Ferdinand Columbus Biographized His Father as Italian But Born Where?

Summary: Ferdinand Columbus biographized his father as Italian but did not specify Genoa or any other locality as a birthplace for Christopher Columbus.

portrait of Hernando Colón by unknown artist; Cabildo de la Catedral de Sevilla, Biblioteca Capitular y Colombina de Sevilla: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Ferdinand Columbus biographized his father as Italian but did not identify a birthplace, neither in Genoa nor in any other locality, for Christopher Columbus.

Ferdinand Columbus (Italian: Fernando Colombo; Portuguese: Fernando Colombo; Spanish: Fernando, or Hernando, Colón y Enríquez de Arana; Aug. 15, 1488-July 12, 1539) was born in Cordova (Spanish: Córdoba), then in the Kingdom of Córdoba (Spanish: Reino de Córdoba), one of the Four Kingdoms of Andalusia (Spanish: los quatro reynos del Andaluzia) in the Crown of Castile (Spanish: Corona de Castilla). His apparently unwed parents were late 15th to early 16th century explorer and navigator Christopher Columbus (Catalan: Cristòfor Colom; Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Portuguese: Cristóvão Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón; ca. 1446/1451-May 20, 1506) and Beatriz Enriquez de Arana (Spanish: Beatriz Enríquez de Arana; 1465/1467-1521/1522). Ferdinand's mother probably came from a Basque family, who had settled northwest of Cordova in Santa María de Trassierra, Beatriz's birthplace, according to Genoese journalist and president of Comitato Nazionale per Colombo (CNC; National Committee for Columbus) Bruno Aloi in his article, "Beatriz Enríquez de Arana. Madre di Fernando Colombo," posted Jan. 20, 2019, on the CNC website.

Ferdinand's birth order numbered as the second of his father's two children. Ferdinand's older, half-sibling, Diego Columbus (Italian: Diego Colombo; Portuguese: Diogo Colombo; Spanish: Diego Colón; ca. 1474/1480-Feb. 23, 1526), was born to the navigator and his Madeiran Portuguese wife, Filipa Moniz Perestrello (Italian: Filipa Moniz Perestrello; Portuguese and Spanish: Filipa Moniz Perestrelo; ca. 1452-ca. 1477/1485).

Ferdinand biographized his famous father in an unpublished manuscript, begun in 1537. The manuscript passed to Ferdinand's half nephew Luis Colón, upon the death of Luis's mother, María Álvarez de Toledo (Spanish: María Álvarez de Toledo y Rojas; ca. 1490-May 11, 1549), widow of Luis's half brother, Diego, and Ferdinand's half sister-in-law. Luis Colón (Luis Colón y Álvarez de Toledo; ca. 1522-Jan. 29, 1572) consigned his grandfather's biography to Baliano de Fornari, described as a wealthy "Genoese nobleman, physician and senator" by musicologist and 16th and 17th century Italian culture researcher Peter S. Poulos in "G. B. De Marini and the ‘Genoese Nation’ in Rome: Patronage, Piety and Politics," posted to his eponymous blog.

Baliano de Fornari transported the manuscript to Venice, considered Italy's publishing center, for translating and publishing, according to American historian and colonial Latin America specialist Benjamin Keen (1913-Nov. 1, 2002) in his English translation of the manuscript, The Life Of The Admiral Christopher Columbus By His Son, published in 1959 (Editor's Preface, page xv). Spanish editor, historian and translator Alfonso de Ulloa (1529-1570) translated Ferdinand's manuscript into Italian. Ulloa's translation, entitled Historie del S.D. Fernando Colombo; Nelle quali s'ha particolare, & vera relatione della vita, & de' fatti dell'Ammiraglio D. Christoforo Colombo, ſuo padre: et dello ſcoprimento, ch'egli fece dell'Indie Occidentali, dette Mondo Nuovo, hora poſſedute dal Sereniſs. Re Catolico, was published in 1571.

Christopher Columbus emphasized his navigational qualifications and his exploratory missions by intentionally obscuring his birthplace and family, just as Jesus had avoided distraction from his spiritual mission by his birth to unfamous parents, according to Ferdinand Columbus in Historie's first chapter (Keen, "Concerning the Birthplace, Family, and Name of the Admiral Christopher Columbus," page 3). Also, Ferdinand's father had changed his name from Italian Colombo to Spanish Colón in conformance with his residence in Spain and as distinguisher of his descendants from collateral lines (Keen, page 4).

Places presented as his father's supposed birthplace mostly are located in northwestern Italy's Liguria region (Ligurian: Ligûria), favoring the region's capital, Genoa (Italian: Genova; Ligurian: Zêna), or its nearby localities, such as Bugiasco (Italian: Bugliasco; Ligurian: Boggiasco), Cugureo (Italian: Cogoleto; Ligurian: Cogoeuo), Nervi and Savona (Ligurian: Sann-a). Noteworthy individuals surnamed Colombo in Piacenza (English: Piacenza; English and French: Plaisance; Piacentino: Piaṡëinsa) have added Liguria's western neighbor, Emilia-Romagna (Emilian: Emégglia-Rumâgna or Emîlia-Rumâgna; Romagnol: Emélia-Rumâgna), to the explorer's suggested ancestry (Keen, page 4).

Specifically, Ferdinand sought answers from two brothers surnamed Colombo, considered the wealthiest residents of Liguria's Cugureo and identified locally as the explorer's relatives. Unfortunately, the brothers' advanced ages, with the younger at over 100 years old, prevented genealogical discovery (Keen, Chapter 2, "Of the Admiral’s Parents and Their Condition . . .", page 5).

In addition to an unspecified birthplace, Ferdinand's paternal biography briefly mentioned unnamed parents. Ferdinand blamed conflicts and wars in north central Italy's Lombardy region (Italian: Lombardia; Lombard: Lumbardia) for the impoverishment of the parental worth. Their livelihood and their places of residence remained mysteries for Ferdinand. Yet, an unspecified letter written by Christopher Columbus noted sea occupations for him and his ancestors, recalled Ferdinand (page 5).

From his unsuccessful genealogical research, Ferdinand Columbus concluded that his father's accomplishments demonstrated the unnecessariness of fame, nobility and riches for shaping extraordinary legacies of valorous discoveries. ". . . I think it better that all our glory should come from himself than that we should go about inquiring if his father was a merchant or went hunting with falcons, of such men there are thousands everywhere, and three days after their death the memory of them is lost without a trace among their own townspeople and relations" (page 5).

tomb of Hernando Colón; Catedral de Sevilla, central nave, west entrance; Sunday, July 28, 2019, 17:09: CarlosVdeHabsburgo, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

portrait of Hernando Colón by unknown artist; Cabildo de la Catedral de Sevilla, Biblioteca Capitular y Colombina de Sevilla: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hernando_Col%C3%B3n.jpg

tomb of Hernando Colón; Catedral de Sevilla, central nave, west entrance; Sunday, July 28, 2019, 17:09: CarlosVdeHabsburgo, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tumba_de_Hernando_Colón_(Sevilla).jpg

For further information:

Aloi, Bruno. "Beatriz Enríquez de Arana. Madre di Fernando Colombo." Cristoforo Colombo > Articoli Storici. 20 Gennaio 2019 (Jan. 20, 2019).
Available @ https://www.cristoforocolombo.com/cristoforo-colombo/articoli-storici/beatriz-enriquez-de-arana-madre-di-fernando-colombo/

Barry, J.J. (John Joachim), comp. and transl. The Life of Christopher Columbus: From Authentic Spanish and Italian Documents; Compiled From the French of Roselly De Lorgues. Boston: Patrick Donahoe; New York: Catholic Publication Society; Baltimore: John Murphy & Co., 1870.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288211

Barry, J.J. (John Joachim), comp. and transl.; and (Comte Antoine-François-Félix) Roselly De Lorgues. The Life of Christopher Columbus: From Authentic Spanish and Italian Documents; Compiled From the French of Roselly De Lorgues. Forgotten Books Reprint. Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire: Loreto Publications, Sep. 17, 2017.

Barwick, George F., transl.; and Benjamin Franklin Stevens, comp. and ed. Christopher Columbus, His Own Book of Privileges, 1502: Photographic Facsimile of the Manuscript in the Archives of the Foreign Office in Paris, Now for the First Time Published, With Expanded Text, Translation Into English and an Historical Introduction. London: B.F. Stevens, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00colu
Available via Library of Congress @ https://www.loc.gov/item/02012566/

Barwick, George F., transl.; and Benjamin Franklin Stevens, comp. and ed. "Document XLIV. Copy of the letter of Columbus to Juana de Torres, Nurse of Prince Don Juan of Castile. 1500." Pages 246-265. Christopher Columbus, His Own Book of Privileges, 1502: Photographic Facsimile of the Manuscript in the Archives of the Foreign Office in Paris, Now for the First Time Published, With Expanded Text, Translation Into English and an Historical Introduction. London: B.F. Stevens, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00colu/page/246/mode/1up
Available via Library of Congress @ https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2013gen12566/?sp=328&r=-0.083,0.044,1.207,0.685,0

Bonells, José Elías. "El zapote de Colón." Jardines sin Fronteras. Dec. 12, 2016 (12 diciembre, 2016).
Available @ https://jardinessinfronteras.com/2016/12/12/el-zapote-de-colon/

Brinkbäumer, Klaus; and Clemens Höges; Annette Streck, transl. The Voyage of the Vizcaína: The Mystery of Christopher Columbus's Last Ship. Orlando FL: Harcourt, 2006.

Caddeo, Rinaldo. Le Historie della vita e dei fatti di Cristoforo Colombo. Per Fernando Colombo suo figlio. Due volumi a cura di Rinaldo Caddeo. Con studio introduttivo, note, appendici, e numerose carte e incisioni. Due volumi. Published by Viaggi e scoperte di navigatori ed esploratori italiani. Milano: Edizioni Alpes, 1930.

Caraci, Ilaria Luzzana. Colombo vero e falso: la costruzione delle Historie fernandine. Genova: Sagep Editrice, 1989.

Casabó y Pagés, Pelegrin. Cristóbal Colón: Historia de su vida y viajes. Escrita en Francés por el Conde Roselly de Lorgues, Continuada con Documentos Inéditos Importantes Relativos al Segundo Matrimonio de Colón con Doña Beatriz Enríquez de Córdoba. Traducida por D. Pelegrín Casabó y Pagés. Novísima edición. Tomo I. Obra Monumental Dedicada à Conmemorar el Cuarto Centenaro del Descubrimiento de America. Barcelona D. Jaime Seix, 1892.
S-XIX 4818 Parte 1 [Tomo I, pages 1-312], Parte 2 [pages 313-655]: Available via Biblioteca Digital Floridablanca (Fondo Antiguo de la Universidad de Murcia) Coleccione Siglo XIX (S-XIX) @ https://bibliotecafloridablanca.um.es/bibliotecafloridablanca/handle/11169/7210
Available via Simurg (Fondos digitalizados del CSIC [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]), CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, @ http://simurg.csic.es/view/990002296250204201_V1/cristobal-colon-historia-de-su-vida-y-viajes-vol-1
Available via Simurg @ http://simurg.csic.es/view/990002296250204201

Casabó y Pagés, Pelegrin. Cristóbal Colón: Historia de su vida y viajes. Escrita en Francés por el Conde Roselly de Lorgues, Continuada con Documentos Inéditos Importantes Relativos al Segundo Matrimonio de Colón con Doña Beatriz Enríquez de Córdoba. Traducida por D. Pelegrín Casabó y Pagés. Tomo II. Novísima edición. Obra Monumental Dedicada à Conmemorar el Cuarto Centenaro del Descubrimiento de America. Barcelona D. Jaime Seix, 1892.
Available via Simurg (Fondos digitalizados del CSIC [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]), CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, @ http://simurg.csic.es/view/990002296250204201_V2/cristobal-colon-historia-de-su-vida-y-viajes-vol-2
Available via Simurg @ http://simurg.csic.es/view/990002296250204201

Casabó y Pagés, Pelegrin. Cristóbal Colón: Historia de su vida y viajes. Escrita en Francés por el Conde Roselly de Lorgues, Continuada con Documentos Inéditos Importantes Relativos al Segundo Matrimonio de Colón con Doña Beatriz Enríquez de Córdoba. Traducida por D. Pelegrín Casabó y Pagés. Tomo III. Novísima edición. Obra Monumental Dedicada à Conmemorar el Cuarto Centenaro del Descubrimiento de America. Barcelona D. Jaime Seix, 1892.
Available via Simurg (Fondos digitalizados del CSIC [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]), CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, @ http://simurg.csic.es/view/990002296250204201_V3/cristobal-colon-historia-de-su-vida-y-viajes-vol-3
Available via Simurg @ http://simurg.csic.es/view/990002296250204201

Casabó y Pagés, Pelegrin. Historia de la vida y viajes de Cristóbal Colón. Escrita en Francés por el Conde Roselly de Lorgues, Continuada con Documentos Inéditos Importantes Relativos al Segundo Matrimonio de Colón con Doña Beatriz Enríquez de Córdoba. Traducida por D. Pelegrín Casabó y Pagés. Tomo II. Monumento à Colon. Barcelona D. Jaime Seix, MDCCCXCII [1897].
S-XIX 4819 Parte 1 [Tomo III, pages 1-316], Parte 2 [pages 317-627], Parte 3 [pages 628-922]: Available via Biblioteca Digital Floridablanca (Fondo Antiguo de la Universidad de Murcia) Coleccione Siglo XIX (S-XIX) @ https://bibliotecafloridablanca.um.es/bibliotecafloridablanca/handle/11169/7283

Casabó y Pagés, Pelegrin. Historia de la vida y viajes de Cristóbal Colón. Escrita en Francés por el Conde Roselly de Lorgues, Continuada con Documentos Inéditos Importantes Relativos al Segundo Matrimonio de Colón con Doña Beatriz Enríquez de Córdoba. Traducida por D. Pelegrín Casabó y Pagés. Tomo III. Monumento à Colon. Barcelona D. Jaime Seix, MDCCCLXVIII [1878].
S-XIX 4820 Parte 1 [Tomo III, pages 1-235], Parte 2 [pages 236-477], Parte 3 [pages 478-723], Parte 4 [pages 724-940]: Available via Biblioteca Digital Floridablanca (Fondo Antiguo de la Universidad de Murcia) Coleccione Siglo XIX (S-XIX) @ https://bibliotecafloridablanca.um.es/bibliotecafloridablanca/handle/11169/7284

Colombo, Fernando; and Alfonso Ulloa, transl. Historie del S.D. Fernando Colombo; Nelle quali s'ha particolare, & vera relatione della vita, & de' fatti dell'Ammiraglio D. Christoforo Colombo, ſuo padre: et dello ſcoprimento, ch'egli fece dell'Indie Occidentali, dette Mondo Nuovo, hora poſſedute dal Sereniſs. Re Catolico: Nuovamente di lingua Spagnuola tradotte nell'Italiana dal S. Alfonſo Ulloa. Venetia: Appreſſo Franceſco de' Franceſchi Saneſe, MDLXXI [1571].
Available via Gallica BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58802t.image
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qOHnTmUJTxQC/
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historiedelsdfer00coln/

de la Torre y del Cerro, José. Beatriz Enríquez de Arana y Cristóbal Colón. Publicaciones del Instituto Hispano-Cubano de Historia de América (Sevilla). First published in 1933. Madrid [Spain]: Compañía Iberoamericana de Publicaciones (S.A.), 2006.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com.bo/books?id=XK5W9I5AfwIC

de los Santos, José Solís. "Alfonso de Ulloa (c. 1529-1570)." Real Academia de la Historia, Diccionario Biográfico Español, vol. XLVIII: 595-598. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 2013.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/9663218/Alfonso_de_Ulloa_c_1529_1570_

Fernández, José María Pérez; and Edward Wilson-Lee. Hernando Colon's New World of Books: Toward a Cartography of Knowledge. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, Jan. 26, 2021.

Flood, Alison. "How Christopher Columbus's son built 'the world's first search engine.'" The Guardian > Culture > Books > Libraries. Friday, May 11, 2018.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/may/11/christopher-columbus-son-worlds-first-search-engine-hernando-colon

Gulizia, Stefano. "The Career of Alfonso Ulloa (1529–1570) in Early Modern Venice: A Cosmopolitan Outlook of the 16th-Century Book Trade." Pages 205-214. In: Marco Folin and Antonio Musarra, eds., Cultures and Practices of Coexistence from the Thirteenth Through the Seventeenth Centuries: Multi-Ethnic Cities in the Mediterranean World. Vol. I. Part III Mediators, Translators, Interpreters; Chapter 11. New York: Routledge, 2020.

Haynes, Keith. "Obituary: Benjamin Keen (1913-2002)." Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 83, issue 2 (May 2003): 355-360.
Available via Duke University Press @ https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-abstract/83/2/355/26881/Benjamin-Keen-1913-2002

Iglesia, Ramón. Vida del almirante don Cristóbal Colón. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1947.

Juderias, Mariano, trans.; Roselly de Lorgues and Antoine-François-Félix. Historia de Cristóbal Colon y de sus viajes: escrita en Francés segun documentos auténticos sacados de España é Italia, por Roselly de Lorgues. Traducida en Español por Mariano Juderias. Segunda edition. Tomo I. Cadiz: Eduardo Gautier, 1858.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historiacristobal01roserich

Juderias, Mariano, trans.; Roselly de Lorgues and Antoine-François-Félix. Historia de Cristóbal Colon y de sus viajes: escrita en Francés segun documentos auténticos sacados de España é Italia, por Roselly de Lorgues. Traducida en Español por Mariano Juderias. Segunda edition. Tomo II. Cadiz: Eduardo Gautier, 1863.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historiacristobal02roserich/page/n6/mode/1up

Keen, Benjamin, transl. and annot. The Life Of The Admiral Christopher Columbus By His Son Ferdinand. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1959.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185547/mode/2up

Marriner, Derdriu. "Christopher Columbus's Wife Was Madeiran But Was He Really Genoese?" Earth and Space News. Thursday, Oct. 13, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/christopher-columbuss-wife-was-madeiran.html

Mayolas, Pep. "En Baliano De Fornari, el misteriós promotor de la primera biografia impresa d’En Colom." Institut Nova Història > Articles > Projecte Colom. 24-06-2019 (June 24, 2019).
Available @ https://www.inh.cat/articles/En-Baliano-De-Fornari,-el-misterios-promotor-de-la-primera-biografia-impresa-d-En-Colom

McDonald, Mark P. Ferdinand Collumbus: Renaissance Collector. London: British Museum Press, 2005.

McDonald, Mark P. "The Print Collection of Ferdinand Columbus." Print Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 1 (March 2000): 43-46.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/41825887

Millán, José Antonio. "Hernando Colón: el creador de la primera biblioteca moderna." El País > Cultura > Babelia. 13 ENE 2020 (Jan. 13, 2020).
Available @ https://elpais.com/cultura/2020/01/10/babelia/1578670405_751624.html

Morison, Samuel Eliot. Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1942. Copyright renewed 1970.

Parsons, Gilman D. Exploring the Edge: Giustiniani's Account of Columbus in the Margins of the 1516 Polyglot Psalter. Berkeley: The Bancroft Library, 1993.

Pickering, Keith A. "The Biography of Fernando Colón." Columbus Landfall.
Available @ http://columbuslandfall.com/ccnav/lcbio.shtml

Poulos, Peter S. “'G. B. De Marini and the ‘Genoese Nation’ in Rome: Patronage, Piety and Politics': A Paper Presented to the Early Modern Rome 3 Conference, in Rome, Italy, on 5 October 2017 by Peter S. Poulos." Peter S. Poulos > Research > EMR3.
Available @ https://peterspoulos.com/research/emr3/

Ramírez de Arellano y Díaz de Morales, Rafael. "Datos nuevos referentes a Beatriz Enríquez de Arana y los Aranas de Córdoba, encontrados por D. Rafael Ramírez de Arellano." Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tomo XXXVII (1900): 461-485.
Available via Centro Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes @ https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/datos-nuevos-referentes-a-beatriz-enrquez-de-arana-y-los-aranas-de-crdoba-encontrados-por-d-rafael-ramrez-de-arellano-0/#I_0_

Roselly De Lorgues (Antoine-François-Félix), Comte. Christophe Colomb. Troisième Grande Édition. Illustrée d'Encadrements Variés à Chaque Page de Chromos, Scènes, Marines, Portraits et Carte. Paris: Société Générale de Librairie Catholique; Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie; Genève: H. Trembley, 1887.
Available via Gallica BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9323815/f13.item.texteImage.zoom

Roselly De Lorgues (Antoine-François-Félix, Comte). Christophe Colomb: Histoire De Sa Vie Et De Ses Voyages. D'Après Des Documents Authentiques Tirés D'Espagne Et D'Italie. Tome premier. Paris: Didier et Cie, 1856.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christophe_Colomb/k8kRAAAAYAAJ?hl=en

Roselly De Lorgues (Antoine-François-Félix, Comte). Christophe Colomb: Histoire De Sa Vie Et De Ses Voyages. D'Après Des Documents Authentiques Tirés D'Espagne Et D'italie. Deuxième Édition. I. Paris: Didier et Cie, 1859.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/christophecolomb01rose/

Roselly De Lorgues (Antoine-François-Félix, Comte). Christophe Colomb: Histoire De Sa Vie Et De Ses Voyages. D'Après Des Documents Authentiques Tirés D'Espagne Et D'italie. Tome second. Paris: Didier et Cie, 1864.
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christophe_Colomb_histoire_de_sa_vie_et/8Sr27knOJb0C?hl=en

Roselly De Lorgues (Antoine-François-Félix, Comte). Christophe Colomb: Histoire De Sa Vie Et De Ses Voyages. D'Après Des Documents Authentiques Tirés D'Espagne Et D'italie. Deuxième Édition. II. Paris: Didier et Cie, 1859.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/christophecolomb02rose/

Taviani, Paolo Emilio. Christopher Columbus: The Grand Design. Originally published in Italian in 1974. London [UK]: Orbis Publishing Limited, Jan. 1, 1985.

Taviani, Paolo Emilio. "Perestrelo y Moniz, Felipa (c. 1454-c. 1484)." Page 540. In: Silvio A. Bedini, ed., The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia, vol. 2. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00bedi/page/540/mode/1up

Taviani, Paolo Emilio; and Rodica Diaconescu-Blumenfeld, transl. "Arana, Beatriz de (ca. 1465-1522)." Pages 24-25. In: Silvio A. Bedini, ed., The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia, vol. 1. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/christophercolum0001unse/page/24/mode/1up

Vignaud, Henry. "Chapitre Quatrième/ Colomb à Cordoue. Ses Relations Avec Beatriz Enriquez. Naissance de Fernand Colomb. 1487-1488." Pages 601-646. Histoire critique de la grande entreprise de Christophe Colomb: comment il aurait conçu et formé son projet, sa présentation à différentes cours, son acceptation finale, sa mise a exécution, son véritable caractère. Tome premier 1476-1490. Études sur la vie de Colomb -- Deuxième série. Paris: H. Welter, 1911.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/histoirecritique01vign/page/601/mode/1up

Vignaud, Henry. Histoire critique de la grande entreprise de Christophe Colomb: comment il aurait conçu et formé son projet, sa présentation à différentes cours, son acceptation finale, sa mise a exécution, son véritable caractère. Tome deuxième 1491-1493. Études sur la vie de Colomb -- Deuxième série. Paris: H. Welter, 1911.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/histoirecritique02vign/

Vignaud, Henry. Histoire critique de la grande entreprise de Christophe Colomb: comment il aurait conçu et formé son projet, sa présentation à différentes cours, son acceptation finale, sa mise a exécution, son véritable caractère. Tome premier 1476-1490. Études sur la vie de Colomb -- Deuxième série. Paris: H. Welter, 1911.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/histoirecritique01vign/

Wilford, John Noble. The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1991.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/mysterioushistor00wilf/

Wilford, John Noble. The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy. First Vintage Books edition. Originally published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, 1991. New York: Vintage Books, October 1992.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/mysterioushistor00john_0/

Wilson, William. "Christopher Columbus and his Sons Diego and Ferdinand. From an ancient Spanish Picture in the poſseſsion of Edward Horne Esq. of Bevis Mount near Southampton. Publiſh'd Dec. 13, 1794 by I. Stockdale, Piccadilly." The British Museum > Collection.
Available @ https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1900-1231-1145

Wilson-Lee, Edward. The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books: Christopher Columbus, His Son, and the Quest to Build the World's Greatest Library. First Scribner hardcover edition. New York NY: Scribner, March 12, 2019.

Wilson-Lee. Edward. The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books: Young Columbus and the Quest for a Universal Library. London UK: William Collins, May 17, 2018.