Earth and Space News: Natural Enemies of Urban Landscape Pests Are Among Beneficial Insects

Summary: Natural enemies of urban landscape pests are among beneficial insects, according to an article appearing in the October 2022 issue of Arborist News.

Asteraceae (from Greek ἀστήρ, "star" via Latin astēr and Latin -āceae, "resembling") aster, daisy, composite and sunflower family members appeal to such beneficial insects as bumblebees (Bombus spp). Bumblebees are not insect pests or natural enemies as they assure Planet Earth of the accomplishment of the intra- and inter-flower pollen exchange, from the four ecosystem services by insect decomposers, parasites, pollinators and predators. Flowers such as 1. yellow chamomille (Anthemis tinctoria), 2. crown daisy (Glebionis coronarium), 3. corn marigold (Coleostephus myconis), 4. marguerie (Argyranthemum frutescens 'Bridesmaid'), 5. sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), 6. chicory (Cichorium intybus), 7. treasure flower (Gazania rigens), 8. galactites (Galactites tomentosa), 9. field marigold (Calendula arvensis), 10. ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), 11. common hawkweed (Hieracium lachenalii) and 12. cape daisy (Osteospermum ecklonis), attract them: Alvesgaspar, Tony Wills, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Natural enemies of urban landscape pests are among beneficial insects, according to Beneficial Insects in the Urban Landscape, article by three Davey Institute professionals for the October 2022 issue of Arborist News.

The Davey Tree Expert Company Technical Advisors Adam Baker and Thomas Whitney and Technical Services Manager A.D. Ali broach beneficial members of 925,000-some described species worldwide. Described insect species and undescribed species estimated as 2 million to 30 million cast them at one-half, at 50 percent, of Planet Earth’s total animal biomass. The three co-authors describe insect species worldwide as denizens dominating all Planet Earth environments, except for most marine milieus, as well as all seven continental ecosystems.

Primary producers such as photosynthesizing plants effectuate energy synthesis and nutrient assemblies for many trophic levels of plant-eating, predatory consumers and primary production by ecosystem predators.

Insect species function in all freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, where they fashion integral roles in energy flow, food webs and nutrient cycling even of urban landscapes.

Predatory coleopteran ladybeetles, odonate dragonflies and praying mantids, as ecosystem servants and as natural enemies of aphid, mosquito and locust insect pests, get fresh-killed, fresh-consumed prey. One or narrow-ranged, one-plus live-host species house egg and hungry larval and mature stages of such ideal biocontrol agents as parasitoid dipteran flies and hymenopteran wasps. Recycling broken-down, complex-moleculed, dead and decaying animal and plant organic matter and nutrients into little-moleculed, building blocks involves first decomposer insects, then decomposer fungi and bacteria.

Parasitoid beetle, fly and wasp insect pests and pollinator beetles, bumblebees, butterflies, flies and moths journey as respectively natural enemies and as inter-plant, intra-plant-pollinating beneficial insects.

European paper wasps killing cabbage and monarch butterfly caterpillars kindles broccoli farmers and monarch conservationists knowing the exotic invasives as respectively beneficial insects and insect pests.

Landscapes honeydew-loaded and lacking ashes (Fraxinus spp) and pines (Pinus spp) label linden aphids and emerald ash borers exotically invasive, and southern pine beetles native, pests. Beneficial insect and insect pest monikers manifest mixed human perceptions of mixed behavioral contexts that muster respectively positive and negative human-interesting, human-valued ecological and economic impacts. Chewing mouthparts of such defoliating, hymenopteran beetles, caterpillars and sawflies narrow the expected, natural, total area of leaf surfaces, thereby nipping photosynthetic capacities and sugar synthesis.

Piercing-sucking mouthparts of hemipteran sap-feeding true bugs, as urban landscape pests, not beneficial insects or natural enemies, obtain synthesized-sugar cellular, vascular fluids and occasion plant decline.

Bark and wood-boring beetles, clearwing moths and hymenopteran horntails prey internally upon such vascular tissue as nutrient-, sugar-, water-transporting phloem and xylem, without which trees perish.

Integrated Pest Management queues under Plant Health Care chemical pesticides not counterproductive to existing, new, parasitoid, predatory natural enemies as biocontrol agents against urban landscape pests. It represses mealybugs, thrips or whiteflies and root-feeding beetle larvae urban landscape pests with their respective mealybug destroyer, minute pirate bug and Entomopathogenic nematode natural enemies. Lacewings or Trichogramma egg parasitoids, lacewings, lacewings or ladybeetles and predatory mites or minute pirate bugs respectively suppress caterpillars, scale insects, soft-bodied insects and spider mites.

Integrated Pest Management terminates such urban landscape pests as apids through lacewing, ladybeetle, predatory midge, minute pirate bug and Aphidius parasitoid beneficial insects and natural enemies.

Asteraceae (from Greek ἀστήρ, "star" via Latin astēr and Latin -āceae, "resembling") aster, daisy, composite and sunflower family members appeal to such beneficial insects as bumblebees (Bombus spp). Bumblebees are not insect pests or natural enemies as they assure Planet Earth of the accomplishment of the intra- and inter-flower pollen exchange, from the four ecosystem services by insect decomposers, parasites, pollinators and predators. Flowers such as 1. yellow chamomille (Anthemis tinctoria), 2. crown daisy (Glebionis coronarium), 3. corn marigold (Coleostephus myconis), 4. marguerie (Argyranthemum frutescens 'Bridesmaid'), 5. sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), 6. chicory (Cichorium intybus), 7. treasure flower (Gazania rigens), 8. galactites (Galactites tomentosa), 9. field marigold (Calendula arvensis), 10. ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), 11. common hawkweed (Hieracium lachenalii) and 12. cape daisy (Osteospermum ecklonis), attract them: Stephen Ausmus/USDA ARS (Agricultural Research Service), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Non-stinging, parasitoid wasps (Tetrastichus planipennisi) appear in urban landscapes as beneficial insects and ecosystem servants. They arrange their eggs in or on emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) exotic, invasive, non-native insect pests of ash trees (Fraxinus spp). They thereby assure, as ideal biological control agents, their egg-hatched larvae of fresh food in the edible, live form of the one live host animal that attracts them: Stephen Ausmus/USDA ARS (Agricultural Research Service), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tetrastichus_planipennisi_D2140-19.jpg

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Whitney, Thomas; Adam Baker; and A.D. Ali. October 2022. "Beneficial Insects in the Urban Landscape." Arborist News 31(5): 10-14.

Earth and Space News

Sunday, October 2, 2022

Natural Enemies of Urban Landscape Pests Are Among Beneficial Insects

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