 1798), elected as a Philadelphia Federalist member in the 11th through 22nd (1786/1787-1797/1798) General Assemblies of the Philadelphia House of Representatives, lived on South Seventh Street at High Street. He kept a diary from 1765 until his death. "Very cold, with snow. Early this morning a fire broke out in Mr. Penn's house, on Market Street, occupied by Mr. Holker, the French Consul, which was consumed to the first floor," his entry for Jan. 2, 1780, noted, according to Extracts From the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer, of Philadelphia. 1765-1798 (page 42), published by his great grandson, Jacob Cox Parsons, in 1893.

After a fire on Sunday morning, Jan. 2, 1780, Mary Lawrence Masters' mansion at 190 High Street was acquired by third owner, Robert Morris (Jan. 20, 1734-May 8, 1806), Liverpool, North West England-born, American immigrant, merchant, and signer of three great state papers of the United States (the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the United States Constitution); during his ownership, the rebuilt mansion housed George Washington as the first U.S. president's third and last presidential mansion; ca. 1785 oil on canvas portrait of Robert Morris by English portrait and historical painter Robert Edge Pine (1730-Nov. 18, 1788), National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC: Public Domain (CC0), via National Portrait Gallery (NPG)

Post-fire ownership passed to Robert Morris (Jan. 20, 1734-May 8, 1806), Liverpool, North West England-born, American immigrant, merchant, and signer of three great state papers of the United States (the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the United States Constitution). A deed recorded Thursday, Aug. 25, 1785, in Philadelphia references a sales contract-pursuant 1781 indenture between Robert Morris and Tench Francis. Morris had possession of the property as of Wednesday, Aug. 8, 1781, according to announcements in two Philadelphia newspapers (Pennsylvania Gazette and Weekly Advertiser, Aug. 8, 1781; Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser, Aug. 8 and Aug. 11, 1781) and August 1781 tax records referenced in historian Lawler's January 2002 article (pages 17-19).

Mary Lawrence Masters had built her High Street abode in stone-ornamented brick, according to American art historian Damie Stillman (born July 27, 1933) in "Six Houses for the President," published in the October 2005 issue of The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (page 412). Morris rebuilt his new property essentially as a replica of the original, according to Lawler (page 16).

Contrastingly, Morris significantly altered the High Street's exterior and interior, according to American antiquarian, author and historian Harold Donaldson Eberlein (July 16, 1875-July 26, 1964) in "190, High Street (Market Street below Sixth) The Home of Washington and Adams 1790-1800," published in the first number of the 1953 issue of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Yet, Morris's rebuild "presumably" repeated the original's Flemish bond pattern of alternating headers and stretchers for each brick course (pages 161-162).

Confused details of the mansion's appearance, location and size also trace back to depictions drawn by antiquarians John Fanning Watson (June 13, 1779-Dec. 23, 1860) and Charles Augustus Poulson (Oct. 27, 1789-Feb. 8, 1886) based upon their pre- or post-fire boyhood memories (Lawler: page 6). England-born, Philadelphia immigrant lithographer and watercolorist William L. Breton (ca. 1773/1776-Aug. 14, 1855) modelled his 1830 portrayals on Watson's 1823 sketch of a three-story residence with four bays of windows on the second and third floors. His empty-street watercolor of The Residence of Washington in High Street, 1795-1796, received pedestrians as a lithograph (opposite page 361) in Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, published in 1830.

Philadelphia scene sketcher Charles Augustus Poulson recreated the High Street mansion at the request of 19th-century Philadelphian editor, old and rare bookseller, and publisher William Brotherhead for inclusion (page 337) in the 1865 edition of Sanderson's Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, revised and edited by Philadelphian editor, judge, lawyer, landslide-elected 92nd mayorship of Philadelphia (June 13, 1854-May 13, 1856) and playwright Robert Taylor Conrad (June 10, 1810-June 27, 1858) and published by Brotherhead. The publication featured Brotherhead's "not previously printed" historical account of residences of the signers, "illustrated with sixty engravings from original photographs and drawings . . . collected and prepared by William Brotherhead." Poulson remembered the mansion with five-bayed second and third floors.

Diarist Hiltzheimer provided no pre- or post-fire descriptions of the President's House. His reportage included identification of Saturday, Nov. 27, 1790, as President Washington's first day (page 165) in his third presidential residence and Monday, March 6, 1797, as the first U.S. president's departure date.

"1797. March 6. -- General Washington, our late worthy President, set out with his family toward his seat in Virginia" (page 241).

"Washington's Mansion 190 Market Street R. Morris Mansion S.E. cor. 6th & Markets Sts Philadelphia. Drawn from memory by C.A. Poulson," by Philadelphia scene sketcher Charles Augustus Poulson (Oct. 27, 1789-Feb. 8, 1886), in Robert T. Conrad and William Brotherhead, Sanderson's Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (1865), page 337: Public Domain via New York Public Library Digital Collections

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Residence of Washington in High Street, Philada.," by England-born, Philadelphia immigrant lithographer and watercolorist William L. Breton (ca. 1773/1776-Aug. 14, 1855), based upon 1823 sketch by American antiquarian John Fanning Watson (June 13, 1779-Dec. 23, 1860), in John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia (1830), opposite page 361: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/annalsofphiladel00john/page/n415/mode/1up

After a fire on Sunday morning, Jan. 2, 1780, Mary Lawrence Masters' mansion at 190 High Street was acquired by third owner, Robert Morris (Jan. 20, 1734-May 8, 1806), Liverpool, North West England-born, American immigrant, merchant, and signer of three great state papers of the United States (the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the United States Constitution); during his ownership, the rebuilt mansion housed George Washington as the first U.S. president's third and last presidential mansion; ca. 1785 oil on canvas portrait of Robert Morris by English portrait and historical painter Robert Edge Pine (1730-Nov. 18, 1788), National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC: Public Domain (CC0), via National Portrait Gallery (NPG) @ https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.73.20; cliff1066, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Morris.jpg; Cliff (cliff1066™), CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/nostri-imago/3418641927

"Washington's Mansion 190 Market Street R. Morris Mansion S.E. cor. 6th & Markets Sts Philadelphia. Drawn from memory by C.A. Poulson," by Philadelphia scene sketcher Charles Augustus Poulson (Oct. 27, 1789-Feb. 8, 1886), in Robert T. Conrad and William Brotherhead, Sanderson's Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (1865), page 337: Public Domain via New York Public Library Digital Collections @ https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-2ce5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99

For further information:

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University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center. "William Masters d. 1760. Penn connection: Founder and trustee 1749-1760." University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center > Online Exhibits > Penn People > Penn People A-Z.
Available @ https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/william-masters/

Washington, George. George Washington's Farewell Address to the People of the United States. 106TH Congress 2nd Session. Senate Document No. 106-21. Washington DC: GPO (Government Printing Office), 2000.
Available @ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21/pdf/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21.pdf

Washington, George, William K Bixby, and William H Samson. Letters From George Washington to Tobias Lear, With an Appendix Containing Miscellaneous Washington Letters and Documents; Reprinted From the Originals in the Collection of Mr. William K. Bixby of St. Louis, Mo. Rochester NY: Genesee Press, 1905.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t7sn0m630&view=1up&seq=9 Available via Library of Congress @ https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.lettersfromgeorg00wash/?sp=9

Watson, John F. (Fanning). "Residence of Washington in High Street, Philada." Opposite page 361. Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, & Incidents of the City & Its Inhabitants From the Days of the Pilgrim Founders. Intended to Preserve the Recollection of Olden Time, and to Exhibit Society in Its Changes of Manners and Customs, and the City in Its Local Changes and Improvements. To Which Is Added an Appendix, Containing Olden Time Researches and Reminiscences of New York City. Philadelphia: Uriah Hunt, 1830.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/annalsofphiladel00john/page/n415/mode/1up
Available via University of Pittsburgh ULS (University Library System) Digital Collections @ https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735056288065/viewer#page/418/mode/1up
Available via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg
Available via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg

Westcott, Thompson. "The Washington Mansion, Market Street." Pages 250-271. The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, With Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historicmansions00west/page/250/mode/1up

WikiTree. "Thomas Lawrence (1689-1754)." WikiTree. Created Feb. 24, 2015. Last modified April 23, 2018.
Available @ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Lawrence-5697

WikiTree. "William Masters (abt. 1720-1760)." WikiTree. Created April 8, 2018. Last modified July 20, 2018.
Available @ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Masters-2381