Earth and Space News: George Washington's Third Presidential Mansion Was President's House

Summary: George Washington's third presidential mansion was the President's House on High Street in the new nation's second temporary capital, Philadelphia.

"Washington's Inauguration at Philadelphia" portrays arrival of first U.S. President George Washington (center left) at Congress Hall for his second term's inauguration, March 4, 1793, at Congress Hall, located at 520 Chestnut Street, approximately one block south of the third presidential mansion's 190 High Street (modernly renamed and renumbered as 526-530 Market Street); Vice-President John Adams (center) and 1st United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (center right); cupolaed Old City Hall (upper left) and Pennsylvania State House/Independence Hall; halftone color photomechanical print of oil on canvas painting, number 30 of 78 scenes in The Pageant of a Nation by American painter Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (Aug. 8, 1863-March 18, 1930): No known restrictions on publication, via Library of Congress (LOC) Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC)

George Washington's third presidential mansion was the President's House, which was located at 190 High Street in the Center City East area of the historic Center City district of the new nation's second temporary capital, Philadelphia, in southeastern Pennsylvania.

First President of the United States (POTUS) George Washington (Feb. 22, 1732-Dec. 14, 1799) served as the new nation's first two-term president. His first term commenced Wednesday, March 4, 1789. His first inauguration was held Thursday, April 30, 1789. His second term began with his second inauguration, Monday, March 4, 1793. A unique distinction for President Washington in U.S. presidential election history was his unanimous election by the Electoral College for both of his terms. Interestingly, he had never declared his candidacy for the second term; yet, he was elected unanimously.

President Washington was encouraged to seek a third term. Yet, in his Farewell Address, he clearly and finally stated his desired exit from public life. "Friends and Fellow-Citizens: The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the executive government of the United States being not far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made."

President Washington never publicly delivered his Farewell Address. Instead, he communicated his address in print. His Farewell Address first appeared Monday, Sep. 19, 1796, in Philadelphia-based Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser and subsequently published "in papers around the country," according to the Introduction to Washington's Farewell Address to the People of the United States, published as Senate Document No. 106-21, by the 106th Congress, second session, in 2000.

President Washington resided in three presidential mansions during his two-term presidency. The establishment of the new nation's temporary capital in New York City and then its relocation to Philadelphia during his first term (Thursday, April 30, 1789, to Sunday, March 3, 1793) occasioned the location of two successive executive residences in New York and then one in Philadelphia.

Manhattan borough's Samuel Osgood House sheltered the presidential family and entourage from Thursday, April 23, 1789, to Tuesday, Feb. 23, 1790. Manhattan borough's more commodious, more conveniently located Alexander Macomb House accommodated the presidential family and entourage from Tuesday, Feb. 23, to Monday, Aug. 30, 1790.

The Residence Act of Friday, July 16, 1790, stipulated the replacement of New York City by Philadelphia. The Masters-Penn House was selected as President Washington's Philly executive mansion. Known as the President's House, the stone-ornamented brick residence housed the presidential family and entourage for the remainder of his first term and throughout his second term (Monday, March 4, 1793, to Saturday, March 4, 1797).

President Washington's occupancy of the President's House dated from Saturday, Nov. 27, 1790, to Friday, March 10, 1797. In the nearly three months between quitting his second official residence and settling into his third and last presidential mansion, President Washington returned to his personal homeplace, Mount Vernon in Northern Virginia.

President Washington's four-day stay, from Thursday, Sep. 2, to Monday, Sep. 6, at Philadelphia's City Tavern (left; awninged building), 138 South Second Street, allowed him to inspect his nearby third presidential residence, the President's House (originally Morris-Penn-Masters House), located on High Street (now Market Street) near South Sixth Street intersection; "Bank of Pennsylvania, South Second Street, Philadelphia. Drawn, Engraved & Published by Wm Birch & Son, Neshaminy Bridge," Plate 27 of Birch's Views of Philadelphia, Dec. 31, 1800, by Warwickshire-born, Philadelphia immigrant enameler, engraver and painter William Russell Birch (April 9, 1755-Aug. 7, 1834): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

En route to Mount Vernon, President Washington and his family sojourned for four days, from Thursday, Sep. 2, to Monday, Sep. 6, in Philadelphia at the City Tavern, according to American antiquarian, author and historian Harold Donaldson Eberlein (July 16, 1875-July 26, 1964) in "190, High Street (Market Street below Sixth) The Home of Washington and Adams 1790-1800," published in the first number of the 1953 issue of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (pages 163-164). City Tavern opened December 1773 at 138 South Second Street. The popular meeting place was constructed as a five-level establishment that included a ballroom, coffee rooms, dining rooms, lodgings and servants quarters, according to "Our Story" and "Timeline" on the City Tavern website (https://www.citytavern.com/).

On Sunday, Sep. 5, the first U.S. president wrote to Tobias Lear (Sep. 19, 1762-Oct. 11, 1816), his executive secretary (1786-1799). He described his visit to his third presidential residence and identified necessary alterations prior to his late autumn occupancy, as transcribed in Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear, published in 1905.

"After a pleasant Journey we arrived in this City about 2 o'clock on Thursday last. -- To-morrow we proceed (if Mrs Washington's health, for she has been much indisposed since she came here) towards Mount Vernon.

"The house of Mr R. Morris had, previous to my arrival, been taken by the Corporation [footnote: of the city of Philadelphia] for my Residence. -- It is the best they could get. -- It is, I believe, the best single house in the City; yet, without additions it is inadequate to the commodious accommodation of my family. . . ." (page 4).

Mannheim, Germany-born, Philadelphia immigrant Jacob Hiltzheimer (1729-Sep. 14, 1798) lived on South Seventh Street at High Street, near the President's House. The silversmith, livestock dealer and politician, who was elected as Philadelphia's Federalist member in the 11th through 22nd (1786/1787-1797/1798) General Assemblies of the Philadelphia House of Representatives, kept a diary from 1765 until his death. Hiltzheimer's great grandson, Jacob Cox Parsons, published Extracts From the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer, of Philadelphia 1765-1798 in 1893.

On Saturday, Nov. 27, 1790, Hiltzheimer noted President Washington's move into the President's House. "This forenoon the Honorable, the President of the United States, George Washington, arrived here from his seat in Virginia, and proceeded to the house of Robert Morris on Market Street, provided for him by the city corporation" (page 165).

"Washington and His Family," 1865 hand-colored engraving on paper by Philadelphia-born engraver and tonalist painter William Sartain (Nov. 21, 1843-Oct. 25, 1924), from 1864 painting by Guebwiller, Alsace, France-born American immigrant artist and Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) Drawing and Painting Chair Christian Schussele (April 16, 1824-Aug. 20, 1879), posthumously depicts George Washington, Martha Washington, two of Martha's grandchildren, Eleanor "Nelly" Parke Custis Lewis and George Washington Parke Custis, and an unidentified servant during the first U.S. Chief of State's two-term presidency; the artwork's composition, intentionally or by design, reconfigures "The Washington Family," oil on canvas painted 1789 to 1796, by American portraitist and engraver Edward Savage (Nov. 26, 1761-July 6, 1817): Public Domain (CC0), via SAAM (Smithsonian American Art Museum)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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Available @ https://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/legis/20H.pdf

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Available @ https://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/legis/21H.pdf

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Available via PennState University Libraries Open Journal Publishing @ https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/45510/45231

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Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/SmithsonianInstitutionArchives/photos/pb.100064625381875.-2207520000./2220900114601117/

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Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/SmithsonianInstitutionArchives/posts/1373246482699822/
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/SmithsonianInstitutionArchives/photos/pb.100064625381875.-2207520000./1373246482699822/

Smithsonian Institution Archives. "On this day in 1980 the Smithsonian and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston jointly purchase portraits of George and Martha Washington painted by Gilbert Stuart." Facebook. Feb. 25, 2016.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/SmithsonianInstitutionArchives/photos/pb.100064625381875.-2207520000./1158433437514462/
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/SmithsonianInstitutionArchives/posts/1158433437514462/

Stillman, Damie. "Six Houses for the President." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 129, no. 4 (October 2005): 411-431.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093818

Toogood, Anna Coxe. Historic Resource Study: Independence Mall, the 18th Century Development, Block One, Chestnut to Market, Fifth to Sixth Streets. Philadelphia PA: Independence National Historical Park, Cultural Resource Management, August 2001
Available via NPS (National Park Service) History @ http://npshistory.com/publications/inde/hrs-mall-block-one.pdf

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Mount Vernon, Smithsonian Announce Pact On Exchanges." The Washington Post > Archive > Lifestyle. June 26, 2000.
Available @ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2000/06/26/mount-vernon-smithsonian-announce-pact-on-exchanges/e542273e-1dbe-4c09-a9af-5a7d2d5fff4d/

University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center. "Richard Penn, Jr. c. 1736-1811. Penn connection: Trustee 1772-1775; President of board of trustees 1773-1774." University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center > Online Exhibits > Penn People > Penn People A-Z.
Available @ https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/richard-penn-jr/

University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center. "Tench Francis d. 1758. Penn connection: Founder and trustee 1749-1758." University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center > Online Exhibits > Penn People > Penn People A-Z.
Available @ https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/tench-francis/

University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center. "Thomas Lawrence 1689-1754. Penn connection: Founder and trustee 1749-1754." University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center > Online Exhibits > Penn People > Penn People A-Z.
Available @ https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/thomas-lawrence/

University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center. "William Masters d. 1760. Penn connection: Founder and trustee 1749-1760." University of Pennsylvania University Archives & Records Center > Online Exhibits > Penn People > Penn People A-Z.
Available @ https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/william-masters/

Washington, George. George Washington's Farewell Address to the People of the United States. 106th Congress 2nd Session. Senate Document No. 106-21. Washington DC: GPO (Government Printing Office), 2000.
Available @ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21/pdf/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21.pdf

Washington, George, William K. Bixby, and William H. Samson. Letters From George Washington to Tobias Lear, With an Appendix Containing Miscellaneous Washington Letters and Documents; Reprinted From the Originals in the Collection of Mr. William K. Bixby of St. Louis, Mo. Rochester NY: Genesee Press, 1905.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t7sn0m630&view=1up&seq=9 Available via Library of Congress @ https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.lettersfromgeorg00wash/?sp=9

Watson, John F. (Fanning). "Washington's Residence, High Street." Opposite page 361. Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, & Incidents of the City & Its Inhabitants From the Days of the Pilgrim Founders. Intended to Preserve the Recollection of Olden Time, and to Exhibit Society in Its Changes of Manners and Customs, and the City in Its Local Changes and Improvements. To Which Is Added an Appendix, Containing Olden Time Researches and Reminiscences of New York City. Philadelphia: Uriah Hunt, 1830.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/annalsofphiladel00john/page/n415/mode/1up
Available via University of Pittsburgh ULS (University Library System) Digital Collections @ https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735056288065/viewer#page/418/mode/1up
Available via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg
Available via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg

Westcott, Thompson. "The Washington Mansion, Market Street." Pages 250-271. The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, With Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historicmansions00west/page/250/mode/1up

WikiTree. "Thomas Lawrence (1689-1754)." WikiTree. Created Feb. 24, 2015. Last modified April 23, 2018.
Available @ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Lawrence-5697

WikiTree. "William Masters (abt. 1720-1760)." WikiTree. Created April 8, 2018. Last modified July 20, 2018.
Available @ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Masters-2381

Zimmerman, John H. "William Winstanley." Mount Vernon > Washington Library > Center for Digital History > Digital Encyclopedia.
Available @ https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/william-winstanley/

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Thursday, March 2, 2023

George Washington's Third Presidential Mansion Was President's House

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