Earth and Space News: Inducing Agents and Synthetic Fungicides Axe Leaf Blotch and Pear Scab

Summary: Inducing agents and synthetic fungicides axe leaf blotch and pear scab, according to an article in the March 2021 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Inducing agents and synthetic fungicides axe leaf blotch and pear scab, urban foliar pathogens, according to an article by Glenn Percival and Sean Graham in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for March 2021.

The article Evaluation of Inducing Agents and Synthetic Fungicide Combinations for Management of Foliar Pathogens of Urban Trees broaches induced resistance battling pathogen growth and symptoms. Derived salicylic acid, harpin protein and liquid chitosan commercialized inducing agents copy natural plant self-defenses, called induced resistance, in clustering disease-caused, parthenogensis-connected proteins and salicylic acid. Solo-delivered inducing agents significantly decreased pear scab (Venturia pirina) fruit symptomology in 2016-2017 and leaf symptomology in 2018 in pear (Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien) trees.

Boscalid- and pyraclostrobin-active synthetic fungicides at 0.9 g/L with salicylic acid eased leaf and fruit scab symptomology and encouraged 2016 fruit yield and leaf chlorophyll content.

That rate without salicylic acid, two-thirds (0.6 g/L) rates with salicylic, versus one-third (0.3 g/L) rates with salicylic focusing upon leaf chlorophyll and scab, functioned similarly.

Labeled rates with and without harpin protein, two-thirds rates with harpin, versus one-third with harpin getting only leaf scab symptomology down, garnered, in 2017, 2016-like gains. Labeled rates with and without liquid chitosan, two-thirds and one-third rates with, helped 2018 chlorophyll content and fruit yield and hindered leaf and fruit scab symptomology. Salicyclic acid and harpin protein respectively increased dry seed weight in 2016 and impeded leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi) symptomology in 2017 on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum).

Labeled rates with and without, 0.6 and 0.3 g/L with, inducing agents jumped leaf blotch symptomology downward and seed dry weight upward in 2016 and 2017.

Synthetic fungicides only at labeled rates with salicylic acid significantly in 2016, at one-third rates with harpin protein never significantly in 2017, kindled leaf chlorophyll content.

Labeled rates with and without inducing agents logged largest fruit yields, leaf chlorophyll and seed dry weights and fruit scab, leaf scab, leaf blotch symptomology reductions. One-third labeled rates with inducing agents managed minimalest chlorophyll, fruit and seed manifestations and symptom mitigation despite mangled appearances and marred carbohydrate-making photosynthesis maximizing tree mortality. Synthetic fungicides, harpin protein and salicylic acid, liquid chitosan respectively netted symptom severity reductions of 75 to 100, 25 to 58 and 10 to 18 percent.

Induced resistance often obtains lesser-numbered, lesser-sized lesions even as full-strength synthetic fungicides oppress symptomology, often insignificantly, by 2 to 20 percent with, over without, inducing agents.

Both researchers with Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory at Reading University in Sheffield, United Kingdom, presented synthetic fungicides in three-year trials as potentially provoking fungicide-resistant pathogen strains.

European legislation quits more fungicides from commercial markets than it qualifies for annual releases and perhaps thereby, albeit inadvertently, quickens fungal pathogens resisting reduced fungicide numbers. Three-year research revealed two-thirds rates of 0.6 g/L with inducing agents repressing leaf blotch and pear scab as reliably as full-strength rates at 0.9 g/L without. The Reading-staged study similarizes studies scoring inducing agents less effectively than full-strength, and effectively but cost-inefficiently since it sparked four growing-season schedules alongside low-dose, synthetic fungicides.

Inducing agents, with general costs trending 40 to 80 percent below those of synthetic fungicides, trigger no food-chain contamination, human toxicity, soil contamination or spray drift.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) are appreciated as shade trees with attractive rounded canopies and showy white flowers. Their susceptibility to such unattractive urban pathogens as leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi) challenges their aesthetic role in ornamental landscapes and urban forests; illustration of "Aesculus Hippocastanum L., Gemeine Rosskastanie" in Otto Wilhelm Thomé, Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, in wort und bild, für schule und haus, Band III (1888), Plate 326, opposite page 26: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/7982377652/; Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4321145; Flora von Deutschland (1905)(Plate 401 Aesculus Hippocastanum L., Gemeine Rosskastanie), Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12308080; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Aesculus_hippocastanum0.jpg; CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons ("clean version," background whitened) @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Aesculus_hippocastanum0_clean.jpg

Bartlett pear trees (Pyrus communis 'Williams' Bon Chrétien) are appreciated for their aromatic, tasty fruits so amenable as processed food and raw edibles. Their susceptibility to such disfiguring urban pathogens as pear scab (Venturia pirina) compromises aesthetic and functional roles in orchard and ornamental landscapes and urban forests; illustration of Williams' Bon Chrétien in William Hooker, "LXV. Account of a New Pear, called Williams' Bon Chrétien. In a Letter to the Secretary," Read December 3, 1816, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, vol. II (3rd edition; MDCCCXXII [1822]), Plate XVI, between pages 250 and 251: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44221823; Permission to digitize granted by rights holder (http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/permissions), via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002640792/page/XVI/mode/1up; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Williams_Bon_Chrétien_1822.png; via Google Books Read free of charge @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Transactions_of_the_Horticultural_Societ/h2UCAAAAYAAJ

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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Percival, Glynn C.; and Sean Graham. March 2021. "Evaluation of Inducing Agents and Synthetic Fungicide Combinations for Management of Foliar Pathogens of Urban Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(2): 85-95.

Earth and Space News

Sunday, March 21, 2021

Inducing Agents and Synthetic Fungicides Axe Leaf Blotch and Pear Scab

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