Quintilii Marble Head May Copy Cleopatra Statue in Temple of Venus

Summary: A Villa of the Quintilii marble head may copy the Cleopatra statue in the Temple of Venus Genetrix located in Rome's Forum of Caesar (Forum Caesaris).

Villa of the Quintilii's marble head of Cleopatra is displayed in Museo Gregoriano Profano (Gregoriano Profano Museum), which is located on the lower floor of Musei Vaticani (Vatican Museums); Friday, May 9, 2008, 14:12: Sergey Sosnovskiy (Ancientrome), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Identified as portraying Cleopatra, a Villa of the Quintilii marble head may copy the Cleopatra statue in the Temple of Venus Genetrix that Julius Caesar dedicated in his new forum, Forum Iulium, in Rome in 46 BCE.

The Villa of the Quintilii (Italian: Villa dei Quintili) is sited at the fifth milestone of the Via Appia Antica ("Old or Ancient Appian Way"). In its greatest span of 362 miles (582 kilometers), the ancient Roman road linked central Rome's Roman Forum (Forum Romanum) with the port of Brindisi in southeast Italy's heel, according to Encyclopedia Britannica's online "Appian Way" entry. The road's construction began in 312 BCE, during the consulships of Marcus Valerius Maximus and Publius Decius Mus (died 295 BCE), according to classics professors Matthew Dillon and Lynda Garland in Ancient Rome: Social and Historical Documents From the Early Republic to the Death of Augustus (2.4).

The Villa of the Quintilii occupies an approximately rectangular property with an east-to-west stretch between Via Appia Nuova ("New Appian Way") and Via Appia Antica. Construction of Via Nuova Appia, which parallels the older road, originated with the late 18th-century papacy (Feb. 15, 1775-1799) of Pius VI (born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi; Dec. 25, 1717-Aug. 29, 1799).

The construction of the Villa of the Quintilii dates to the first half of the second century CE, according to conservation scientist Giusj Valentina Fichera and seven co-authors in "Limestone Provenance in Roman Lime-Volcanic Ash Mortars From the Villa dei Quintili, Rome," published in the February 2015 issue of Geoarchaeology. The residential complex was built during the Roman emperorships of Trajan and Hadrian (page 81). Caesar Nerva Traianus "Trajan" (Sep. 18, 53-Aug. 8, 117 CE) began his reign Jan. 27, 98 BCE, upon the death of his predecessor, Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva; Nov. 8, 30-Jan. 27, 98 CE). Nerva, Trajan and Trajan's successor, Hadrian (Caesar Traianus Hadrianus; Jan. 24, 76-July 10, 138 CE), are recognized as the first, second and third, respectively, of the "Five Good Emperors" in the Roman Empire's seven-member Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

The Villa of the Quintili was home for Sextus Quintilius Condianus (Italian: Sesto Quintilio Condiano) and his brother, Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus (Italian: Sesto Quintilio Valerio Massimo). The brothers held government positions during the reigns of the fourth and fifth "Five Good Emperors," Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; Sep. 19, 86-March 7, 161 CE) and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (April 26, 121-March 17, 180 CE). The Quintilii brothers served as consuls in 151 CE, during Marcus Aurelius's emperorship.

The Quintilii brothers lost their property to imperial confiscation and also their lives in 182 CE. Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus (Aug. 31, 161-Dec. 31, 192 CE), who succeeded his father, Marcus Aurelius, had the brothers executed as purported conspirators in the failed assassination and coup orchestrated by Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla "Lucilla" (March 7, 148 or 150-182 CE), Marcus Aurelius's second daughter.

A marble head with a diadem and a melon hairstyle of braided rows gathered into a nape neck bun numbered among sculptures retrieved by Venceslao Pezolli during his 1783-1784 excavations at the Villa of the Quintilli, according to ancient art curators Carlos A. Picón and Seán Hemingway in the Catalogue (page 303) published in conjunction with "Pergamon and the Hellenistic Kingdoms of the Ancient World," exhibited Monday, April 18, through Sunday, July 17, 2016, at New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The marble head was added to the collections of the Vatican Museum (Musei Vaticani) in 1784, according to the museum's online catalogue (inventory number MV.38511.0.0). Its inventory record dates the marble portrait to 47 to 44 BCE.

The Quintilii marble head was identified as a portrait of Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE) by German archaeologist Ludwig Curtius (Dec. 13, 1874-April 10, 1954) in "Ikonographische Beiträge zum Porträt der Römischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie: IV Kleopatra VII. Philopator," published in 1933 in Römische Mitteilungen (band 48: 182-192). A raised scar on the left cheek suggested for Curtius the remnant of a sculpture of Cupid, Roman goddess Venus's son. The lost Cupid and the interpretation of the diadem's front bump as a jewel possibilitized the Quintilii marble head as a replica of the lost statue of Cleopatra commissioned by Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12 or 13, 100-March 15, 44 BCE) for the Temple of Venus Genetrix (Venus the Mother; Venus the Ancestress) that he located in his new forum, Forum Iulium (Forum of the Iulius; Julius Caesar's paternal gens Iulia lineage), popularly known as Forum Caesaris (Forum of Caesar), in Rome. Caesar held a joint dedication of the forum and the temple on Sep. 26, 46 BCE.

A hidden mother with child wall painting in Pompeii's House of Marcus Fabius Rufus (Marco Fabio Rufo) offers support for Curtius's association of the Quintilii marble head with the Temple of Venus Genetrix's lost Cleopatra statue, according to archaeologist Susan Walker (born Sep. 11, 1948) in "Cleopatra in Pompeii?", published in the November 2008 issue of Papers of the British School at Rome (page 40). The Pompeii painting portrays Cleopatra with her and Caesar's son, Ptolemy XV Caesar Philopator Philometor (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaios Kaisar Philopator Philometor, "Ptolemy Caesar, Beloved of his Father, Beloved of his Mother"; 47-30 BCE), known as Caesarion (Ancient Greek: Καισαρίων, Kaisarion, "Little Caesar"), posing as Venus with Cupid, according to Walker's reading of the painting (pages 35, 39-40).

Curtius's findings of concordance between the Quintilii marble head and the Forum Iulium's lost Cleopatra statue and Walker's "points of correspondence" between Cleopatra's face in the Pompeii painting and in the Quintilii marble head suggest the lost statue as the inspiration for the Quintilii marble head (page 40).

A ginger tabby pauses before the bath house complex, comprising caldarium (room with bath of hot water) and frigidarium (room with bath of cold water), on the grounds of Rome's Villa of the Quintilii; Wednesday, Sep. 29, 2021: Pat.no54, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Villa of the Quintilii's marble head of Cleopatra is displayed in Museo Gregoriano Profano (Gregoriano Profano Museum), which is located on the lower floor of Musei Vaticani (Vatican Museums); Friday, May 9, 2008, 14:12: Sergey Sosnovskiy (Ancientrome), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cleopatra_VII,_Marble,_40-30_BC,_Vatican_Museums_004.jpg; Sergey Sosnovskiy, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Ancientrome.ru @ http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=6364

A ginger tabby pauses before the bath house complex, comprising caldarium (room with bath of hot water) and frigidarium (room with bath of cold water), on the grounds of Rome's Villa of the Quintilii; Wednesday, Sep. 29, 2021: Pat.no54, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roma_-_Villa_dei_Quintili_-_202109292318.jpeg

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Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/496373#metadata_info_tab_contents

White, Horace, trans. "Chap.XV.102. . . . He erected the temple to Venus, his ancestress, as he had vowed to do when he was about to begin the battle of Pharsalus, and he laid out ground around the temple which he intended to be a forum for the Roman people, not for buying and selling, but a meeting-place for the transaction of public business, like the public squares of the Persians, where the people assemble to seek justice or to learn the laws. He placed a beautiful image of Cleopatra by the side of the goddess, which stands there to this day. . . ." Pages 414-417. Appian's Roman History: The Civil Wars. In four volumes. Volume III. Book II: 229-515. First printed 1913. Reprinted 1933, 1958, 1964. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., MCMLXIV (1964).
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/appiansromanhist0000appi_s3m0/page/414/mode/1up
Available via Tufts University Perseus Digital Library @ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0232%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D102