Electrical and Mechanical Failures Arise From Utility Tree Failures

Summary: Electrical and mechanical failures arise from utility tree failures, according to a literature review in the July 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Utility tree failures anticipate electrical and mechanical failures of branches, stems and trunks respectively acting as grow-in fault or ground pathways between electrical conductors and as fall-in assailants of electrical infrastructure. The Julington-Durbin Peninsula utility right-of-way in Duval County FL arranges appropriate distances among lines, poles and trees against electric service interruptions. And yet aggressive precipitation and winds and awkward soil properties and types and tree branches, crowns, roots and stems sometimes augur windthrown forests of utility tree above- and below-ground parts among electrical infrastructure parts; Monday, July 25, 2016, 17:14, image of Julington-Durbin Peninsula Powerline North Right of Way, Duval County, northeastern Florida: AR Arendell, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Electrical and mechanical failures arise from utility tree failures, according to the article Likelihood of Failure of Trees Along Utility Rights-of-Way: A Literature Review in the July 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Utility trees beget mechanical failure by failed-tree fall-ins bumping into electrical infrastructure and electrical failure by tree-growth grow-ins becoming fault or ground pathways between electrical conductors. Controlling likely risk and risk consequences of soil-root plate uprootage and stem breakage, as failure modes and windthrow types, concerns utility forestry and utility vegetation management. Qualitative and quantitative tree-risk assessments respectively demand forest-stand, plantation, seaside-shelterwood stand and tree attributes and computation-defying, evaluation-defying anticipated site and weather, tree load and moment-capacity inputs.

Utility Tree Risk Assessment examines, like general tree-risk assessments, singular-tree risks, and, unlike the latter, direct-infrastructure and indirect fines-eliciting, power-outage, public-safety consequences to utility infrastructure-proximitous populations.

Challenging locations and time constraints sometimes frustrate in-person singular-tree assessments for broken-branch, cracked-branch, cracked-stem localized failures, which change-detection and remote-sensing technology thus far fails to furnish.

Explanatory and statistical biomechanical methodologies gauge likely tree failure from such geographical and physical parameters as failure mode, soil characteristics and tree breast-height diameter and species. They respectively handle linear/logistic regression or R-squared predictive-accuracy tools and Artificial Neural Networks, classification and regression trees, Generalized Linear Model, Monte Carlo simulation and Random Forests. Mechanistic approaches identify such material properties as stiffness-degree elasticity modulus E and maximum-load modulus of rupture MOR for such shape- and size-constrained mechanical objects as trees.

Branch length and/or tree height jumping E and MOR values axially downward jeopardizes mechanistic approaches judging judiciously likely electrical and mechanical failures from likely tree failures.

Dynamic-analysis predictive-mechanistic models keep energy-dissipating, velocity-dependent damping forces that natural frequencies kindle effectively and whose aerodynamic drag-, collision-frictionized and internal viscoelastic forces knock oscillation amplitudes downward.

Predictive-mechanistic models log above-canopy critical wind speeds and local wind climatologies as windthrown forest-linked and larger stem mass and stem diameter as respectively windthrow-predictive and breakage-resistant. The GALES model musters a roughness method for wind-induced stress distribution of forest trees or, like FOREOLE and HWIND, wind-profile predictions at or within forest fronts. Decay location and severity, noticed in 56 percent of pre-failure trees and nullifying branch and stem moment capacities, stem diameter and tree height nurture tree-failure likelihood.

Shaped, sized crowns and thinned trees operate against electrical and mechanical failures from utility tree failures unless asymmetry and pruning respectively occasion stress and neighboring-tree exposure.

Above-ground and below-ground stability prioritizes root-plate development, whose deep rooting proves predominantly windthrow-resistant with strong wood, the latter predicting uprootage and, when weakened, possibilitating stem breakage.

Soil moisture content, texture and type quantify soil-root plate depth critically in clay or sandy soils, quarter load-carrying characteristics and quicken soil-root plate and tree stability. Wind-reinforced ice and snow loads and wind-speed profile shapes respectively reveal likely failure and shallower wind-induced stem-stress intensities than canopy shape, canopy size and stem taper. Critical wind speed and storm build-up respectively suggest not surviving 180-kilometer and canopy-top mean 108-kilometer hourly speeds and sustaining less windthrow from slow-paced, slow-secured wind-speed maximums.

Mathew Walker and Gregory Dahle of West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, team singular-tree removal with truncated failure, impact, consequences risk and wind regime-tendered, exposure-triggered neighboring-tree windthrow.

Mathew Walker and Gregory A. Dahle are co-authors of the article Likelihood of Failure of Trees Along Electrical Utility Rights-of-Way: A Literature Review and colleagues in the Davis College Division of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of West Virginia, Morgantown WV. Perhaps they avail themselves regularly of the old-growth forest in the 91-acre (37-hectare) Core Arboretum, whose name acknowledges Biology Department chair and Professor Earl Lemley Core's (Jan. 20, 1902-Dec. 8, 1984) successful appeal to West Virginia University President (1946-1958) Irvin Stewart (Oct. 27, 1899-Dec. 24, 1990) for the Monongahela Boulevard acquisition to advance biology and botany; July 2006 image of trail in West Virginia University's Core Arboretum, Morgantown, Monongalia County, North-Central West Virginia: Darren Ringer, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Utility tree failures anticipate electrical and mechanical failures of branches, stems and trunks respectively acting as grow-in fault or ground pathways between electrical conductors and as fall-in assailants of electrical infrastructure. The Julington-Durbin Peninsula utility right-of-way in Duval County FL arranges appropriate distances among lines, poles and trees against electric service interruptions. And yet aggressive precipitation and winds and awkward soil properties and types and tree branches, crowns, roots and stems sometimes augur windthrown forests of utility tree above- and below-ground parts among electrical infrastructure parts; Monday, July 25, 2016, 17:14, image of Julington-Durbin Peninsula Powerline North Right of Way, Duval County, northeastern Florida: AR Arendell, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Julington-Durbin_Peninsula_Powerline_Right_of_Way_North.jpg

Mathew Walker and Gregory A. Dahle are co-authors of the article Likelihood of Failure of Trees Along Electrical Utility Rights-of-Way: A Literature Review and colleagues in the Davis College Division of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of West Virginia, Morgantown WV. Perhaps they avail themselves regularly of the old-growth forest in the 91-acre (37-hectare) Core Arboretum, whose name acknowledges Biology Department chair and Professor Earl Lemley Core's (Jan. 20, 1902-Dec. 8, 1984) successful appeal to West Virginia University President (1946-1958) Irvin Stewart (Oct. 27, 1899-Dec. 24, 1990) for the Monongahela Boulevard acquisition to advance biology and botany; July 2006 image of trail in West Virginia University's Core Arboretum, Morgantown, Monongalia County, North-Central West Virginia: Darren Ringer, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CoreArboretumTrail.jpg

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Scharenbroch, Bryant; Eric Kramer; Matthew Soule; Ted Hartsig; and Stephanie Hsia. April 2022. "You Need to Assess Soil and Here is How to Do It!" Arborist News 31(2): 12-18.

Walker, Mathew; and Gregory A. Dahle. July 2022. "Likelihood of Failure of Trees Along Electrical Utility Rights-of-Way: A Literature Review." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(4): 242-257.