Earth and Space News: 2020

Wednesday, December 30, 2020

Edward Gibson Sketched Comet Kohoutek After Third Skylab 4 EVA Dec. 29

Summary: Edward Gibson sketched Comet Kohoutek after the third Skylab 4 EVA Dec. 29, 1973, one day after perihelion, the closest comet-to-sun distance.

Comet Kohoutek’s appearance on Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, one day after perihelion, by Skylab 4 scientist pilot Edward Gibson; post-flight, color sketch, based on black-and-white sketch drawn after third Skylab 4 EVA, conducted Dec. 29; G. Gary, Comet Kohoutek (1974), Figure 2, page 5: Public Domain, via Internet Archive

Edward Gibson sketched Comet Kohoutek after the third Skylab 4 EVA Dec. 29, 1973, the day after the recently discovered comet’s Friday, Dec. 28, reach of perihelion (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”), its closest distance to the sun.

The Skylab 4 mission was scheduled to maximize observations of Comet Kohoutek, discovered Wednesday, March 7, 1973, at northern Germany’s Hamburg Observatory (Hamburger Sternwarte) by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek (born Jan. 29, 1935). The mission’s Friday, Nov. 16, 1973, launch and Friday, Feb. 8, 1974, splashdown largely overlapped with Comet Kohoutek’s perihelion passage between December 1973 and January 1974.

Skylab 4 numbered as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) third and final manned mission to Skylab, the first United States space station. All three Skylab 4 astronauts were rookies, with no previous spaceflight experience. The crew comprised Gerald Paul Carr (born Aug. 22, 1932) as commander, Edward George Gibson (born Nov. 8, 1936) as scientist pilot and William Reid Pogue (Jan. 23, 1930-March 3, 2014) as mission pilot.

Four days elapsed between the start times of the mission’s second and third EVAs. Skylab 4’s second EVA began Christmas Day, Tuesday, Dec. 25, 1973, at 16:00 Coordinated Universal Time (11 a.m. Eastern Standard Time). The mission’s third EVA (extravehicular activity) began Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, at 17:00 UTC (12 p.m. EST).

The lapse between the second EVA’s end and the third EVA’s start, however, amounted to one minute short of 3 days 18 hours. EVA2 lasted longer than anticipated, with an actual, record-breaking duration of 7 hours 1 minute.

EVA 3 required only 3 hours 29 minutes. The mission’s third EVA ended at 20:29 UTC (3:29 p.m. EST).

Commander Carr and scientist pilot Gibson participated in the third Skylab 4 EVA. EVA 3 counted as the second career spacewalk for both of them. Gibson had joined William Pogue in the mission’s first EVA, which began Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 22, at 17:42 UTC (12 p.m. EST), and ended 6 hours 33 minutes later, Friday, Nov. 23, at 00:15 UTC (Thursday, Nov. 22, at 7:15 p.m. EST). Carr had partnered with Pogue Christmas Day for his first spacewalk, which was Pogue’s second.

Both EVA 2 and EVA 3 emphasized photography of Comet Kohoutek with the mission’s far-ultraviolet electrographic camera. Originally designed as a backup model for the Apollo 16 mission’s S201 lunar surface experiment in late April 1972, the camera was modified for inside and outside imaging of Comet Kohoutek.

After the completion of EVA 3, Gibson continued his free time practice of making sketches of his visual observations of Comet Kohoutek. Gibson’s drawing of his Dec. 29 view of the comet numbered as his second sketch. He based his drawing on observations outdoors during EVA 3 and indoors at window number three in the Structural Transition Section (STS) linking the station's Multiple Docking Adaptor (MDA) and Airlock Module (AM).

Gibson’s first sketch dated to Tuesday, Dec. 18, 10 days before perihelion. He made a total of 10 sketches between December 1973 and January 1974. His last sketch presented the comet’s appearance Sunday, Jan. 6, nine days after Comet Kohoutek’s perihelion.

In a paper presented at the Comet Kohoutek Workshop of June 13-14, 1974, at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, Gibson explained that his sketches “. . . were not in the pre-mission plans and were drawn when the crew could find free time” (page 3). His strategy for depicting the comet relied upon 10-power binoculars for most observations. Commander Carr and Pilot Pogue then reviewed Gibson’s drawings “. . . to ensure that the sketches were consistent with their observations.” He noted that after the mission he drew another set in color “. . . corresponding to each of the in-flight sketches” (page 3).

The takeaways for Edward Gibson’s sketch of Comet Kohoutek after the third Skylab 4 EVA Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, are that the black-and-white drawing reflects the crew’s collective impression of the recently discovered comet’s appearance one day after perihelion, that he made a total of 10 black-and-white sketches onboard Skylab and that, after his return to Earth, he made corresponding sketches in color.

sketch of Comet Kohoutek, drawn by Edward Gibson after third Skylab 4 EVA, Saturday, Dec. 29, 1973, one day after the comet’s reach of perihelion: C.A. Lundquist, Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences (1979), Figures 4-18, pages 54: "Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted," via NASA History

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Gary, Gilmer Allen, ed. Comet Kohoutek: A Workshop Held at Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama June 13-14, 1974. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1975.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/CometKohoutek

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. MSFC Skylab Kohoutek Project Report. NASA Technical Memorandum TM X-64880. Huntsville AL: October 1974.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19740027130
Available via NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA NTRS) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740027130.pdf

Gibson, Edward G. “Skylab Visual Observation of Comet Kohoutek.” Pages 3-14. In: Gilmer Allen Gary, ed. Comet Kohoutek: A Workshop Held at Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama June 13-14, 1974. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1975.
Available @ https://archive.org/details/CometKohoutek/page/n13

Hitt, David; Owen Garriott; and Joe Kerwin. Homesteading Space: The Skylab Story. Featuring the In-Flight Diary of Alan Bean. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Homesteading_Space.html?id=sR5Cm_zeIekC

Lundquist, Charles A., ed. “Chapter 4: Observations of Comet Kohoutek.” Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences: 42-63. NASA SP-404. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1979.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-404/ch4.htm

Marriner, Derdriu. “Arabella and Anita Spun First Space Webs in August 1973 at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/arabella-and-anita-spun-first-space.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Edward Gibson Sketched Comet Kohoutek’s Changes During Close Approach." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/edward-gibson-sketched-comet-kohouteks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Space Spiders Arabella and Anita Spun Very Fine Webs for Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 2, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/first-space-spiders-arabella-and-anita.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Web in Space Was Spun in 1973 by Common Cross Spider Arabella.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 5, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/first-web-in-space-was-spun-in-1973-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Fourth Moonwalker Alan Bean Commanded Skylab 3 July to September 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 22, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/fourth-moonwalker-alan-bean-commanded.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma Did Second EVA Aug. 24, 1973, at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/owen-garriott-and-jack-lousma-did.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Astronaut Wives Pranked Spouses With Unofficial Mission Patch.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-astronaut-wives-pranked.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Captured Dramatic Solar Prominences in August 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/skylab-3-captured-dramatic-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Mission Patch Emphasized Earth, Sun and Medical Themes.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-mission-patch-emphasized-earth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Imaged Comet Kohoutek During Second EVA on Christmas Day 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 23, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/skylab-4-imaged-comet-kohoutek-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Imaged Comet Kohoutek’s Hydrogen Halo November 1973 to February 1974.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 16, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/skylab-4-imaged-comet-kohouteks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Mission Began Observing Comet Kohoutek in November 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 11, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/skylab-4-began-observing-comet-kohoutek.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylabbers Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma First Spacewalked Aug. 6, 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 12, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/skylabbers-owen-garriott-and-jack.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Space Spider Anita Died Sept. 16, 1973, During Skylab 3 Mission.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 9, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/space-spider-anita-died-sept-16-1973.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Space Spider Arabella Logged 24 Million Miles in 858 Orbits via Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 23, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/space-spider-arabella-logged-24-million.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Two Mummichog Minnows Became First Fish in Space in 1973 Via Skylab 3.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 29, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/two-mummichog-minnows-became-first-fish.html

Shayler, David J.; and Colin Burgess. NASA’s Scientist-Astronauts. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Limited, 2007.

Tuesday, December 29, 2020

Bakerhaven Acquaintances Afford A Clue for the Puzzle Lady

Summary: Bakerhaven acquaintances afford A Clue for the Puzzle Lady, Cora Felton, to analyze who always or never associates with whom to apprehend a killer or two.

crossword puzzle answers by Stessily; sample American-style crossword grid created from OpenOffice.org Calc by MeekMark: MeekMark, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Bakerhaven acquaintances, in their alliances and non-alliances, afford A Clue for the Puzzle Lady, Cora Felton, to analyze who always or who never associates with whom to apprehend a killer or two.

Dana Phillips atop a Bakerhaven cemetery grave brings together Police Chief Dale Harper, Medical Examiner Barney Nathan and day-shift caretaker Fred Lloyd, not night-shift caretaker Huey. Chief Harper, as he crime-solves with Officers Sam Brogan and Dan Finley, communicates with County Prosecutor Henry Firth and perhaps, perhaps not, retired Chief Ed Hodges. He distances himself from Bakerhaven Gazette morning news reporter Aaron Grant perhaps less than from Channel 8 news reporter Rick Reed, driver Phil and cameraman Ernie.

Chief Harper expects expert examination of crime-engendered paper trails, such as The Graveyard Killer letters, from Mortimer Pinkham as Examiner of Questioned Documents in New Haven.

Ellen Harper’s husband and Clara Harper’s father finds Cora Felton and her housemate and niece Sherry Carter respectively fast, felicitous, firsthand, forceful crime- and crossword puzzle-solvers.

Cora goes to Country Kitchen bar and restaurant for bridge games with and town gossip from Iris Cooper, Lois Greely and Vicki Tanner and unspecified alcohol. She hesitates less over what she hears from New York attorney Stuart Tanner’s wife than from first selectman Cooper or general store owner Alan Greely’s wife. She ignores misinformation issuing from bake shop customers Anna Furst, town clerk Betty Dunwood, high school music teacher Sophie Singer, Lydia Wakefield and hairdresser Julia Weinstein.

Bakerhaven acquaintances such as Cushman’s Bake Shop proprietor Mary Cushman jeopardize judicious judgments perhaps far less than Roger Rimley jawing against the Bill Dodsworth-managed Bakerhaven Gazette.

Bakerhaven High graduate Mary Mason keying long breaks into keeping mail and telephones answered kindles summer-job money for fall-semester college more than keeping Aaron Grant knowledgeable.

Jimmy looking after reading-room materials and patrons for his librarian mother Edith Potter leads to more fall-semester college money for him, more knowledge for Aaron Grant. Moving around two-, three- and four-year-olds at the Rhodes nursery school perhaps makes Sherry less misinformed about bloodlines maintaining, mobilizing and motivating small-town mixes and non-mixes. Perhaps Marcy Granover (born Sep. 24, 1995?) and Matt Wilson (born July 8, 1996?) nestle into 20-year-nurtured nursery niches as neighborly, three-year-old relatives of Mrs. Rhodes.

Obscure and obvious obligations originating in overlapping bloodlines organize and orient cemetery occupancies and neighborhood occurrences of Bakerhaven acquaintainces in A Clue for the Puzzle Lady.

Perhaps brother-in-law status prompted placing Morton Pressman (died 1948) on one side of sepulchered Jonathan Klemper (died 1954), whose wife Emily (died 1958) permanentizes the other.

Both sides of the grave queuing Barbara Burnside (1961? 1962?-1984) into grave four row five qualify as quintessential quarters for her parents, Raymond and Laura Burnside. Daughter Vicki and son-in-law Stuart Tanner perhaps received the family residence from Mike Johnson, who ran Old Mill Inn and perhaps resides posthumously in Bakerhaven cemetery. Staying single, stuck in a well and surviving on used-car sales in Danbury perhaps suggest Bakerhavenites scorning Kevin Roth, an unnamed Pruett youngster and Billy Spires.

A Clue for the Puzzle Lady takes Sherry from temperamental ex-husband Dennis Pride and treacherous friend Brenda, toward such Bakerhaven acquaintances as typically small-town Aaron Grant.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

crossword puzzle answers by Stessily; sample American-style crossword grid created from OpenOffice.org Calc by MeekMark: MeekMark, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_crossword.png

Non-puzzle lady Cora Felton's Bridge Club meets at Bakerhaven's Country Kitchen; October 1974 image of bridge-playing New Ulm, Minnesota, senior high librarian and teacher photographed by David Rees (1943-), National Archives and Records Administration National Archives Identifier (NAID) 558227: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_LIBRARIAN,_LEFT,_AND_A_TEACHER,_BOTH_EMPLOYEES_OF_SENIOR_HIGH_SCHOOL_IN_NEW_ULM,_MINNESOTA._ARE_SEEN_PLAYING_BRIDGE..._-_NARA_-_558227.jpg

For further information:

Hall, Parnell. 2019. Lights! Camera! Puzzles! New York NY; London UK: Pegasus Crime.

Hall, Parnell. 2018. The Purloined Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2017. A Puzzle To Be Named Later. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2016. Presumed Puzzled. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2015. Puzzled Indemnity. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2014. NYPD Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2013. Arsenic and Old Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2012. $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2011. The Kenken Killings. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2010. The Puzzle Lady vs. The Sudoku Lady. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2009. Dead Man's Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book for Minotaur Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2008. The Sudoku Puzzle Murders. New York NY: Thomas Dunne Books St. Martin's Minotaur, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2006. You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2005. Stalking the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2004. And a Puzzle to Die On. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2003. With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2002. A Puzzle in a Pear Tree. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2001. Puzzled to Death. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2000. Last Puzzle & Testament. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 1999. A Clue for the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2020. "Bakerhaven Alcohol Acts as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/bakerhaven-alcohol-acts-as-clue-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2020. "An Actual Bakerhaven Map Never Appears as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/an-actual-bakerhaven-map-never-appears.html

"Puzzle Lady." Parnell Hall.com > Books. Website by Kate Anchev/Outbox Online Design Studio.
Available @ http://parnellhall.com/puzzle-lady/

Monday, December 28, 2020

Martha Opened Jan. 4, 1884, as 15th Opera in Met Opera’s First Season

Summary: Martha opened Jan. 4, 1884, as the 15th opera in Met Opera's first season, 1883-1884.

Marcella Sembrich sang the title role of Lady Harriet/Martha in the last four of six performances of Friedrich von Flotow's Martha offered in the Metropolitan Opera's inaugural season, 1883-1884; The Sembrich @TheSembrich, via Facebook, June 8, 2020

Martha premiered Jan. 4, 1884, as the 15th opera in Met Opera's opening season, 1883-1884.

The four-act opera lirica (lyric opera) by German composer Friedrich von Flotow (April 27, 1812-Jan. 24, 1883) received six performances, sung in Italian, during Met Opera's first season. Martha premiered Friday, Jan. 4, 1884, at the Boston Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. The second performance was held Saturday, Jan. 19, at the Chestnut Street Opera House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The third performance, Saturday, Feb. 2, took place at Haverly's Theatre in Chicago, Illinois. The fourth performance took place Saturday, Feb. 23, the Music Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio. The fifth performance, Friday, March 14, and the sixth, closing performance, Saturday, March 22, were offered at the Metropolitan Opera House.

Auguste Vianesi (Nov. 2, 1837-Nov. 4, 1908) conducted Martha's Friday premiere and the last four of the season's six performances. The French-naturalized, northwestern Italy-born conductor had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the first season's first premiere, Faust by French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893).

Maestro Vianesi shared the conductor's podium with Cleofonte Campanini (Sept. 1, 1860-Dec. 19, 1919). The Italian conductor appeared in Martha's second performance, Saturday, Jan. 19. Maestro Campanini had made his Met Opera debut Saturday, Nov. 3, 1883, in the second performance of the opening season's fifth opera, Mignon by French composer Ambroise Thomas (Aug. 5, 1811-Feb. 12, 1896).

Alwina Valleria (Oct. 12, 1848-Feb. 17, 1925) sang the title role of Lady Harriet, who masquerades as Martha, a maidservant-for-hire, in the premiere and the second performance. She had made her Met Opera debut Friday, Oct. 26, 1883, as Leonora in the first season's third premiere, Il Trovatore by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Alwina Valleria shared the title role with Marcella Sembrich (Feb. 15, 1858-Jan. 11, 1935), who sang Martha for the season's last four performances. The Polish coloratura soprano had made her Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, in the title role in Met Opera's second premiere, Lucia di Lammermoor by Italian opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848).

Roberto Stagno (Oct. 18, 1840-April 26, 1897) sang in the premiere opposite Alwina Valleria as Lionel, a farmer who turns out to be a nobleman's son. The Italian operatic tenor also sang Lionel for the second (Jan. 19), fourth (Feb. 23) and fifth (March 14) performances. He had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Oct. 26, 1883, in the title role, Manrico, in the first season's third premiere, Verdi's Il Trovatore.

Roberto Stagno shared the role of Lionel with Italo Campanini (June 30, 1845-Nov. 14, 1896). The Italian operatic tenor was the older brother of conductor Cleofonte Campanini. Italo Campanini sang Lionel for the season's third (Feb. 2) and closing (March 22) performances of Martha. Italo Campanini had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the title role in the opening season's opening premiere, Faust by French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893).

Sofia Scalchi (Nov. 29, 1850-Aug. 22, 1922) sang, opposite young farmer Plunkett, as Nancy, Lady Harriet's maid, in the premiere and again in the season's fourth (Feb. 23) performance of Martha. The Italian operatic contralto-mezzosoprano had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the trouser role of Siebel in the opening season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Sofia Scalchi shared the role with Emily Lablache and Zelia Trebelli. Emilie Deméric-Lablache (Oct. 6, 1830-?), credited as Emily Lablache, appeared as Nancy in the season's second performance (Jan. 19) of Martha. The French mezzo-soprano-contralto had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 5, 1883, as Flora in the first season's sixth premiere, Verdi's La Traviata.

Zelia Trebelli (Nov. 12, 1836-Aug. 18, 1892) sang Nancy in the season's third (Feb. 2), fourth (Feb. 23) and fifth (March 14) performances of Martha. The French operatic mezzo-soprano had made her Met Opera debut Oct. 26, 1883, as Azucena in the opening season's third premiere, Verdi's Il Trovatore.

Giuseppe Del Puente (Jan. 30, 1841-May 25, 1900) appeared in the premiere as Plunkett, the younger farmer whose family had adopted banished nobleman's son Lionel. The Italian baritone and composer sang Plunkett in the season's third (Feb. 2) and fourth (Feb. 23) performances of Martha. He had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Valentin in the opening season's opening premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Giuseppe Del Puente shared the role of Plunkett with Achille Augier and Franco Novara (1859-Jan. 7, 1899). Achille Augier appeared as Plunkett in the season's second (Jan. 19) performance of Martha. He had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, as Raimondo in the opening season's second premiere of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

English bass Francis Naish, whose stage name was Franco Novara, sang Plunkett in the season's fifth (March 14) and closing (March 22) performances of Martha. He had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Méphistophélès in Gounod's Faust, the opening season's inaugural premiere.

Baldassare Corsini sang the bass role of Sir Tristan, Lady Harriet's cousin, in all six of the season's performances of Martha. He had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 31, 1883, as Laërte in the first season's fifth premiere, Mignon by German Jewish opera composer Giacomo Meyerbeer (Sept. 5, 1791-May 2, 1864).

Mr. Corani and Mr. Abbiati headed the opera's production team. Martha's directors, costume designers and set designers had all made their Met Opera debuts Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the opening season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust.

The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) indicates that the singers of the roles of Sheriff, Maid, Servant and Innkeeper were "unknown" for the premiere, third, fourth and fifth performances. The role singers were identified for the second (Jan. 19) and sixth (March 22) performances.

Ludovico Contini appeared as the Sheriff in both the second and sixth performances. He had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Wagner in the inaugural season's first premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Imogene Forti sang as the Maid in both the second and sixth performances. She had made her Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, as Alisa in the season's second premiere, Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

Giuseppe Barberis appeared as the Servant in both the second and sixth performances. He had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 5, as Giuseppe in the inaugural season's sixth premiere, Verdi's La Traviata.

Amadeo Grazzi sang as the Innkeeper in both the second and sixth performances. He had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, as Normanno in the inaugural season's second premiere, Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

The production's costume designers were D. Ascoli and Henry Dazian, according to the MetOpera database. New York-born Henry Dazian (May 3, 1854-May 4, 1937) was a partner in Dazian’s. The theatrical goods and costumers’ supply emporium was founded in 1842 by Henry’s father, Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany-born Wolf Dazian (1818-Jan. 10, 1902).

Martha was staged as the 15th opera in the lineup of 20 operas in the Metropolitan Opera's first season 1883-1884. Carmen, by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875), succeeded Martha as the 16th premiere in Met Opera's opening season.

The takeaway for Met Opera's premiere of Martha is that the romantic comedy was staged as the 15th opera in Met Opera's first season, 1883-1884, and as the first season's only opera by 19th-century German composer Friedrich von Flotow.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

American soprano Alwina Valleria originated the role of Lady Harriet / Martha at the Metropolitan Opera in the opera house's first season premiere of Martha by French composer Ambroise Thomas; portrait of Alwina Valleria in The Marie Burroughs Art Portfolio of Stage Celebrities (1894): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alwina_Valleria,_operatic_soprano.jpg; via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/marieburroughsar00chic/page/n263/mode/1up

For further information:

"Debut: Baldassare Corsini." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1050 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Mignon {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/31/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1050

“Debut: Cleofonte Campanini.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1070 Mignon {2} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/3/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1070

"Debut: Emily Lablache, Giuseppe Barberis, Malvina Cavalazzi." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1080 Metropolitan Opera Premiere La Traviata {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/5/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1080

"Debut: Roberto Stagno, Alwina Valleria, Zelia Trebelli." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1020 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Il Trovatore {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/26/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1020

"Debuts: Italo Campanini, Christine Nilsson, Franco Novara, Giuseppe Del Puente, Sofia Scalchi, Louise Lablache, Ludovico Contini, Auguste Vianesi, Mr. Corani, Mr. Abbiati, Charles Fox, Jr., William Schaeffer, Gaspar Maeder, Mr. Thompson, D. Ascoli, Henry Dazian." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1000 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Faust {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/22/1883. Metropolitan Opera Premiere Opening Night {1}.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1000

"Debuts: Marcella Sembrich, Giuseppe Kaschmann, Achille Augier, Amadeo Grazzi, Imogene Forti, Vincenzo Fornaris." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1010 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Lucia di Lammermoor {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/24/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1010

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Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101073370700
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/marieburroughsar00chic/

Marriner, Derdriu. "Metropolitan Opera Premiered 20 Operas During Opening Season 1883-1884." Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 14, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/metropolitan-opera-premiered-20-operas.html

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Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1540

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Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/victrolabookofop00vict

The Sembrich @TheSembrich. "Mme. Sembrich appeared in this costume as Lady Hariet in Flotow's "Martha" twenty times with the #MetOpera. In her final performance she sang alongside fellow (future) #LakeGeorge resident Louise Homer. #TheSembrich #BoltonLanding #Music #History #Opera #OperaSingersOfInstagram." Facebook. June 8, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/TheSembrich/photos/a.481908958541300/2950433248355513/

Sunday, December 27, 2020

Tree Defect Identification During Tree Inspections Averts Tree Failure

Summary: Tree defect identification during tree inspections averts tree weakness and tree failure, according to an article in the December 2020 Arborist News.

Fungal fruiting bodies commonly associated with oak decline include honey fungi (Armillaria mellea); Armillaria root rots (Armillaria sp.) at base of oak trees (Quercus sp.) suffering from oak decline: Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Tree defect identification during tree inspections aims to alert against tree weakness and averts tree failures, according to the article Tree Defect Identification by Lindsey Purcell in the December 2020 Arborist News.

Client needs, environmental conditions, regulations, residual risks, resources, risk levels during initial inspections and tree developmental age bolster inspection intervals of six-month, one-year or five-year frequencies. Tree risk assessment inspections communicate time-specific risk levels to target zones, wide as their encircled tree heights, of activities, people, property tree failure disrupts, injures, wrecks. Decay-, growth pattern-, injury-derived defects decrease health, physical strength and stability and divulge disease pathogens; environmental stress; fungal organisms; poor, weak branching arrangements; and storm damage.

Biological defects entail disease-causing living agents and encompass bacterial wetwood fluxes; branch decline and dieback; decay; insect pests such as borers; sap-rotted limbs; and trunk cavities.

Structural defects feature poor architecture of codominant branches and stems; poor arrangement of crossing, vertical branches; overweighted branch ends; and crown asymmetry from severe utility pruning.

Mechanical defects guard as physical injuries broken limbs, damaged roots, open wounds and stubs from construction damage, lawn equipment, pruning, storm events, vandalism and vehicular impacts. Heading binoculars, probes, sounders systematically from crowns, through stems, into roots sometimes harvests as tree-failure harbingers live canopy ratios of crown heights under one-third tree heights. Fungal fruiting bodies and structures such as conks and mushrooms on trunks and under tree driplines positively indicate compromised roots and decayed roots and trunk flares.

Risk assessment arborists during tree inspections for tree defect identification judge tree failure-inducing substantial wood strength loss from wood fiber-decaying, wood-rotting organisms as jeopardizing healthy stability.

Healthy, moist, nutritious tissues versus wound-damaged, wound-injured tissues keep hemi-cellulose, load-bearing cellulose, load-bearing lignin fibers in xylem cells and respectively kindle wood-rotting Armillaria versus opportunistic pathogens.

Three-inch to four-inch (7.5-centimeter to 10-centimeter) extents of heartwood-rotted, sapwood-rotted decay for every 6-inch (15-centimeter) extent of diameter label decay extents and locations as structurally unsound. Sapwood-rotted cambial living tissue making no cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin-mustering xylem cells menaces tree climbers, whose rigging locations and tie-in points mandate sound, strong branches and stems. White rots, as most common wood-decaying organisms, need lignin, then cellulose, and net flexible, spongy, wet, white-yellow wood and adaptive-growth, response-growth fiber to strengthen weakened tissues.

Tree defect identification during tree inspections observes brown rots overwhelming cellulose, not lignin; operating more rigidly and seriously than white rots; and obstructing tree bending strength.

Soft rots prioritize degrading cellulose before lignin and provoke less aggressive, more localized proliferations and softened living tissue and wood fiber, than brown and white rots.

Artist's conk (Ganoderma applanatum), chicken-of-the-woods fungus (Laetiporus sulphureus) and brittle cinder fungus (Kretzschmaria deusta) respectively qualify as common wood-decaying fungi in white, brown and soft rots. Two or more similar-sized codominant branches and stems rising from one location reveal structural defects of included bark, similar branch aspect ratios and weak branch unions. Chlorosis, dieback, necrosis, sparse undersized leaves versus weak branch attachments suggest mechanical defects from construction-damaged crowns, roots, trunks, dripline-trenching and root-cutting versus branch-stub, flush-cut, tree-topping pruning.

Tree defect identification by risk assessment arborists during tree inspections tackles tree failure, whose likelihood teams decay and other defects with tree load threatening tree strength.

Artist's conk (Ganoderma applanatum) is a cosmopolitan bracket fungus that qualifies as a common wood-decaying fungus; artist's conks on American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart): Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/reduction-pruning-utility-trees-affects.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Avert Adverse Events." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2020. "Root-Stem Transition Zones Aim Loading Forces Through Roots and Soils." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/root-stem-transition-zones-aim-loading.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Are Country-Specific." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2020. "Sensitivity Analyses Admit Ecosystem Disservice and Ecosystem Service." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/sensitivity-analyses-admit-ecosystem.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2020. "Lignotubers Assure Arboricultural Management of Lignotuberous Shoots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/lignotubers-assure-arboricultural.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2020. "Included Bark Ages Safely With Fused, Entwining Natural Braces ." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/included-bark-ages-safely-with-fused.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2020. "Canker Identification and Canker Management Apply to Landscape Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/canker-identification-and-canker.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Purcell, Lindsey. December 2020. "Tree Defect Identification." Arborist News 29(6): 12-18.