Ellora Jain Cave 32 Adores Indra as Hindu Deity and Jain Bodyguard

Summary: Ellora Jain Cave 32 appreciates Hindu deity Indra, heavenly Hindu Mount Kailasa and great Jain thinkers in a Hindu cave temple adapted for Jain adorations.

looking outward from Ellora Jain Cave 32; Tuesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Ellora Jain Cave 32 in Maharashtra state, western peninsular India, adapts divine Hindu Indra and heavenly Hindu Mountain Kailasa in a Hindu cave temple into a Jain cave temple with adorational carvings.

Ellora Jain Cave 32 bears the cave temple name Indra Sabha (from Sanskrit इण्ड्र, "raindrop-possessing" and सभा, "court") for Indra, Hindu storm god and Jain bodyguard. It copies the cave temple architecture of Ellora Hindu Cave 16, called the Kailasa (from Sanskrit कैलास, "crystal") temple cave, and of Ellora Jain Cave 30. Ceiling paintings and wall carvings defer to Tirthankara (from Sanskrit र्थंकर, "ford-maker") ascetics, great thinkers during downward and upward courses of the ever-revolving Jain timekeeping wheel.

Ellora Jain Cave 32 exhibits Tirthankara sculptures carved, painted and sculpted with Hindu mythological yaksha (from Sanskrit यक्ष, "ghost") and yakshini (from Sanskrit यक्षिणी, "[female] ghost").

Ellora Jain Cave 32 features the Hindu storm god Indra as king of the first Jain heaven and one of 64 reigning deities in the Jain heavens.

Vardhamana (599/539?-527/467? B.C.E., from Sanskrit वर्धमान, "prosperous") gave away his clothes when he gained enlightenment as the 24th Tirthankara Mahavira (from Sanskrit महावीर, "great hero, warrior"). The Digambara (from Sanskrit दिगम्बर, "unclothed") sect historically headed ritual devotions in Ellora Jain Cave 32 even though its devotees never heeded Indra as cloth-holding deity. The Swetambara (from Sanskrit श्वेत, "white" and अम्बर, "cloth") sect integrates Indra, who installed Mahavira within a white robe that inspires souly liberations, into enlightenment intervals.

A yaksha, night-time child of Hindu creator god Brahma (from Sanskrit ब्रह्म, "to grow"), joins Indra in ceiling and wall paintings in Ellora Jain Cave 32.

Indra kept a farmer from killing Mahavira as a cow thief when the latter's open-air meditations apparently kindled the former's cows grazing, leaving and re-entering fields.

Indra, who lived on Mount Meru (from Sanskrit मेरु, "center"), logged a first-place win in a race around Mount Kailasa, whose wings he subsequently lobbed off. The Ellora Hindu Caves itinerant artisans and monks made the fire god Shiva (from Sanskrit शिव, "auspicious"), who made Mount Kailasa his heavenly home, their main god. First Tirthankara Rishabadeva (from Sanskrit ऋषभ, "bull" and देव, "deity") and 11th Tirthankara Shreyansanatha (from Sanskrit श्रिया, "blissful" and नाथ, "lord") netted nirvana on Mount Kailasa.

Ellora Jain Cave 32 sculptures observe the fifth stage, after sadhu (साधु, "ascetic"), upadhyaya (उपाध्याय, "teacher"), acharya (आचर्य, "order head") and arhat (अर्हत्, "freed soul") stages.

Arhat stages prevent freed, omniscient souls pulling out of cyclical karmic, mortal rebirths until tirthankara and siddha (from Sanskrit सिद्ध, "accomplished") omniscient freed souls pull away forever.

Stone sculptures queue Rishabadeva, Neminatha (from Sanskrit नेमि, "rim"), Parshvanatha (from Sanskrit पार्श्व, "near") and Mahavira as first, 22nd, 23rd and 24th Tirthankara natha (नाथ) lords. Ellora Jain Cave 32 reveals Buddhist, Hindu and Jain references despite Ellora Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Caves retaining Buddhism and Hinduism, Hinduism, and Hinduism and Jainism. Its lotus-flower ceiling design and yakshini under a mango tree suggest Brahma's birth and Buddha's (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") enlightenment and Upali's renouncing Jainism for Buddhism.

Ellora Jain Cave 32 teams Hindu temple and Jain sculptural traditions with perhaps uniquely Buddhist enlightenment, Hindu birth and Hindu to Jain to Buddhist conversion transmissions.

lotus-flower ceiling design in Ellora Jain Cave 32; Tuesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

looking outward from Ellora Jain Cave 32; Tuesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves_60.jpg

lotus-flower ceiling design in Ellora Jain Cave 32; Tuesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves_65.jpg

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