Tree Defect Identification During Tree Inspections Averts Tree Failure

Summary: Tree defect identification during tree inspections averts tree weakness and tree failure, according to an article in the December 2020 Arborist News.

Fungal fruiting bodies commonly associated with oak decline include honey fungi (Armillaria mellea); Armillaria root rots (Armillaria sp.) at base of oak trees (Quercus sp.) suffering from oak decline: Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Tree defect identification during tree inspections aims to alert against tree weakness and averts tree failures, according to the article Tree Defect Identification by Lindsey Purcell in the December 2020 Arborist News.

Client needs, environmental conditions, regulations, residual risks, resources, risk levels during initial inspections and tree developmental age bolster inspection intervals of six-month, one-year or five-year frequencies. Tree risk assessment inspections communicate time-specific risk levels to target zones, wide as their encircled tree heights, of activities, people, property tree failure disrupts, injures, wrecks. Decay-, growth pattern-, injury-derived defects decrease health, physical strength and stability and divulge disease pathogens; environmental stress; fungal organisms; poor, weak branching arrangements; and storm damage.

Biological defects entail disease-causing living agents and encompass bacterial wetwood fluxes; branch decline and dieback; decay; insect pests such as borers; sap-rotted limbs; and trunk cavities.

Structural defects feature poor architecture of codominant branches and stems; poor arrangement of crossing, vertical branches; overweighted branch ends; and crown asymmetry from severe utility pruning.

Mechanical defects guard as physical injuries broken limbs, damaged roots, open wounds and stubs from construction damage, lawn equipment, pruning, storm events, vandalism and vehicular impacts. Heading binoculars, probes, sounders systematically from crowns, through stems, into roots sometimes harvests as tree-failure harbingers live canopy ratios of crown heights under one-third tree heights. Fungal fruiting bodies and structures such as conks and mushrooms on trunks and under tree driplines positively indicate compromised roots and decayed roots and trunk flares.

Risk assessment arborists during tree inspections for tree defect identification judge tree failure-inducing substantial wood strength loss from wood fiber-decaying, wood-rotting organisms as jeopardizing healthy stability.

Healthy, moist, nutritious tissues versus wound-damaged, wound-injured tissues keep hemi-cellulose, load-bearing cellulose, load-bearing lignin fibers in xylem cells and respectively kindle wood-rotting Armillaria versus opportunistic pathogens.

Three-inch to four-inch (7.5-centimeter to 10-centimeter) extents of heartwood-rotted, sapwood-rotted decay for every 6-inch (15-centimeter) extent of diameter label decay extents and locations as structurally unsound. Sapwood-rotted cambial living tissue making no cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin-mustering xylem cells menaces tree climbers, whose rigging locations and tie-in points mandate sound, strong branches and stems. White rots, as most common wood-decaying organisms, need lignin, then cellulose, and net flexible, spongy, wet, white-yellow wood and adaptive-growth, response-growth fiber to strengthen weakened tissues.

Tree defect identification during tree inspections observes brown rots overwhelming cellulose, not lignin; operating more rigidly and seriously than white rots; and obstructing tree bending strength.

Soft rots prioritize degrading cellulose before lignin and provoke less aggressive, more localized proliferations and softened living tissue and wood fiber, than brown and white rots.

Artist's conk (Ganoderma applanatum), chicken-of-the-woods fungus (Laetiporus sulphureus) and brittle cinder fungus (Kretzschmaria deusta) respectively qualify as common wood-decaying fungi in white, brown and soft rots. Two or more similar-sized codominant branches and stems rising from one location reveal structural defects of included bark, similar branch aspect ratios and weak branch unions. Chlorosis, dieback, necrosis, sparse undersized leaves versus weak branch attachments suggest mechanical defects from construction-damaged crowns, roots, trunks, dripline-trenching and root-cutting versus branch-stub, flush-cut, tree-topping pruning.

Tree defect identification by risk assessment arborists during tree inspections tackles tree failure, whose likelihood teams decay and other defects with tree load threatening tree strength.

Artist's conk (Ganoderma applanatum) is a cosmopolitan bracket fungus that qualifies as a common wood-decaying fungus; artist's conks on American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart): Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Fungal fruiting bodies commonly associated with oak decline include honey fungi (Armillaria mellea); Armillaria root rots (Armillaria sp.) at base of oak trees (Quercus sp.) suffering from oak decline: Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0364050

Artist's conk (Ganoderma applanatum) is a cosmopolitan bracket fungus that qualifies as a common wood-decaying fungus; artist's conks on American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart): Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5054094

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Purcell, Lindsey. December 2020. "Tree Defect Identification." Arborist News 29(6): 12-18.